Q&A Hero

Q: Discuss how the NCVS and The British Crime Survey use different strategies form sampling to produce sufficient numbers of respondents.

Q: sampling is a technique that begins by identifying a single or small number of subjects and asks them to identify others who may be willing to participate.

Q: Johnny was arrested for robbery. In his state robbery, is a second-degree felony, and Johnny can besentenced to up to 20 years in prison. Johnny has never been arrested before and is not familiar with thecriminal justice system. At what stage will the prosecution file a charging document against Johnny before a lower trial court? A. Investigation B. Charging C. Preliminary hearing D. Plea bargaining

Q: When the researcher must rely upon available subjects such as stopping people on the street to ask opinions about a recent crime, the technique is called .

Q: Johnny was arrested for robbery. In his state robbery, is a second-degree felony, and Johnny can besentenced to up to 20 years in prison. Johnny has never been arrested before and is not familiar with thecriminal justice system.If the arresting officer believes that sufficient evidence exists to charge Johnny with a crime to whom will the case be turned over next?A. Defense attorneyB. JudgeC. JuryD. Prosecutor

Q: When it is not possible to obtain a list of elements in a population, sampling procedures are called for.

Q: __________has provided a mechanism for the frustrated to vent their anger, for business leaders to maintain theirposition of wealth and power, and for those outside the economic mainstream to take a shortcut to the American dream.

Q: The____________________ is responsible for investigating alleged crimes, examining evidence, and issuingindictments.

Q: The primary goal of is homogeneity.

Q: To ensure that variables that occur rarely in a population will be represented in a sample, the researcher would want to employ a sampling technique.

Q: The ___________________________ is the principle that in order to make an arrest in a misdemeanor, the arrestingofficer must have personally witnessed the crime being committed.

Q: The purpose of the criminal__________________ is to gather enough evidence to identify a suspect and support alegal arrest.

Q: Estimates of population parameters, standard error, and confidence intervals assume unbiased sampling the foundation of unbiased sampling is the random sample.

Q: The correspondence between a target population and sampling frames affects the of the samples.

Q: In probability theory, the standard indicates how closely the sample estimates will be distributed around the population parameter.

Q: A society's ability to control individual behavior in order to serve the best interests and welfare of thesociety as awhole is known as ________________.

Q: When the researcher can list each element of a population, that list is known as the sampling ______________________.

Q: _______________ uses scientific method to determine whether criminal justice programs actually reducecrime rates and offender recidivism.

Q: Advocates of the______________________ perspective argue that the greatest concern of the justice systemshould be providing fair and equitable treatment to those accused of crime.

Q: The sampling is the range of sample statistics we would obtain if we selected many samples.

Q: When each element of a population has an equal chance of selection to the sample this process is known as ___________________ selection.

Q: The goal of the______________________perspective is to enable the offender to appreciate the damage caused tosociety and to the victim, to make amends, and to be reintegrated into the community.

Q: Decriminalization, deinstitutionalization, and pretrial diversion are favored by those adhering to the _____perspective

Q: Summary data describing a population is called a parameter while summary data describing a sample is called a ___________________.

Q: The unit about which information is collected and that provides the basis of analysis is called the sampling ______________________.

Q: Millions of misdemeanors, such as disorderly conduct, shoplifting, public drunkenness, and minor assaultcomprise Level________________of the criminal justice "wedding cake" which are handled by lower courts in anassembly-line fashion.

Q: The_____________________is comprised of the prosecutor, defense attorney, judge, and other court personnelwho function to streamline the process of justice through the extensive use of plea bargaining and other trialalternatives.

Q: When a sample closely reflects the population in terms of aggregate characteristics, the sample is said to be of the population.

Q: The use of sampling helps the researchers generalize to a larger population.

Q: The______________________ is the term used to describe the process through which large numbers of cases aresystematically filtered out of the formal criminal justice process.

