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Q:
In Widom's study of the effects of child abuse and its impact upon later criminal offenses, she selected a sample of children with court records of being abuse victims and gathered a comparison group that was matched on gender, race, age and socioeconomic status. The technique used in this case was:
a. individual matching
b. aggregate matching
c. randomization
d. all of the above
Q:
When using a nonequivalent-groups design the researcher will handle subject assignment to groups by:
a. random assignment to experimental and control groups
b. allowing subjects to pick which group they want to be in
c. matching subjects in the experimental group to those in the comparison group.
d. assignment by convenience
Q:
Which of the following is accurate?
a. threats to internal validity are increased by carefully controlling conditions
b. threats to external validity are decreased by carefully controlling conditions
c. threats to generalizability of research findings in experiments are unrelated to internal validity
d. threats to external validity are increased by carefully controlling conditions
Q:
Experimentation is best suited for hypothesis testing in:
a. explanatory studies
b. evaluation studies
c. physical studies
d. both explanatory and evaluation studies
Q:
Two dimensions to generalizability are:
a. construct validity and external validity
b. compensatory rivalry and external validity
c. construct validity and compensatory rivalry
d. none of the above
Q:
Shortening the time between pretest and posttest or perhaps even offering cash payments to participants in an experiment are techniques that may be used to:
a. limit diffusion
b. decrease experimental mortality
c. decrease the effects of instrumentation
d. control threats to testing
Q:
Which of the following is not an accurate example of threats to internal validity of experiments?
a. subjects dropping out of an experiment is a form of mortality
b. creaming is a form of selection bias
c. control group members work harder as a form of compensatory rivalry
d. ability to measure subjects consistently over time
Q:
Which of the following is not considered a threat to internal validity in an experimental design?
a. maturation
b. instrumentation
c. randomization
d. statistical regression
Q:
Which of the following phrases is most true concerning random assignment to groups?
a. "all other things being equal"
b. "use your best guess"
c. "it is close enough for government work"
d. "you are never 100% sure, so don"t worry about it"
Q:
Which example below is not a random assignment to experimental groups?
a. assign numbers to subjects, put corresponding numbers in a hat and pull out numbers, place the first subject in the experimental group and the second subject in the control group and continue until all numbers are used
b. ask subjects whether they prefer to be in the experimental group or the control group then assign subjects based on their preference
c. flip a coin assigning subjects getting a head to the control group and those getting a tail to the experimental group
d. use a random number generator after assigning numbers to your subjects
Q:
The first decision for selecting subjects for an experiment is:
a. deciding how particular members of the target population will be selected
b. deciding on the target population
c. threats to internal validity
d. threats to external validity
Q:
Which of the following statements is accurate?a. to guard against the "Hawthorne effect" in medical research scientists will give a placebo to the experimental groupb. to guard against the "Hawthorne effect" in medical research scientists will give the experimental group the independent variablec. to guard against the "Hawthorne effect" in medical research scientists will give a placebo to the control groupd. there is no way to guard against the "Hawthorne effect" in medical research
Q:
Social science researchers use a control group that hasn"t received the experimental stimulus in order to do what?
a. to measure the effect of the independent variable upon the control group
b. as another measure of the effect the independent variable has upon the dependent variable in the experimental group
c. as another measure of the effect the independent variable has upon the dependent variable in the control group
d. to measure the effect of the dependent variable upon the independent variable in the control group
Q:
Researchers conduct experiments copiously in an attempt to develop a more generalized understanding about:
a. criminal behavior
b. the sciences
c. the world we live in
d. human behavior
Q:
Which of the following is true concerning independent and dependent variables in classical experiments?
a. a variable can be an independent in one experiment and a dependent in another
b. once a variable is designated as an independent variable in one experiment, it can never be used as a dependent variable in another
c. a classical experiment examines the effect of a dependent variable on an independent variable
d. an independent variable in a classical experiment is viewed as the effect because it is dependent upon another variable
Q:
Which of the following is not a central feature of the classical experiment?
a. variables
b. time order
c. concepts
d. groups
Q:
Which of the following is least accurate?
a. experimentation is appropriate for hypothesis testing
b. experiments are well suited to research involving well-defined concepts
c. experiments cannot be used in the study of criminal justice policy because they require a hypothesis to test
d. experiments are appropriate for evaluation research
Q:
How many attributes does a dichotomous variable have?
a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. 4
Q:
While the interrupted time series can be used in cause-and-effect studies, it is really useless in applied studies.
