Q&A Hero

Q: The words or symbols in language used to illustrate subjective thoughts or mental images about things we may encounter in daily life are known as: a. operations b. concepts c. observations d. measurements

Q: The penalties that are assigned to different crimes by law are best characterized as a dimension of: a. public opinion b. crime seriousness c. retribution d. cultural tastes

Q: The modern practice of legally separating adult criminals and juvenile offenders can be traced back to two developments in English custom and law that occurred centuries ago, one of which is/area. The Carriers case b. Chancery Courtsc. In re Gault d. ParensPatriae

Q: The juvenile justice system developed as a result of? a. a desire to help and treat children b. a desire to sanction the children not being punished in criminal justice c. Roman laws d. Staredecisislaws

Q: Ranks in the local police department represent what level of measurement? a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio

Q: Federal courts have not found it necessary to rule on the issue of a juvenile "˜s constitutional right to bail. a. True b. False

Q: Measures of jail capacity were operationalized as whether or not there were more inmates housed at the end of the year than the original building design called for would be an example of what level of measurement? a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio

Q: The production report generated at the city police department contains the number of arrests made by each officer on a monthly basis. What level of measurement would number of arrests be? a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio

Q: The decision to waive a juvenile to adult criminal court is mostly based on the prosecutor and the state's desire fordeterrence and punishment. a. Trueb. False

Q: The number of counts on an indictment is what level of measurement? a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio

Q: A study by Benjamin Steiner on the effect of waiver laws found that there is little effect on violent juvenile crime rates. a. True b. False

Q: There are often three judicial hearings in the juvenile court process. a. True b. False

Q: Which of the following is representative of the dimension "victim harm"? a. economic gain b. gender of victim c. physical injury d. location of injury

Q: The process of developing operational definitions is known as: a. conceptualization b. proprietary means c. reification d. operationalization

Q: Most juvenile aftercare programs include probation a. True b. False

Q: Professor Smith is studying attitudes toward gun control and plans to assess support for firearms registration by determining whether or not her research subjects say they would travel to countries where the possession of unlicensed guns is legal. Her critics argue that this measure lacks: a. face validity b. construct validity c. convergent validity d. criterion-related validity

Q: Most incarcerated juvenile offenders are held for status offenses. a. True b. False

Q: Incarceration in a public facility is the most common formal sentence for juvenile offenders. a. True b. False

Q: The specification of conceptual definitions serves as a specific working definition and also: a. focuses observational strategy b. focuses research on the task at hand c. focuses readers on the core issue d. focuses on fixing the problem

Q: Under the reverse waiver system, a judge can overrule a mandated waiver and decide that a youth shall be tried in juvenile court. a. True b. False

Q: Although a person's observations and experiences are real, his or her concepts are: a. mental creations b. subliminal c. discreet d. reliable

Q: Federal courts have ruled that bail is guaranteed to juveniles. a. True b. False

Q: Ratio measures are the highest level, followed by: a. interval, nominal and ordinal b. nominal, interval, ordinal c. interval, ordinal, and nominal d. ordinal, nominal, interval

Q: Schools may search student's possessions without a search warrant. a. True b. False

Q: A researcher concerned with whether a particular measurement technique will, after repeated measures, yield the same results is concerned with: a. accuracy b. reliability c. precise measurement d. validity

Q: Age of an offender is an example of which level of measurement? a. interval b. nominal c. ratio d. ordinal

Q: Acts such as truancy and running away from home are considered status offenses. a. True b. False

Q: According to Abraham Kaplan's (1964) discussion; which of the following are not included in the three classes of things that a researcher measures? a. direct observables b. indirect observables c. constructs d. discreet observables

Q: Early reform schools sought to rehabilitate juvenile offenders. a. True b. False

Q: Criterion related validity refers to: a. a comparison of measures to some external criterion b. an empirical measure that may or may not agree with our common understanding of a particular concept c. the degree to which a measure covers the range of meanings included within the concepts d. the basis of logical relationships among variables

Q: The efforts of the child savers prompted the development of the first comprehensive juvenile court in 1899. a. True b. False