Q: You are doing research on inmates leaving your state's prison system during the calendar year 2006 with respect to their living arrangements upon release. It is assumed that inmates living with their families will have lower recidivism rates, therefore what sampling technique would do best to obtain a representative sample? a. simple random sample b. quota sample c. stratified sample d. snowball sample

Q: When prosecutors decide to take no further action after conducting a preliminary investigation of the legalmatters of a case it is referred to as a (n) ____________________.

Q: What is the relationship between sampling error and sample size? a. there is no relationship between sampling error and the size of the sample b. sampling error relates to the confidence interval, not the sample size c. sampling error will let us know the size of the sample once we decide upon how much error the study can tolerate d. all are relationships

Q: Which of the following statements is not accurate with respect to standard error? a. standard error is a function of the size of the sample b. standard error indicates how closely the findings fit the sample c. standard error tells how sample statistics are dispersed around the population parameter d. standard error tells us that over one-third of all sample estimates will fall within one standard error above the population parameter

Q: It currently costs federal, state, and local governments more than $___________ billion per year for civil andcriminal justice.

Q: The_________________ defines the law by determining what conduct is prohibited and establishescriminal penalties for those who violate the law.

Q: A variable which has two attributes such as gender, is what type of variable? a. sampling variable b. binomial variable c. sampling frame d. representative variable

Q: The_________________ is a federal agency that provided technical assistance and hundreds of millionsof dollars in aid to state and local justice agencies between 1969 and 1982.

Q: Which of the following is not accurate with respect to probability sampling? a. enhances the likelihood that the results reflect the population from which the sample was drawn b. probability sampling offers a way to measure the degree of success in accomplishing a representative sample c. randomization is the key to probability sampling d. it helps draw a sample but makes generalization to other populations more difficult

Q: If a researcher has a population of college students from which a sample has been drawn and concludes that on average there are higher grades achieved by those students who live on campus than those who commute, higher grades is an example of what? a. a sample element b. a population parameter c. a sample statistic d. an unreliable result

Q: Which of the following is not a probability sample characteristic? a. probability samples are never perfectly representative b. probability samples are usually more representative than other sampling techniques c. probability sampling lets us estimate the accuracy of the sample d. probability sampling is always representative of the population.

Q: A local police department is noticing that there is an increase in the number of serious felonies that arebeing committed. The department forms a task force to assess the extent of the problem. Officers from thedetective bureau, the vice squad, and the crime analysis division meet to discuss the problem and begininvestigating these crimes. Another officer expresses that those committing these crimes are probably doing so as an expression offrustration and anger created by social inequality. In his view, what is needed? a. Crime control b. Due process c. Nonintervention d. Rehabilitation

Q: A local police department is noticing that there is an increase in the number of serious felonies that arebeing committed. The department forms a task force to assess the extent of the problem. Officers from thedetective bureau, the vice squad, and the crime analysis division meet to discuss the problem and begininvestigating these crimes. One of the officers on the task force expresses his frustration with the criminals who are committing these crimes.He believes that the police department needs to work aggressively to apprehend these offenders, and that societymust be protected from them through harsh punishment. What perspective is this officer promoting? a. Crime control b. Due process c. Nonintervention d. Rehabilitation

Q: Which of the following are true with respect to representativeness? a. a sample represents a population's if it is exactly the same on all relevant variables b. a sample is representative if it approximates the population c. a sample needs to be representative of the population on all variables d. a representative sample is only obtained when a simple random sample is used

Q: A local police department is noticing that there is an increase in the number of serious felonies that arebeing committed. The department forms a task force to assess the extent of the problem. Officers from thedetective bureau, the vice squad, and the crime analysis division meet to discuss the problem and begininvestigating these crimes. The task force determines that the most common crimes being committed are robberies and burglaries inwhichthe typical amount stolen from each home is approximately $10,000. The officers realize that they aredealing with professionals. At which level on the criminal justice wedding cake do these crimes fall? a. Level I b. Level II c. Level III d. Level IV

