Q&A Hero

Q: is the process by which we specify precisely what we mean when we use a particular term.

Q: Words are symbols in language that we use to represent mental images are known as .

Q: ______is the result of decision of a judge ordering an adjudicated and sentenced juvenile to be placed in a correctional facility

Q: As Shelby's home life leaves much to be desired, and this is her first offense, what disposition will help Shelby themost?a. probationb. placement with relatives c. drug treatmentd. reform school

Q: Shelby grew up in a hurry. As a baby, she was quick to walk and talk. As a teenager, she was quick to date, to drink, and to experiment with drugs. She was found skipping class and smoking marijuana by the school resource officer. Shelby's parents have been divorced since she was six, when her dad went to prison for grand theft auto. When her mom is around, which isn"t that often, sometimes her mom gets high with her.After Shelby was taken into custody, before determining what happened next, the police and a social worker took a detailed history of Shelby's home and school life. Dating back to the beginning of the juvenile courts, why has there been so much emphasis placed on how juveniles grow up?a. family advocacy b. the poor lawsc. "best interests of the child"d. disproportionate minority contact

Q: Measurement is difficult and , therefore researchers try to describe the measurement process explicitly.

Q: While in detention, Joquine makes a weapon out of a piece of his bunk bed frame and gets into an altercation with another boy who ends up in the hospital with multiple stab wounds. The Judge has decided that the juvenile system can no longer help Joquine. What are his choices?a. judicial waiverb. direct file waiverc. sentence him to prisond. involuntary commitment

Q: In research, the process of regarding something as real (such as crime seriousness) when it is not is called: a. reification b. validity c. typology d. reliability

Q: While awaiting his adjudication, Joquine goes to school and enrolls in a counseling program for anger management and peer influences. When will he learn his disposition?a. when he is indictedb. after adjudication in a separate hearing c. after intake during the bail hearingd. at the adjudication hearing

Q: Which of the following is an attribute of the variable "employment status"? a. unemployed b. minimum wage c. number of employees d. all the above

Q: With respect to levels of measurement which of the following is not correct? a. a variable measured at the ratio level can also be measured at the ordinal level b. a variable measured at the interval level can also be measured at the nominal level c. a variable measured at the ordinal level can also be measured at the interval level d. a variable measured at the ordinal level can also be measured at the nominal level

Q: Joquine is 16 years old and has 2 prior arrests on his record. He has a history of drug abuse and has been in and out of counseling and diversion programs since he was 14. He has a stable home life, involved parents, he goes to school, and seems to be well engaged in community activities when he is not hanging out with a couple of the neighborhood kids that seem to cause a lot of trouble.A prosecutor has decided to charge Joquine for assault with a dangerous weapon. He was coerced by his friends into bringing a hammer to school and attacking someone with it. He will be detained in a secure facility pending his trial. What was likely one of the main reasons why they kept Joquine in custody this time?a. He is a danger to his family.b. He is a repeat offender. c. The need to protect him. d. He needs to detox.

Q: Joquine is 16 years old and has 2 prior arrests on his record. He has a history of drug abuse and has been in and out of counseling and diversion programs since he was 14. He has a stable home life, involved parents, he goes to school, and seems to be well engaged in community activities when he is not hanging out with a couple of the neighborhood kids that seem to cause a lot of trouble.Joquine just committed a crime at school and the police have been called. Because he is a juvenile, what will happen next?a. He will be arrested.b. He will be taken into custody. c. He will be arraigned.d. He will be adjudicated.

Q: A researcher has measured fear of crime by asking the subjects whether or not they were afraid of crime and by asking them to rate from 1 " 10 their own fear of crime. Which is the highest level of measurement that is illustrated by this example? a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio

Q: If a researcher is concerned with combining variables to result in a different composite measure, the researcher is using what technique? a. typology b. validity c. operationalization d. reliability

Q: When Shari was taken into custody by the truancy officer, why did the officer have to call her parents before she was questioned?a. This is used instead of Miranda rights. b. She is a child in need of supervision.c. Because of inreWinship.d. Juveniles have the same Miranda rights as adults.

