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Q:
A good way to avoid sampling bias in the assessment of public opinion about a specific criminal justice topic is to employ the use of a radio call-in show since those who call radio talk shows represent everyone in the population.
a. True
b. False
Q:
When using probability sampling, researchers generalize from observed cases to unobserved ones.
a. True
b. False
Q:
If a lawyer assists their client in engaging in illegal behavior, they are not subject to criminal charges because oftheir attorney"client privilege.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Correctional officers have significant coercive power over offenders.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Nonprobability sampling cannot be used in criminal justice research.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The only professionals in the criminal justice system that should be concerned with ethical behavior are policeofficers.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The goal of sampling is to reduce potential biases.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Ethical behavior is particularly important in law enforcement because police officers have the authority to deprivepeople of their liberty, and use physical, and even deadly force.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Sampling is often used when it is not possible to collect information from all persons you want to study and when it is not necessary to collect information from all persons.
a. True
b. False
Q:
During the past decade, the crime control and equal justice perspectives have dominated in criminal justice.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Give two specific examples of research where a quasi-experimental design would be more appropriate than a classical experiment. Why would each of your examples not fit the classical experiment model?
Q:
The equal justice perspective advocates that judges consider extralegal factors in sentencing.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Identify and discuss at least five threats to internal validity in experimental designs. Include in your answer ways of controlling for each of the threats you identify.
Q:
The crime control perspective views the justice system as a means of caring for and treating people who cannotmanage themselves.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Explain the role of randomization in classical experiments.
Q:
Less serious felonies make up the bottom layer of the criminal justice system wedding cake.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Explain the classical experiment in terms of the following:
-Independent and dependent variables
-Pre-testing and Post-testing
-Experimental and Control groups
Q:
Explain why experimentation is not well suited for the purposes of description and exploration.
Q:
An officer's initial contact with an individual is considered part of the informal criminal justice process.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Most criminal cases are processed through the entire formal justice system.
a. True
b. False
Q:
refers to the ability to take findings from an experiment and apply them to the real world.
Q:
Creaming, or skimming the best, risks off the top to be incorporated in an experiment, is a threat to
____________________.
Q:
Cost-effectiveness is one of the unifying principles of evidence-based justice efforts.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Evidence-based programming does not have to consider intervening factors.
a. True
b. False
Q:
If, after conducting a preliminary investigation of the legal merits of a case, a prosecutor decides to take nofurther action, this is referred to as a charging warning.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Accidental spillover of an experimental stimulus to the control group is an example of treatment
____________________.
Q:
An example of variable-oriented research is the design.
Q:
When there is a study of a large number of variables that are associated with a small number of cases or subjects, the researcher is engaged in ____________________ research.
Q:
Instead of making one pre-test and one post-test measure the makes a longer series of observations before and after introducing an experimental treatment.
Q:
When random assignment to experimental and control groups is not possible the researcher may be forced to use a(n) ____________________ design.
Q:
When referring to whether results from experiments conducted in one setting would be obtained in other settings, our main concern is one of validity.
Q:
With respect to internal validity issues, testing refers to changes in how subjects respond to measurement while
refers to changes in the measurement process itself.
Q:
validity becomes an issue when findings are based on small samples of cases.
Q:
The main reason why is used to select subjects for control and experimental groups in a classical experiment is that the groups will be statistically equivalent.
Q:
A(n) experiment guards against experimenters' tendency to prejudge results by eliminating the possibility of either the researcher or the subjects knowing which group is the control and which group is the experimental.
Q:
The mere fact that subjects know they are being studied can cause them to change their behavior. This phenomenon is known as the ____________________.
Q:
In a classical experiment the researcher uses a to offset the effects of the experiment itself.
Q:
In a classical experiment the independent variable is the cause and the dependent variable is the
____________________.
Q:
In Martin Gill's research on the effectiveness of CCTV projects in the UK, which of the following techniques did he
use?
a. the research measured fear of crime by citizens before and after the cameras went up
b. the research measured police data before the cameras went up
c. comparison was made only in the area where cameras were in use
d. measured if the offenders changed the type of crimes they were committing
Q:
Which of the following would not be likely to impact a study's external validity?
a. do research in the natural setting
b. experiments where there is too much control of conditions
c. using an unrepresentative sample
d. applied studies reduce external validity
Q:
How can a researcher be sure that threats to internal validity are being ruled out in the design?
a. sorting out what threats are applicable in which settings
b. comparing the results of several post-tests
c. random selection will rule out, or greatly reduce the chances for statistical regression
d. all the above
Q:
One threat to internal validity in criminal justice research that is not very significant is
a. history, because few things happen on a grand scale that would impact criminal justice research
b. maturation, because criminal justice subjects are not in research studies long enough to mature
c. statistical regression, because subjects in the criminal justice system are likely to score lower than the mean anyway
d. the concern about the publication of the findings
Q:
All but which of the following are examples of double-blind studies?