Q: Content validity refers to: a. a comparison of measures to some external criterion b. an empirical measure that may or may not agree with our common understanding of a particular concept c. the degree to which a measure covers the range of meanings included within the concepts d. the basis of logical relationships among variables

Q: Charles Loring Brace was the philanthropist who developed the Children's Aid Society. a. True b. False

Q: Particular empirical measures that may or may not agree with common understandings of our individual mental images about a specific concept are known as: a. reliability b. validity c. accuracy d. face validity

Q: An empirical measure that adequately reflects the meaning of the concept under consideration is known as: a. reliability b. validity c. accuracy d. face validity

Q: The child savers movement was made up of middle-class civic leaders who helped poor children. a. True b. False

Q: Withholding medical treatment is a violation of the Constitutional Amendment.a. First b. Fourthc. Eighth d. Fourteenth

Q: Which case forced corrections department to upgrade prison medical facilities?a. Procunierv.Martinez b. Nolanv.Fitzpatrickc. Newmanv.Alabama d. Boundsv.Smith

Q: It is always a good idea to make more than one measurement of any subtle or complex social concept, which is known as: a. test-retest method b. inter-rater reliability c. split-half method d. face validity

Q: Courts have ruled that inmates are entitled to have legal materials and resources available to assist them in filing complaints, this includes? a. Atrainedandbarcertifiedlawyeremployedbyprison/jail b. Law students who are willing to donate their time to assist inmates c. ALawprofessorfromalocalschoolwhoispaidtoassistinmates d. Aninmatewhocanassistinlegalmatters,sometimecalledajailhouselawyer

Q: Sometimes it is necessary to make the same measurement more than once, which is known as: a. test-retest method b. inter-rater reliability c. split-half method d. face validity

Q: A lower-level measure cannot be converted to a higher-level one. a. True b. False

Q: What was the most widely used device or legislation to bring prisoners' complaints before state and federal courts in the late 1960s? a. The Eighth Amendment's prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment b. The dictates of the Percy Amendment c. The National Corrections Act of 1965 d. The Federal Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. 1983

Q: According to the theory, collective violence may also be caused by prison mismanagement, lack of strong security, and inadequate control of prison officials.a. administrative control b. administrative balancec. inmate administrative d. inmate balance

Q: One good indicator of crime seriousness is harm to the crime victim. a. True b. False

Q: Mental images of serious crime may vary among individuals depending on their backgrounds and experiences. a. True b. False

Q: The "hands-off doctrine" refers to: a. The inmate code for handling prison snitches. b. The passive Federal court approach to inmate complaints prior to the 1960s. c. a correctional policy of segregating HIV-infected inmates from the mainstream population. d. The Court ruling which forbid the use of corporal punishment in prison.

Q: Which theory of collective inmate violence attributes the problem to abrupt crackdowns or changes in inmate freedoms that are implemented by prison administrators?a. The administrative control theory b. The responsibility theoryc. The inmate balance theory d. The hands-off doctrine

Q: Reliability is threatened every time there is a single observer as the source of data. a. True b. False

Q: Reliability is measuring what you think you are measuring. a. True b. False

Q: Which of the following is not a factor contributing to individual violence in prison?a. History of prior violence b. Agec. Psychological factors d. Prison mismanagement

Q: Recidivism is a term to represent a collection of unrelated phenomena that we have either observed or heard about somewhere. a. True b. False

Q: In adapting to a female institution a common practice is;a. resorting to extreme violence and victimizationb. marry other inmates while in the employ of the state department of corrections.c. become a snitch for the correctional officers.d. self mutilation or carving

Q: Which of the following is NOT a common form of inmate vocational program in use today?a. Work release b. Private prison enterprisec. Furlough programs d. Convict-leasing

Q: Ordinal measures are variables whose attributes may be logically rank-ordered. a. True b. False

Q: What is the best estimate of the rate of HIV infection among state and federal prison inmates?a. 2 percent b. 10 percentc. 20 percent d. 33 percent

Q: Every variable should have two important qualities; their attributes should be exhaustive as well as mutually exclusive. a. True b. False

Q: Recidivism represents a collection of related phenomena either observed or heard about. a. True b. False

Q: The first prison treatment programs in the United States were:a. religious. b. therapeutic.c. psychological. d. education.

