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Q:
The size of the sample and the standard error are related in which of the following ways?
a. the standard error is not related to the size of the sample
b. when the sample size increases so does the standard error
c. when the sample size increases the standard error decreases
d. when sample size decreases the standard error decreases
Q:
The bell-shaped curve is representative of:
a. standard deviations
b. standard error
c. the sampling distribution of a very large number of samples
d. sampling error
Q:
Which justice perspective would advocate diversion programs or mediation programs for juvenile offenders?
a. Rehabilitation
b. Due process
c. Equal justice
d. Crime control
Q:
Which of the following justice perspectives holds that the true purpose of the criminal justice system is to promotea peaceful and just society?
a. Equal justice
b. Rehabilitation
c. Restorative justice
d. Nonintervention
Q:
The value for a given variable in a population is a:
a. population parameter
b. sample element
c. sample statistic
d. equal probability of selection method
Q:
Truth-in-sentencing laws are an aspect of which justice system perspective?
a. Rehabilitation
b. Crime control
c. Due process
d. Equal justice
Q:
Sample statistics are used to:
a. ask questions
b. make estimates of population parameters
c. form a basis for analysis
d. theoretically specify grouping of study elements
Q:
If you were concerned about the potentially stigmatizing effect of community notification laws on sexualoffenders, you would be part of the perspective.
a. Restorative justice
b. Equal justice
c. Rehabilitation
d. Nonintervention
Q:
The unit about which information is gathered and forms the basis for analysis is known as a:
a. sampling element
b. unit of observation
c. sampling frame
d. sample
Q:
Which sampling method is commonly used to pretest a questionnaire?
a. stratification
b. quota
c. snowball
d. purposive
Q:
If you believe in the concept of "just deserts," which justice perspective do you favor?
a. Rehabilitation
b. Restorative justice
c. Equal justice
d. Due process
Q:
Between 1976 and 1999, 566 people were executed in the United States and 82 individuals awaiting executionwere exonerated. This is a ratio of 1 individual freed for every 7 individuals executed. Such serious errors in thecriminal justice system are of concern to advocates of the perspective.
a. Due process
b. Rehabilitation
c. Justice
d. Crime control
Q:
The perspective sees the justice system as a mechanism of caring for and treating people who cannotmanage themselves, and assumes that people are at the mercy of social, economic, and interpersonal conditions.
a. Equal justice
b. Crime control
c. Rehabilitation
d. Due process
Q:
Which method begins with a matrix or table describing the characteristics of a target population?
a. probability
b. snowball
c. quota
d. simple random sampling
Q:
Reliance on available subjects can be an appropriate sampling method if:
a. the researcher wants to study the characteristics of people who are passing the sample point at some specified time
b. collecting data from people what have all characteristics of a matrix
c. the researcher wants to do research on active criminals or deviants
d. the researcher only has a questionnaire to be completed
Q:
The method of relying on available subjects is sometimes misleadingly called:
a. cluster sampling
b. convenience sampling
c. snowball sampling
d. quota sampling
Q:
Which justice perspective holds that the proper role of the justice system is to prevent crime through thejudicious use of criminal sanctions and demands an efficient system that hands out tough sanctions to those whoviolate the law?
a. Crime control
b. Equal justice
c. Rehabilitation
d. Due process
Q:
Reporters from your local television news affiliate frequently ask people on a pedestrian shopping street during the lunch hour their opinions about criminal justice issues and play the responses on the 6:00 news. The reporters are using:
a. reliance on available subjects
b. probability sampling
c. stratified sampling
d. quota sampling
Q:
Multistage cluster sampling with stratification, systematic sampling, simple random sampling and disproportionate stratified sampling are examples of:
a. nonprobability sampling
b. probability sampling
c. sampling distributions
d. sampling frames
Q:
Quota samples, judgmental samples, snowball samples and reliance on available subjects are all examples of:
a. nonprobability sampling
b. probability sampling
c. sampling distributions
d. sampling frames
Q:
Your criminal justice class requires a study of the success of your state's drug courts. The professor suggests that you first select 10 counties from your state. From those ten counties you will select the two largest cities from each. Finally the drug courts in each of the cities will be monitored to measure success. What type of sampling design did your professor suggest?