a. True
b. False
Q:
In case-oriented research a large number of cases are examined in order to understand a small number of variables.
a. True
b. False
Q:
There may be legal reasons why randomization cannot be used in criminal justice research to assign subjects to either a control group or an experimental group.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Construct validity is concerned with the ability to generalize from the results of the experimental group to the control group.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The threat of is a concern any time the researcher begins with subjects who exhibit extreme values on the dependent variable.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The main reason that experiments in criminal justice are so easy to complete is that the researcher need only secure one experimental and one control group for any project.
a. True
b. False
Q:
In the classical experiment subjects are measured on the independent variable before the experiment begins and again after the dependent variable has been manipulated by the researcher.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The independent variable in a classical experiment must be a ratio level variable.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The defining feature of an experiment lies in the control of the independent variable by the experimenter.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Experimentation is an approach to research best suited for exploration.
a. True
b. False
Q:
When compared with UCR, which measure has the chance to provide greater detail to a broader range of offenses?
a. NCVS
b. Monitoring the Future
c. NIBRS
d. DAWN
Q:
Every local and state enforcement agency:
a. shares records among themselves
b. maintains its own records
c. transfers all information and data to the Internet
d. destroys all information not pertinent to crime studies
Q:
Discuss some of the problems with enforcing cyber laws and recent initiatives to attempt to combat cyber crime.
Q:
If a researcher wanted to determine the amount of cocaine use in an inner city area of Chicago, which type of study would he most likely use?
a. police data
b. in person interviews
c. self-report survey
d. victimization survey
Q:
Discuss computer fraud and some of the crimes that fall under it.
Q:
Which of the following is a characteristic of directed observations of crime?
a. has a fairly specific research or policy purpose
b. focuses on a relatively small sample
c. the expected incidents made observation an appropriate way to measure crime
d. all of the above
Q:
Define and give an example of each type of cybercrime.
Q:
Discuss cybercrime as a challenge in the contemporary justice system
Q:
Discuss globalization and how it has increased transnational crime.
Q:
With regard to limitations of a crime measure, self report studies can tell us something about shoplifters, but it would be difficult to use this method to measure:
a. total shoplifting incidents
b. total theft incidents
c. effectiveness of probation for shoplifters
d. none of the above
Q:
Measures of crime are said to be selective. In what way is the ADAM program selective as a measure of drug use?
a. it operated in a relatively small number of cities
b. it includes only arrested persons
c. it includes voluntary interviews and testing
d. all of the above
Q:
Surveys are especially useful for learning about which of the following?
a. crimes reported to police
b. crimes not reported to police
c. crimes resulting in conviction
d. crimes with multiple offenders
Q:
Discuss the enforcement of Environmental Laws by using examples
Q:
Elaborate three types of green crime.
Q:
One of the most interesting aspects of ADAM was that it combined urinalysis and:
a. selfreport measures of drug use
b. brainscan images
c. conviction rates
d. confessions
Q:
Discuss state level enforcement in responding to the threat of large scale corporate fraud.
Q:
The main purpose of ADAM was to provide an ongoing assessment of the prevalence of drug use among:
a. high school seniors
b. persons enrolled in drug addiction rehabilitation
c. persons arrested for criminal offenses
d. persons under the age of 18
Q:
Monitoring the Future is a survey that targets a specific population, namely:
a. high school teachers
b. high school seniors
c. parents of high school seniors
d. high school counselors
Q:
Discuss the meaning of a Ponzi Scheme
Q:
Discuss fraud on Wall Street
Q:
DAWN is based on units of analysis that are:
a. directly related to the use of drugs
b. indirectly linked to criminal offenses
c. directly reported to the survey by the offender
d. indirectly related by the victim
Q:
The ______has been given the responsibility for overseeing the nation's capital markets.
Q:
Drug episodes are defined as:
a. excessive use of drugs during a certain time frame
b. withdrawal from a certain drug that lasts for an extended period
c. visits to a hospital emergency room that are produced by or directly related to the use of illegal drugs or non- medical use of drugs
d. lengthy periods of drug use exceeding one year
Q:
Illegal_____occurs when individuals make securities recommendations and fail to disclose that they are being paid to disseminate their favorable opinions.
Q:
_____kiddie porn was outlawed as part of the PROTECT act of 2003.
Q:
One of the most successful federal efforts at enforcing cyber laws is the______ .