Q: The design and execution of criminal justice research requires eliminating the confusion over concepts and reality. To accomplish this, scientists have found it useful to distinguish three kinds of definitions: real, conceptual, and: a. apparent b. operational c. congruent d. altruistic

Q: Even though Shari was drinking underage, she has not violated any other criminal codes. Therefore, her case aligns well with what concept in the juvenile system?a. institutional programsb. juvenile sentencing reform c. reform schoolsd. foster care

Q: Which of the following statements is not correct? a. a measure is valid if it truly measures the underlying concept b. a measure is reliable if it is observable over time c. a measure is reliable if it is constant d. both validity and reliability are important in a measure

Q: If Shari had grown up in the 1600's before there was a formal juvenile justice system, what would Shari have beenconsidered as part of the poor laws?a. wayward and destituteb. child in need of supervisionc. person in need of supervision d. status offender

Q: If we consider the theft of $20 from a poor person to be more serious than the theft of $2,000 from a wealthy oil company CEO, victim wealth, in this case, could be considered a(n): a. influencing attribute b. mitigating circumstance c. dimension d. indicator

Q: Shari is 16 years old. She used to get good grades but recently you notice that she is moody and unfocused in school and often has trouble completing tasks. She has never been in trouble with the law but she has grown up in a socio- economically challenged situation with very little family support. No one showed up for her last parent teacher conference and you are concerned about her current situation at home.Shari has just been taken into custody for skipping school and underage drinking. What does the juvenile system accomplish by taking her off the street?a. vior direb. lex talionis c. inregaultd. parens patriae

Q: Which of the following represents problems for reliability? a. any time you have a single observer as the source of data b. use of different interviewers during the course of a research project c. there are different coders used to evaluate the data d. all of the above

Q: Which of the following best represents the abstract "reliability"? a. a measure adequately reflects the meaning of the concept b. a measure does not adequately reflect the underling concept c. the measure is stable d. the measure is unstable

Q: Most juvenile aftercare involves:a. Parole b. Probationc. Community service d. Counseling

Q: What stage in the juvenile justice process is designed to help youths make the transition from residential or institutional settings back into the community?a. Intake b. Detentionc. Disposition d. Aftercare

Q: Deinstitutionalization efforts are principally focused on which type of offenses?a. Drug offenses b. Property offensesc. Delinquency offenses d. Status offenses

Q: A questionnaire contained the item "social class" with responses of lower class, lower middle class, middle class, upper middle class, upper class. The researcher asks respondents to check the one that describes them. The researcher is using this question to measure: a. direct observables b. indirect observables c. constructs d. nominal variables

Q: Which of the following best describes a recent reform of juvenile sentencing? a. Some jurisdictions have passed mandatory or determinate incarceration sentences for juveniles convicted of serious felonies. b. Making a concerted effort to remove status offenders from the juvenile justice system and restrict their entry into institutional programs c. Effort to standardize dispositions in juvenile court d. All of these represent recent reforms related to juvenile sentencing.

Q: In general, whenever researchers are concerned that measures obtained through coding may not be classified reliably, they should: a. have each measure independently coded by different people b. not obtain measures through coding c. perform split-half method test d. perform an interrater reliability test

Q: What is the most commonly used formal sentence for juvenile offenders?a. Institutionalization b. Juvenile probationc. Restitution d. Residential placement

Q: The study of food-buying habits where researchers were interested in learning whether people who drank wine ate healthier foods than people who drank beeris a good example of: a. research exhaustiveness b. face validity c. interrater reliability d. split-half method

Q: When a supervisor for a survey contacts a subset of the respondents to verify certain information, it is an example of: a. lack of generalizability b. interrater reliability c. split-half method d. construct validity

Q: What is the main distinction between measurement and operationalization? a. measurement involves actually making observations and assigning scores to those observations b. operationalization involves actually making observations and assigning scores to those observations c. the operationalization process starts much earlier, usually with conceptualization d. there is not a difference between the terms

Q: What was the legal standard for a warrantless search of a school locker in New Jersey v. TLO?a. Reasonable suspicion b. Probable causec. A warrant d. Clear and convincing evidence

Q: What happens during the fact-finding hearing? a. Evidence is heard. b. The offender is adjudicated. c. A bail decision is made. d. The case is screened by probation officers.