Q: What type of treatment program has flourished under the Bush administration?a. Behavior modification b. Milieu therapyc. Therapeutic community d. Faith-based rehabilitation

Q: Conceptualization is the process by which we specify precisely what we mean when we use particular terms. a. True b. False

Q: Ruth wanted to study the educational histories of inmates at prison. She interviewed prisoners on their involvement in school and academic performance. Ruth was conducting which type of research? a. longitudinal b. panel c. retrospective d. cohort

Q: What is one commonly used method for treating drug-dependant inmates in today's prisons?a. Solitary confinement b. Therapeutic communitiesc. Work furloughs d. Milieu therapy

Q: In his research, Gif examined whether people living in high-crime neighborhoods are more likely to have guns at home for protection than those living in low-crime areas. His unit of analysis was: a. organizations b. social artifacts c. individuals d. groups

Q: The desire for warm stable relationships that are otherwise unobtainable in the prison environment often leads the female inmate to: a. engage in self-mutilation behavior. b. develop elaborate black market economies. c. create make-believe families. d. marry prison guards and staff.

Q: Which of the following is not true about the sexual exploitation of female inmates? a. The acts are usually perpetrated by male members of the prison staff. b. The acts usually go unreported. c. Most of the acts are consensual due to isolation and loneliness. d. The majority of states have passed laws criminalizing staff sexual misconduct.

Q: Valerie was interested in studying neighborhood anticrime organizations. She observed the activities of a neighborhood anticrime organization from the time of its inception until the time of its demise. Valerie's study was a. retrospective b. cross-sectional c. cohort d. longitudinal

Q: Basing conclusions on the statistical relationship between two variables in a study with a less-than-ideal number of cases may compromise: a. external validity b. internal validity c. construct validity d. statistical conclusion validity

Q: Research has shown that inmates involved in this type of correctional treatment do better following release than those in comparison groups.a. Group treatment b. Anger managementc. Faith based programs d. Prison enterprise programs

Q: Of the following, which time-dimension design is the most likely to be used for descriptive purposes: a. cross-sectional b. trend c. panel d. cohort

Q: What is the most common outcome for children when a single mother is sent to prison? a. They are temporarily sent to a foster home or state facility. b. They are permanently removed from her custody and put up for adoption. c. They are placed in the care of a relative or family friend. d. They are housed in a prison nursery.

Q: Which model allows private companies to set up manufacturing units on prison grounds or purchase goods made by inmates in shops owned and operated by the corrections department?a. Free enterprise model b. Post-release modelc. Corporate model d. None of the above

Q: Key elements in planning a research study include: a. units of analysis b. time dimension c. causation d. all are correct

Q: Another word for an exploratory research study is: a. cross-sectional research study b. longitudinal research study c. correlational study d. double blind study

Q: What was the predominant societal view of female inmates at the turn of the 20thcentury? a. Depraved people who flaunted conventional rules of female behavior b. Hardened criminals similar to their male counterparts c. Sinners in need of religion d. Witches who should be burned at the stake

Q: In the "new" inmate culture; a. There is more importation of outside values and norms b. African American and Latino inmates are more organized than whites c. more inmates than ever before are assigned to protective custody d. All of the above

Q: Describe the three criteria for causality. Give an example of each using the same hypothesis.

Q: What factor is said to have precipitated the "new" inmate culture? a. Determinate sentencing practices b. The growing crack cocaine epidemic c. The Black Power movement of the 1960s and 1970s d. Increasing levels of prison overcrowding

Q: Explain the difference between a necessary and a sufficient cause. Give an example of each from the criminal justice literature.

Q: Give a hypothetical situation that would lend itself to a cross-sectional study. What would be the research purpose in your hypothetical situation? Why would your example not lend itself to a longitudinal approach?