a. medical experiments where a new drug is tested and one group gets the new drug and the other gets a placebo and the researcher does not know who got which drug
b. domestic violence studies where intervention is designed to reduce repeat offenses by focusing upon victim strategies when the victim does not know whether they are in the control or experimental group
c. any study where the researchers and the subjects do not know whether they are in the experimental or control groups
d. any study where the researchers know who is in the experimental and control groups but promise not to tell the subjects
Q:
With regard to experimentation and subject selection, what does random assignment serve to eliminate?
a. systematic bias
b. false positive results
c. experimental morality
d. ambiguity
Q:
In the case where the experimental groups and the control groups are not equivalent, which of the following should not be used to address this issue?
a. proceed with the experiment because you can address the issues during your statistical analysis
b. match the groups on important variables
c. use comparison groups instead of control groups
d. match groups on any variables that are significant for the fluctuation in the dependent variable
Q:
When it is not possible to create groups through randomization, what options do you have for the research design?
a. a classical experiment
b. non-equivalent groups
c. surveys
d. pre and post tests
Q:
In general, testing refers to changes in how subjects respond to measurement, whereas instrumentation is concerned with:
a. the world we live in
b. changes in the measurement process itself
c. the scientific hypothesis
d. the motive for the experiment itself
Q:
Which of the following is not illustrative of the case study method?
a. it is an in-depth analysis of one or a few cases
b. the cases can be individuals, groups, organizations or aggregates
c. the study can be both qualitative and quantitative
d. observing a group who has similar cases in the court systems
Q:
The classical experiment makes it possible to satisfy this criterion for cause in two ways. First, the posttest measures for the experimental group (stimulus present) are compared with those for the:
a. control group (stimulus not present)
b. random group (stimulus not present)
c. variable group (stimulus not present)
d. none of the above
Q:
Which of the following statements is true?
a. non-equivalent-groups and time-series designs are two general types of quasi-experiments
b. experiments and time-series designs are two general types of quasi-experiments
c. all research purposes are amenable to the use of experimental designs
d. all of the above are true
Q:
To guard against most threats to internal validity in the classical experiment the researcher should:
a. focus upon external validity
b. focus upon generalizability
c. use random assignment
d. put subjects only in experimental groups
Q:
The statement, "˜there are no simple formulas for designing an experimental or quasiexperimental study" suggests:
a. that there is an infinite variety of ways to design a study
b. that there is a finite variety of ways to design a study
c. that the one constant is the use of randomization in experiments
d. experiments and quasi-experiments should be used only as a last resort
Q:
A questionnaire is sent to 1,000 police departments in Florida and gathers information on the number of sick days officers use after being involved in a shooting incident. This is an example of what type of research?
a. variable-oriented research
b. case-oriented research
c. experimental design
d. cohort design
Q:
Which is accurate concerning the interrupted time-series design?
a. some event stops or interrupts the research
b. control group subjects are often envious of the attention the experimental group subjects get and interrupt the study
c. makes a long series of observations before and after introducing the experimental treatment
d. none of the above are accurate
Q:
An interrupted time-series design can be very useful in what type of research?
a. applied research
b. exploratory research
c. descriptive research
d. double-blind research
Q:
How does a cohort design differ from other quasi-experimental designs?
a. the use of random assignment to control and experimental groups
b. the use of matching to assign subjects to control and experimental groups
c. there is some date or event in common to all members of the control and the experimental groups
d. all quasi-experimental designs are basically the same
Q:
The central features of what experiment type include (1) independent and dependent variables, (2) pretesting and posttesting, and (3) experimental and control groups created through random assignment?
a. casual experiments
b. statistical experiments
c. classical experiments
d. cardinal experiments
Q:
If randomization is not possible, what should the researcher do?
a. pre and posttest
b. use the classical design
c. consider using a quasi-experimental design
d. randomization is always possible
Q:
What process is accomplished by assigning the odd numbered subjects to the experimental group and the even- numbered subjects to the control group?
a. basic scientific theory
b. independent relation
c. false positive evaluation
d. random assignment
Q:
What technique can be used to help reduce the threat to experimental mortality?
a. increasing the sample size
b. decreasing the sample size
c. shorten the time between the pretest and the posttest
d. select only subjects who are female
Q:
What can help rule out the threats to internal validity in an experimental design?
a. proper selection and assignment of subjects to groups
b. large sample size
c. small sample size
d. nothing can rule out threats to internal validity
Q:
What type of design is illustrated in the following diagram? Experimental Group 0 X 0
Control Group 0 0 Measurement time1 time2 time3
a. time-series design
b. classical experiment
c. cohort design
d. nonequivalent-groups design
Q:
In social scientific experiments, as in medical experiments, the danger of experimenter bias is further reduced to the extent that the operational definitions of the dependent variables are:
a. clear and precise
b. controlled
c. tested and retested
d. scientifically proven
Q:
To assess the impact of child abuse upon later criminality, Dr. Rose chose to select some adults whose names appeared as child abuse victims in local police records and another group of adults who were not victims of abuse. What technique is being employed?