Q: Under what system does the prosecutor have the discretion of filing charges for certain legislatively designated offenses in either juvenile or criminal court?a. Direct file waiver b. Excluded offense waiverc. Judicial waiver d. Reverse waiver

Q: A definition that spells out exactly how we plan to measure a variable is known as: a. operational definition b. measurement c. concept d. conceptualization

Q: An example of direct observables are: a. individual values b. are mandatory sentences fair c. the words in a crime report d. all of the above

Q: Which of the following variables allows for attributes to be placed on a continuum with equal distance between points? a. nominal and ordinal b. ordinal and interval c. interval and ratio d. all of the above

Q: Which judicial hearing in the juvenile court process is similar to arraignment in the adult system?a. Fact-findinghearing b. Probationaryhearingc. Initialappearancehearing d. Dispositionhearing

Q: What type of variable allows you to arrange attributes from greater than to less than, but does not allow you to tell how much greater or how much less than one attribute is from another? a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio

Q: In which case did the Court hold that the waiver proceeding is a critically important stage in the juvenile justice process and that juveniles must be afforded minimum requirements of due process of law at such proceedings? a. Kentv.UnitedStates b. McKieverv.Pennsylvaniac. Breedv.Jones d. New Jersey v. T.L.O.

Q: A is used when the offense has been automatically waived to the adult court but the judge uses their discretion to decide the youth will benefit from rehabilitation?a. Judicial waiver b. Reverse waiverc. Excluded offense waiver d. Intake waiver

Q: Composite measures are frequently used in criminal justice research for all of the following reasons except: a. in some cases the researcher is unable to develop single indicators of complex concepts b. the researcher may desire to use a rather refined ordinal measure of a variable, arranging cases in several ordinal categories from very low to very high on a variable c. indexes and scales are efficient devices for data analysis d. the researcher is seeking a method for measuring disorder and composite measures are the only allowable measure

Q: Which of the following best explains the recent surge in the number of juvenile detentions? a. An increase in juvenile court cases b. A surge in the number of female violent offenders c. A surge in the number of cases involving drugs and violence d. All of these

Q: Validating an individual measure to compare it with alternative measures of the same concept is known as: a. content validity b. multiple measures c. construct validity d. criterion-related validity

Q: Once a juvenile has been taken into custody, the child has the same Amendment rights to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures as an adult does.a. First b. Fourthc. Fifth d. Eighth

Q: Numerous studies have shown that measures of crime based on police records often suffer from: a. reliability problems b. validity problems c. accounting problems d. typology problems

Q: Many criminal justice measures are imprecise, so reporting approximate values is: a. often necessary b. often preferable c. undesirable d. unacceptable

Q: An adjustment for a juvenile is comparable to a(n) for an adult.a. Plea bargainb. Indictmentc. Trial d. Sentence

Q: What is the most common formal sentence for juveniles? a. Release to parental custody b. Short term confinement in a private juvenile facility c. Long term confinement in a state institution d. Brief custody at the local jail

Q: What term refers to the screening of cases by the juvenile justice system?a. Diversion b. Waiverc. Detention d. Intake

Q: A person's height as a measure of a person's IQ would be seen as having what problem? a. precision b. reliability c. accuracy d. validity

Q: The key standards for measurement quality are: a. mutual exclusivity and exhaustibility b. reliability and validity c. pattern and repetition d. duplicity and veracity

Q: What is considered to be the most difficult problem involving incriminatory statements made by juveniles during the course of police questioning? a. Whether the parents have to also be advised of their Miranda rights b. Whether juveniles can intelligently waive their rights c. Whether the language of the warning is too complex for the average teenager d. Whether the police officer should use age-appropriate language when giving the Miranda warning

Q: Which type of case is most likely to be referred to the juvenile court by the police officer?a. A minor dispute between juveniles b. School and neighborhood complaintsc. Cases involving violence d. Petty shoplifting