a. stratified sampling
b. multistage cluster sampling
c. multistage cluster sampling with stratification
d. judgmental sampling
Q:
On the first day of the semester your introductory criminology instructor handed out a very long questionnaire asking things that you did not think was appropriate about your drinking habits. Back in the dorm you complained to your roommates and discovered that they were given the same questionnaire by their instructors. What sampling method was used?
a. snowball sample
b. multistage cluster sample
c. simple random sample
d. reliance on available subjects
Q:
Offenders at Level of the "wedding cake" model of criminal justice have typically committed aseriousoffense and will receive a prison term; however, they will not garner much media attention.
a. IV
b. I
c. II
d. III
Q:
Which of the following is false regarding Herbert Packer's notion of the criminal justice process as anassemblyline?
a. Criminal justice is seen as a screening process where each stage is a decision point.
b. Most people who commit a crime are punished for it.
c. The criminal justice system suffers from congestion.
d. Each of these decisions can have a critical impact on the defendant, the justice system, and society.
Q:
Dwayne wanted to find out what the citizens of Canton think about a proposed law that would require sex offenders to be treated in the community in lieu of prison confinement and he decided to randomly call people listed in the phone book. What is his sampling frame?
a. the citizens of Canton
b. the proposed law
c. telephone listings
d. sex offenders
Q:
The true list of elements in the population is called the:
a. parameter
b. sampling frame
c. population
d. sample
Q:
Which of the following crimes would be placed in the top layer (Layer I) of the criminal justice "wedding cake"?
a. A first-time offender assaults a friend.
b. A burglary occurs at a local bar.
c. An individual is arrested for public drunkenness.
d. A noted celebrity is arrested for shooting her bodyguard.
Q:
When a researcher uses probability sampling, he/she can:
a. never be sure that the sample reflects the population from which it was drawn
b. estimate the amount of sampling error that can be expected
c. never guarantee the population elements of a known nonzero probability of being selected for the sample
d. never be sure that the entire sampling frame was included
Q:
Who is not a part of the courtroom work group?
a. Judge
b. Defense attorney
c. Prosecutor
d. Bail bondsman
Q:
At what stage of the formal criminal justice process does the defendant enter a plea of guilty or not guilty?
a. Arraignment
b. Criminal trial
c. Bail hearing
d. Preliminary hearing
Q:
In order to study active criminals who have not been arrested for their criminal acts, the researcher would be wise to employ which type of sampling technique?
a. purposive sampling
b. snowball sampling
c. convenience sampling
d. stratified random sampling
Q:
Which of the following is the best example of the use of judgmental sampling?
a. exit polls on election days
b. surveys of all police chiefs in America
c. interviews of female inmates in the Los Angeles County Jail
d. households participating in the National Crime Victimization Survey
Q:
Which of the following is false about the grand jury?
a. It was created in twelfth-century England.
b. Every state uses the grand jury system.
c. It is composed of between 12 and 23 persons.
d. It can protect citizens from false prosecution.
Q:
When police want to interrogate or question a suspect, the officer must first advise the suspect of his/her rights.This is called a (n):
a. Information advisement.
b. Charging warning.
c. Miranda warning.
d. Questioning after advisement.
Q:
The role of police officers involves primarily the first four stages of the formal criminal justice procedures. Inorder, what are these steps?
a. Initial contact, investigation, arrest, custody
b. Initial contact, arrest, charging, custody
c. Initial contact, investigation, arrest, charging
d. Initial contact, arrest, investigation, charging
Q:
When considering probability sampling in general, it is usually the preferred method for selecting study elements because:
a. probability sampling avoids conscious biases on the part of the researcher
b. it does not permit the researcher to estimate the sampling error
c. it does not control unconscious biases in the selection process
d. nonprobability sampling is too difficult
Q:
Following formal procedure, which step comes first in the criminal justice process?