Q: Which of the following is not a concern about bias when selecting a sample? a. selecting a sample based upon convenience b. using probability statistics for drawing a sample c. drawing a sample on a first come, first serve basis d. the researcher's personal bias

Q: A local police department is noticing that there is an increase in the number of serious felonies that arebeing committed. The department forms a task force to assess the extent of the problem. Officers from thedetective bureau, the vice squad, and the crime analysis division meet to discuss the problem and begininvestigating these crimes. After investigating the crimes for over a month, the task force is able to execute ten arrest warrants.Eight of theoffenders are apprehended and arrested. Who is responsible for formally charging the suspects with a specificcriminal act? a. Bailiff b. Defense attorney c. Judge d. Prosecutor

Q: What factors are not accounted for when using probability sampling? a. each member of the populations has a known chance of being selected b. knowing that each member of the population has a chance of being selected allows the researcher to generalize back to the population c. there is less need to be careful in the sample selection when the population is homogenous d. when the population is homogeneous there is a greater need to use probability sampling than when the population is heterogeneous

Q: To what criminal punishment are people convicted of Level III crimes typically sentenced?a. Death penaltyb. Finesc. Prisond. Probation

Q: To what can the criminal justice process be compared? a. Catapult b. Funnel c. Slingshot d. Spiral

Q: The way to remember the percentages of samples that will fall within one, two and three standard errors of the parameter are the following: a. 68-95-99 b. 50-50-50 c. 50-75-100 d. 50-70-90

Q: According to the criminal justice assembly line model, what is moved down the conveyor belt? a. Cases b. Detectives c. Laws d. Statutes

Q: Which of the following is accurate? a. the reason that researchers use probability samples is because they guarantee representativeness of the sample b. in general, the more heterogeneous a population, the smaller the sample needed for representativeness c. a simple random sample is appropriate when the researcher wants to over-represent a characteristic in the population d. a sample is representative of the population from which it is drawn if the aggregate characteristics of the sample approximate those of the general population

Q: Which component of the criminal justice system has the largest budgets? a. Police b. Judicial c. Executive d. Correctional

Q: Sampling is used because: a. it may not possible to collect information from the entire population b. it is necessary to collect information from the entire population c. samples are useful tools only in experimental designs d. it is easier and you can guess if your data reflects the larger population

Q: Which branch of government oversees criminal justice practices and has the power to determine whetherexisting operations fall within the bounds of the U.S. Constitution? a. Executive b. Legislative c. Judicial d. Correctional

Q: If the variable that you are interested in studying is so rare that it is unlikely to be discovered using random sampling, what is the best alternative? a. accidental sampling b. quota sampling c. stratified sampling d. purposive sampling

Q: Which branch of government is responsible for the day-to-day operation of justice agencies? a. Correctional b. Legislative c. Judicial d. Judicial

Q: If a researcher has a list of 10,000 elements and wants to sample 1000 and selects every 10thelement she is using: a. simple random sampling b. cluster sampling c. systematic sampling d. Quota sampling

Q: You want to know why some states that have the death penalty as a punishment use it more than other states. In order to develop your design, you identify those states that have capital punishment and those that do not. Among those that do have capital punishment, you separate states by the following criteria: annual executions over the last 20 years; states with less than annual executions over the last 20 years; and those states that have not executed in the last 20 years. What sampling method are you using? a. convenience b. quota c. stratified d. purposive

Q: Which branch of government interprets existing laws and determines whether they meet constitutionalrequirements? a. Correctional b. Executive c. Judicial d. Legislative

Q: Which branch of government defines the law by determining what conduct is prohibited and establishes criminalpenalties for those who violate the law? a. Judicial b. Correctional c. Executive d. Legislative