Q:
As the trade of human organs appears to be growing, desperate victims in developing countries are exploited as their_____ are purchased for low prices .
Q:
______is slang for the processes used to acquire personal information used for identity theft and other fraudulent activities.
Q:
The Drug Abuse Warning Network gathers data from which of the following?
a. samples of hospitals
b. samples about medical examiners nationwide
c. drug episodes
d. all of the above
Q:
_____occurs when individuals make securities recommendations and fail to disclose that they are being paid to disseminate their favorable opinions.
Q:
What is one of the chief advantages of measuring crime through victim surveys?
a. cheaper cost to collect data
b. assists with obtaining counts of incidents not reported to police
c. more honest and detailed incident reporting
d. police reports tend to use legal jargon that is hard for evaluators to understand
Q:
One of the primary reasons for conducting crime surveys was to illuminate unreported crimes; this concept is called:
a. the dark figure of crime
b. crime measure falsification
c. false positive reporting
d. shadow reporting
Q:
The_____ is a computer program that appears benign but actually contains something harmful.
Q:
Florida's mortgage fraud task force is an example of______
Q:
If the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) seeks to bar or remove someone from acting as a corporate officer they must take the case_____
Q:
UCR data suffers from:
a. clerical problem
b. data processing problem
c. political problem
d. all of the above
Q:
With regard to the UCR, Part I offenses are counted only when:
a. the offenses are reported to police
b. the offenses are recorded by police
c. a and b are correct
d. none of the above
Q:
With regard to the UCR, one of the reasons that Part II offenses are counted only if an arrest is made is:
a. that individual states have different definitions of crimes
b. that crimes are only relevant to researchers if an arrest is made
c. that the arrest serves to validate the criminal activity
d. none of the above
Q:
Punishing corporate criminals with prison time has become______
Q:
Once subprime loans have been issued, the vendors typically bundle them into large pools and sell them as securities in a process known as_____
Q:
______is a type of cyber vandalism that occurs when a computer hacker intrudes on another person's website by inserting or substituting codes that expose visitors to the site to misleading or provocative information
Q:
A victim's insistence that the police not arrest a suspect results in no documentation of the incident (i.e. the police
officer does not file a report on the incident). This circumstance supports the idea:
a. that crime is subjective
b. that discretion in police work is inappropriate
c. that police measures of crime are problematic
d. none of the above
Q:
______is cyber crime with malicious intent
Q:
Police measurement of crime is imperfect because:
a. people do not always report crimes to the police
b. police do not always record crimes that become known to them
c. police do not always record crimes that they observe
d. all of the above
Q:
The core sample of the Monitoring the Future is:
a. households
b. high school seniors
c. college students
d. jail inmates
Q:
______is illegal behavior that targets the security of computer systems and/or the data accessed and processed by computer networks.
Q:
Andrew works for QXQ as an investor; he only takes clients that have at least $500,000 to invest. He has been touting this new hedge fund that he himself has invested in. It is promising 20% returns every year. He just signed up the Jones. If this scenario is too good to be true, what will likely happen to the Jones' money?a. It will be invested.b. It will be used to pay previous investors. c. It will be used for securitization.d. It has just provided QXQ a big kickback.
Q:
Which of the following crimes are detected almost exclusively by police observation?
a. traffic offenses
b. victimless crimes
c. drug sales
d. all of the above
Q:
Which of the following surveys have been conducted since 1971, surveys households, and is designed to monitor nationwide patterns?
a. UCR
b. NIBRS
c. NSDUH
d. NCVS
Q:
In 2006, QXQ opened their doors to finance home mortgages. One of the easiest loans for potential homeowners to obtain was called a stated income loan. These loans were money in the bank to QXQ because people just had to fill in the forms with their current salary, there was little documentation required, and everybody won. The buyers got their house and QXQ got paid.Steve and Jennie got a stated income loan in 2008 from QXQ. As it turns out, they lied on their application and said they made more money than they actually do and just a couple of months later they couldn"t make their payments and defaulted on their mortgage. Who or what is at fault?a. Steve and Jennie b. securitizationc. management fraudd. QXQ, the mortgage company
Q:
The most effective method of accounting for certain crimes such as delinquency and victimless crimes is:
a. anonymous surveys
b. self-report surveys
c. observation surveys
d. uniform crime reports
Q:
A major issue of the NCVS is that only residents over the age of may be interviewed.
a. 18
b. 12
c. 10
d. 5