a. Charging
b. Plea bargain
c. Post release
d. Preliminary hearing
Q:
Which of the following is not an example of a multistage cluster sample?
a. the British Crime Survey
b. the National Crime Victimization Survey
c. Uniform Crime Reports
d. polling data during an election year
Q:
Which of the following does not illustrate a population where cluster sampling would be the best choice?
a. law enforcement officers in the United States
b. citizens of Florida
c. probation officers in America
d. inmates in the Wayne County jail
Q:
Which of the following is false regarding law enforcement personnel?
a. There are over 2 million individuals employed by a law enforcement agency.
b. In law enforcement alone, the majority of the employees have general arrest powers.
c. State police agencies employ the least amount of officers nationwide.
d. Most police officers in the United States work for a local agency.
Q:
Which of the following is an extralegal factor?
a. The age of the offender
b. The available evidence surrounding the offense
c. The suspect's prior record
d. The seriousness of the charge
Q:
When researching a population where it is impossible or impractical to compile a list of the elements, what is the proper sampling technique to use?
a. stratified sample
b. systematic sample
c. cluster sample
d. simple random sample
Q:
Which of the following is false about corrections in the United States?
a. Though crime has declined for most of the past decade, the correctional population continues to grow.
b. Approximately 1.5 million juveniles are handled in juvenile courts each year.
c. The federal correctional budget is larger than state governments' correctional budgets.
d. More than 7 million people are under some form of correctional supervision.
Q:
When a researcher uses a stratified sampling technique, they
a. select elements from heterogeneous subsets of the population
b. recognize the extent that subsets are homogeneous on stratified variables will generally result in homogeneity on other variables as well
c. realize that a stratified sample is likely to be less representative on a number of variables than a simple random sample
d. recognize the extent that subsets are heterogeneous on stratified variables will generally result in heterogeneity on other variables as well
Q:
Which of the following is accurate concerning the use of systematic sampling?
a. systematic sampling is a poor excuse of simple random sampling
b. systematic sampling is often used as a substitute for stratified sampling
c. systematic sampling is frequently used rather than a simple random sample
d. systematic sampling is always considered a non-probability sampling technique
Q:
Which of the following is not appropriate for use as a sampling frame?
a. telephone directories when you wish to sample attitudes toward a new law
b. lists of licensed drivers when you wish to ask juveniles their opinions about drinking prohibitions
c. taxpayer rolls when the researcher is interested in public concerns about school appropriations in their community
d. AMA membership lists to survey doctors about their attitudes concerning HMO's
Q:
The criminal justice system is vast, employing more than 2.4 million people and costing federal, state, andlocal governments about per year, up more than 300% since 1982.
a. $100 million
b. $100 billion
c. $200 billion
d. $200 million
Q:
Because some individuals are so dangerous that they must be outlawed outright or regulated, the contemporarycriminal justice society uses the instrument known as:
a. Social Control.
b. Social Report.
c. Social Adjustment.
d. Social Media.
Q:
What are the three main components into which the contemporary criminal justice system is generally divided?
a. Law enforcement, the correctional system, and the legislature
b. Law enforcement, the courts, and the correctional system
c. Law enforcement, the courts, and the legislature
d. The courts, the correctional system, and the legislature
Q:
Confidence levels allow the researcher to have some idea of how closely their samples reflect the parameter. Which of the following statements about confidence levels is not true?
a. if a simple random sample is used, probability theory suggests that researchers can be 68 percent sure the estimates of that sample fall within one standard error of the parameter
b. if a simple random sample is used, probability theory suggests that researchers can be 95 percent sure that estimates of that sample fall within two standard errors of the parameter
c. if a simple random sample is used, probability theory suggests that researchers can almost positive (99+ percent) that estimates of that sample fall within three standard errors of the true value
d. if a simple random sample is used, probability theory allows the researcher to know with certainty that they have accurate data
Q:
Which of the following statements is true concerning the relationship between standard error and sample size?
a. there is a positive relationship
b. there is an inverse relationship
c. as sample size decreases, the standard error decreases
d. as sample size increases, the standard error increases
Q:
Who sponsored the research in the 1950s that revealed that the criminal justice system was composed of agenciesthat could be connected in an intricate network of decision-making processes?