Q: Professor Jenkins is interested in attitudes toward the trying juveniles as adults and plans to assess support for this hypothesis by asking whether or not subjects say they would travel to countries that allow juveniles to stand trial as an adult. Critics would say this measure lacks: a. face validity b. criterion-related validity c. content validity d. construct validity

Q: Because low marital adjustment should lead to divorce, Professor Quinn checked his measure of marital adjustment by examining whether couples with low martial adjustment scores later obtained divorces. This illustrates the use of: a. criterion-related validity b. face validity c. content validity d. construct validity

Q: About how many juvenile cases are processed and treated each year?a. 1.6 million b. 2.6 millionc. 3.6 million d. 4.6 million

Q: Which of the following is a difference between juvenile and adult justice systems? a. Discretion is used by police officers, judges, and correctional personnel. b. The right to receive the Mirandawarning c. Community treatment as a sentencing option d. The constitutional right to a jury trial in all states

Q: When the actual distance that separates the attributes composing some variables does have meaning, the variables are described as: a. interval b. nominal c. ordinal d. none of the above

Q: Validity that is related to the logical relationships between variables is known as: a. criterion-related validity b. face validity c. convergent validity d. construct validity

Q: The juvenile court labels ungovernable, habitually disobedient, and truant children to be:a. status offenders. b. juvenile delinquents.c. chancery children. d. deprived children.

Q: The test-retest method is used to examine: a. reliability b. validity c. generalizability d. precision

Q: Which of the following statements is false? a. The Supreme Court has established the right of juveniles to receive due process of law. b. Juveniles do not have the right to confront witnesses at trial. c. Juveniles committing status offenses are not usually placed in secure detention facilities. d. The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 sought to deinstitutionalize status offenders .

Q: What impact did the Supreme Court have on the juvenile justice system in the 1960s and 1970s? a. It adopted a hands-off approach on most legal issues. b. It adopted a conservative ideology that stressed victims' rights and punishment. c. It adopted a liberal ideology that stressed a need for growth in program scope. d. It radically altered the juvenile justice system through ruling that established due process rights for juveniles that rivaled those in the adult court system.

Q: What two qualities should every variable possess? a. meaning and value b. exhaustive and thorough c. exhaustive and mutually exclusive d. operational definition and meaning

Q: The primary difference between the interval and the ratio level of variables is that: a. interval is rarely used b. with ratio there is an absolute meaning of zero c. with interval there is an absolute meaning of zero d. none of the above

Q: The approach of the early American juvenile court is best described as:a. Paternalistic b. Adversarialc. Investigative d. Due process oriented

Q: Modern development of legally separating adult and juvenile offenders can be traced to two developments inEnglish custom law, one is?a. Legal rights of juveniles b. Parens Patriaec. Psychological treatment of youth d. The need for judicial waiver

Q: Logical sets of attributes are known as: a. values b. variables c. concepts d. operational definitions

Q: Researchers must be able to classify every observation in terms of one and only one attribute. Which of the following terms best describes this concept? a. reliability b. validity c. mutual exclusiveness d. exhaustiveness

Q: The assignment of grades by the professor to major research papers is an example of: a. measurement b. operationalization c. conceptualization d. validity

Q: Which of the following sequences illustrates the progression of measurement steps? a. conceptual definition, conceptualization, operational definition and real-world measurement b. operational definition, conceptualization, conceptual definition and real-world measurement c. operational definition, conceptual definition, conceptualization and real-world measurement d. conceptualization, conceptual definition, operational definition and real-world measurement

Q: A specifiable aspect of a given concept is referred to as a: a. dimension b. concept c. construct d. direct observable

Q: Operationalization involves: a. describing how actual measurements will be made b. adding up the sum of the parts to determine the whole c. removing negative correlations from variables d. making the necessary measurements

Q: In its early form, what was the burden of proof for verdicts handed down by the juvenile court?a. Beyond a reasonable doubt b. Reasonable suspicionc. Beyond a preponderance of evidence d. Absolute certainty

Q: Which 19thcentury program was similar to a modern foster home?a. The house of refuge b. The Children's Aid Societyc. The Child Savers United Agency d. The typical house of reformation

Q: When did the House of Refuge in New York first open?a. 1645 b. 1773c. 1825 d. 1910