Q: Following the model of London, England Center City, USA decided to install closed circuit television (CCTV) cameras in a downtown park in hopes of reducing the public's fear of crime. Which technique would be the best choice to determine if fear has in fact decreased? a. send out a questionnaire to all citizens living in Center City, USA b. select, via simple random sampling, 20 citizens to interview c. interview, via reliance on available subjects, citizens that are in the park d. because you want to measure a "feeling" there is no accurate way to do this

Q: Which of the following is society's instrument of social control? a. The Criminal Justice System b. Families Institutions c. The Educational System d. Religious Institutions

Q: Under what conditions would it be appropriate to use a snowball sampling technique? a. when the characteristic of interest to the study is a deviant one and only a small number of people who know one another are required b. when your questionnaire can be administered in a narrow geographic area c. when all you need to do is interview persons from a population where the sampling frame is known d. when the researcher absolutely must have a sample that is representative of the population from which it is drawn

Q: Using evidence justice, what does the research say about school-based drug education programs? a. The track record of school-based drug education programs has proven to be highly effective. b. The track record of school-based drug education programs has proven to fail. c. The track record of school-based drug education programs has proven to be spotty at best. d. There has been no research on school-based drug education programs.

Q: National Crime Victimization Survey and the British Crime Survey both use the following technique to gather data? a. simple random samples b. stratified sampling c. multistage cluster sampling d. quota sampling

Q: If you did not have the sampling frame of your population but still wanted to use a probability sampling technique for statistical reasons, you should select what type of sample? a. quota b. snowball c. cluster d. stratified

Q: In which century did police agencies begin to appear in the United States? a. seventeenth b. eighteenth c. nineteenth d. sixteenth

Q: What percentage of incidents of sexual violence in prison involved staff-on-inmate sexualmisconduct? a. 75% b. 10% c. 20% d. 40%

Q: Which courtroom work group member experiences the ethical concern of having obligations to his/her client andthe profession? a. Defense attorney b. Prosecutor c. Bail bondsman d. Judge

Q: With the use of stratified sampling a researcher wants to reduce the: a. sampling error b. standard error c. number of dependent variables d. time it takes to draw a sample

Q: An RA at a local university devised a plan to spot check the dorm for illegal drinking by knocking on every 5thdoor on each floor. What technique was the RA using? a. stratified sampling b. simple random sampling c. quota sampling d. systematic sampling

Q: This is the range of sample statistics obtained when many samples are selected? a. random numbers b. sampling distribution c. selection interval d. quota

Q: Whichis considered the primary ethical concern of prosecutors? a. Discretion and morality b. Handling both the aggravating and mitigating circumstances of the crime. c. The adversarial system of justice in the United States. d. Their dual role as representative of the people and officer of the court.

Q: Ethical issues surface in all parts of the justice system. Why are ethical standards so important in criminal justice? a. Agents of the criminal justice system have access to citizens' most personal information, raising concernsof privacy and confidentiality. b. Justice system personnel may work in an environment where moral ambiguity is widespread. c. Without ethical decision making, it is possible that individual civil rights and liberties would suffer. d. Ethical standards are important in the justice system for all these reasons.

Q: When a researcher uses a multistage cluster sampling technique they must repeat several sets including: a. listing and stratifying b. listing and counting c. listing and sampling d. listing and analyzing

Q: Which justice perspective views crime as a community-level problem? a. Rehabilitation b. Restorative justice c. Crime control d. Equal justice

Q: A recent political poll showed that the findings reported were accurate to within 4 percentage points. This is likely to mean what? a. the findings are only correct 4 percent of the time b. the findings are only correct 8 percent of the time c. the findings are accurate 95 times out of 100 and the confidence interval is plus or minus 4 points d. the findings are accurate 68 times out of 100 and the confidence interval is plus or minus 4 points

Q: Advocates of which justice perspective would advocate for the decriminalization of marijuana? a. Rehabilitation b. Nonintervention c. Equal justice d. Crime control