a. American Bar Foundation project
b. President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice
c. Chicago Crime Commission
d. Wickersham Commission
Q:
The ________, created in 1919, was a professional association funded by private contributions, which wasintegral in getting agencies of justice to work together and getting the work of the criminal justice systemrecognized.
a. Wickersham Commission
b. American Bar Foundation Commission
c. Chicago Crime Commission
d. President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice
Q:
Which statement is accurate concerning crime in a historical context in the United States?
a. In a historical sense, crime peaked during Civil War times and has been diminishing since that era.
b. The Old West was the only area where gang activity flourished after the Civil War.
c. Crime and violence did not exist when the nation was first formed and are recent social problems.
d. Crime and violence have been common since the nation was first formed and are not recent social problems.
Q:
According to the wedding cake model of justice, the typical penalty for Level IV cases is small.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The O.J. Simpson case would be considered a Level IV case in the wedding cake model of justice.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The criminal justice process is slowed by congestion and limited resources.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which of the following are not true concerning sampling error?
a. if many independent random samples are drawn from a population, then the sample statistics from those samples are distributed in a predictable way around the population parameter
b. probability theory allows us to use a formula to estimate how closely the sample statistics are clustered
c. the standard error identifies how spread out or clustered the sample statistics are around the population parameter
d. sampling error allows us to know if we selected the wrong subjects for our sample
Q:
Which of the following is not a reason for using random selection methods in selecting samples?
a. random selection is a check on conscious or unconscious bias
b. random selection gives access to probability theory
c. random selection allows for estimates of error
d. random selection allows for privacy
Q:
In order to make an arrest for a felony, the police officer must have personally witnessed the crime beingcommitted.
a. True
b. False
Q:
After an arrest, the suspect can be detained.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The purpose of sampling is to select a set of elements from a population in such a way that the descriptions of the sample statistics accurately portray the parameters of the population. This is best achieved through use of:
a. a convenience sample
b. random selection
c. the sampling element
d. stratified sampling
Q:
A basic principle of probability sampling is that a sample will be representative of the population from which it is drawn if:
a. all members of the population have an equal chance of being selected for the sample
b. the researcher uses a method of selection based upon convenience
c. every "nth" person is selected for the sample
d. all are principles of probability sampling
Q:
The crime rate was much higher 100 years ago than it is today.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Complex criminal conspiracies require cooperation of different criminal justice agencies.
a. True
b. False
Q:
When a research chooses a sample that is not typical of a large population this is known as:
a. a cluster
b. probability
c. nonprobability
d. bias
Q:
Sampling is used for two reasons, sometimes it is not necessary to collect data from all persons and it:
a. is possible to collect data from all persons
b. is statistically significant
c. is often not possible to collect information from all persons
d. makes research more valid
Q:
Sampling is the process of:
a. selecting observations
b. determining values
c. hypothesis testing
d. generating data
Q:
The current criminal justice system is not responsible for protecting the country from international and domesticterrorists.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The level of government that collectively spends the most on justice expenditures are local agencies.
a. True
b. False
Q:
When no reasonable sampling frame exists and a probability sample cannot be drawn, at least estimates about the sample accuracy are available through nonprobability samples.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Cluster sampling is a very efficient tool, but the efficiency means a less accurate sample since with each cluster there is a chance for sampling error.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The Miranda warnings must be read to all suspects arrested by law enforcement.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Most cases that go to trial result in a conviction.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Stratified sampling results in a greater degree of representativeness but at the same time increases the probable sampling error.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Random selection permits the researcher to link findings from a sample to the body of probability theory in order to estimate the accuracy of those findings.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The media tends to focus on Level IV cases of the wedding cake model of justice.
a. True
b. False
Q:
A list of all elements in a population is referred to as the sampling frame.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The crime control perspective believes that too many suspects go free because of legal technicalities.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The nonintervention perspective believes there is a stigma that locks people into a criminal way of life.
a. True
b. False