a. cohort design
b. classical experiment
c. double-blind experiment
d. nonequivalent-group design
Q:
Dr. Smith was interested in whether there would be a reduction in the number of crimes in the central city once closed-circuit cameras went up and were monitored by police. To accomplish this study Dr. Smith looked at the police records for the four square block area where the cameras were installed each week for six months. Dr. Smith was using what method?
a. cohort design
b. time-series design
c. classical experiment
d. quasi-experimental design
Q:
External validity in an experimental design refers to:
a. the researcher's ability to be sure that they are measuring what they think they are measuring
b. the lack of concern with issues internal to the study
c. the ability to apply findings to other populations
d. the ability to know your measures are consistent
Q:
In criminal justice experiments, what serves as a guard against the effects of the experiments themselves as well as events that may occur outside the laboratory during the course of experiments?
a. variable groups
b. control groups
c. administrative groups
d. posttest groups
Q:
When neither the subjects nor the researcher can identify which group is the control group and which is the experimental group the design is said to be:
a. cross-sectional
b. double-blind
c. a blind experiment
d. of no value
Q:
The goal of the classical experiment is for the researcher to:
a. have control over the dependent variable
b. have control over the independent variable
c. measure the effect the dependent variable has upon the independent variable
d. make sure the subjects in the control group get the independent variable and those in the experimental group do not
Q:
You have just completed the LSAT and scored 112. Your roommate who is no smarter than you took the LSAT with you and scored 165. You were so upset with your score that you decided to take the test again and you convinced your roommate to take it with you for moral support. You both received scores on the second exam of 150. What accounted for the differences in scores?a. statistical regressionb. testingc. instrumentationd. maturation
Q:
The threat to the internal validity of an experiment that is called compensatory treatment refers to which of the following situations?
a. the control group subjects being paid while the experimental group subjects are not
b. the experimental group subjects being paid while the control group subjects are not
c. the subjects in the control group feel deprived of something they consider valuable
d. there is no threat to internal validity called compensatory treatment
Q:
Sometimes it is not possible to separate subjects from experimental and control groups and the result is that they may discuss the research. What is the threat that this situation poses?
a. causal time order
b. experimental mortality
c. diffusion or imitation of treatments
d. statistical regression
Q:
Which of the following would be an example of experimental mortality?
a. a subject deciding that he/she wants to participate
b. inmates in an experiment at the state maximum security prison being moved to a minimum state prison
c. police officers within one year of retirement participating in a job satisfaction study
d. police officers change their behavior during a study because of a new law that was passed
Q:
Which of the following would be an example of selection bias?
a. volunteers
b. random assignment to experimental and control groups
c. matching on experimental and comparison groups
d. making sure that the quotas are the same for the experimental and comparison groups with respect to important variables
Q:
In an experiment subjects are given a pre-test in an effort to assess their attitudes about a new federal sentencing law that Congress is debating. Subjects assigned to the experimental group are given a series of lectures by experts on the impact the new law will have on prison populations. Immediately after the last lecture, a post-test is given to measure any attitude changes. Anticipating what the test is designed to measure (because of the lectures) those in the experimental group are subject to the threat of:
a. diffusion
b. statistical regression
c. instrumentation
d. testing
Q:
Maturation as a threat to internal validity in experiments refers to:
a. some subjects are older than others
b. as people grow and change, results can be impacted
c. only subjects over the age of 21 are mature enough to be part of an experiment
d. none of the above
Q:
The threat of history refers to:
a. some subjects with have had history classes and others not
b. the realization that some subjects have learned from history while others have not
c. events external to the experiment that will impact the results
d. the fact that only current, relevant subjects need be studied
Q:
Essentially, an experiment examines the effect of:
a. the world we live in
b. modern science
c. an independent variable on a dependent variable
d. science on sociology
Q:
Graduates majoring in criminal justice and graduates majoring in psychology from the State University were part of a study to assess employment success of those receiving their degrees in May 2002. Six months after graduation a questionnaire was sent out asking about their job seeking success. What type of design is this?
a. a double-blind experiment
b. a non-equivalent groups design
c. a time-series design
d. a cohort design
Q:
A group of students who completed a research methods class at the local college were given a questionnaire to assess their feelings about the homeless and after were randomly assigned to either the experimental group or the control group. The experimental group was required to volunteer at the local homeless shelter while the control group was not. After one month of volunteering, members of both groups were asked to complete the questionnaire on feelings concerning the homeless again. What type of research design is this?
a. a quasi-experimental design
b. a classical experimental design
c. a time-series design
d. an interrupted time-series design