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Q:
CASE 3.2
Warden Smith supervises 2000 male inmates who are incarcerated for various reasons, including murder, rape, robbery, drugs, theft, and arson. He meets with every inmate who is sentenced to his prison to get an understanding of where each inmate came from and how he can possible help each inmate to not return to his institution once released.
Warden Smith has met with thousands of inmates who have come into his prison.He firmly believes that the majority of people who commit crime do so because of social structure theories.Which of the following is not considered a social structure theory?
a. Social disorganization
b. Social learning
c. Strain
d. Cultural deviance
Q:
CASE 3.2
Warden Smith supervises 2000 male inmates who are incarcerated for various reasons, including murder, rape, robbery, drugs, theft, and arson. He meets with every inmate who is sentenced to his prison to get an understanding of where each inmate came from and how he can possible help each inmate to not return to his institution once released.
Joey is in prison for attempted murder.He got into a fight at a local bar with a man with whom he was drinking some beers.The man made a comment about Joey's girlfriend and Joey just snapped and beat him until he was unconscious.The man was in a coma for a few months before he woke up.The man sustained permanent brain damage.Warden Smith asked Joey why he did not just walk away from this man who commented about his girlfriend.Joey explained to Warden Smith that he always saw his father and uncles handle disagreements by fistfighting.He says this is the only way he knows how to settle disputes.Joey asks for help from Warden Smith.What theory would explain Joey's behavior?
a. Critical
b. Social learning
c. Psychodynamic
d. Choice
Q:
If the subjects know that they are being studied, which of the following is not likely to result?
a. the subjects may change their behavior and their language
b. the subjects may reject the researcher
c. the process being observed may change
d. they ignore the researcher
Q:
In this role the researcher observes some location or process without becoming a part of it in any way?
a. complete participation
b. complete observer
c. participant-as-observer
d. observer-as-participant
Q:
CASE 3.2
Warden Smith supervises 2000 male inmates who are incarcerated for various reasons, including murder, rape, robbery, drugs, theft, and arson. He meets with every inmate who is sentenced to his prison to get an understanding of where each inmate came from and how he can possible help each inmate to not return to his institution once released.
Larry meets with Warden Smith.Larry has been to prison three timespreviously.He tellsWarden Smith that he has committed hundreds of other crimes for whichhe never got caught.His current conviction is for drug dealing.Larry was willing to take achance in dealing drugs because he was going to make over $100,000 for the transaction and he thought the potential profit was worth the risk and the effort.Which theory would most likely support why Larry committed his crime?
a. Critical
b. Social learning
c. Psychodynamic
d. Choice
Q:
CASE 3.2Warden Smith supervises 2000 male inmates who are incarcerated for various reasons, including murder, rape, robbery, drugs, theft, and arson. He meets with every inmate who is sentenced to his prison to get an understanding of where each inmate came from and how he can possible help each inmate to not return to his institution once released.Warden Smith meets Jamaal.He was sentenced to 20 years in prison for armed robbery. Jamaal is argumentative and is a firm believer that the criminal justice system is just a mechanism to control the poor.He thinks that the government should be focusing on the crimes that the wealthy commit and not those of the lower-class community.Jamaal would most likely support which theory?a. Criticalb. Social learningc. Psychodynamicd. Choice
Q:
Which of the following would not be an appropriate crime to study using the field research technique?
a. prostitution
b. shoplifting
c. embezzlement
d. drug use
Q:
CASE 3.1
Mary and Louise are both 15 years old. Each was arrested and charged with stealing a vehicle. Mary stole a car from the teacher's parking lot at her school. Louise stole her neighbor's car when she decided that she wanted to drive to her boyfriend. They both meet with Mr. Brown, a juvenile probation officer, who is to recommend whether or not they should be detained in a juvenile detention center prior to the disposition of their cases.
Louise also explains that she was diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder.She cannot remember the name of the disorder.Mr. Brown is waiting for her case file to see her diagnosis.Which of the following psychiatric disorders is Louise unlikely to have?
a. Oppositional defiant disorder
b. Conduct disorder
c. Alexithymia
d. Strain disorder
Q:
Many aspects of physical settings are probably best studied through
a. asking questions
b. reviewing written documents
c. direct observation
d. surveys
Q:
CASE 3.1
Mary and Louise are both 15 years old. Each was arrested and charged with stealing a vehicle. Mary stole a car from the teacher's parking lot at her school. Louise stole her neighbor's car when she decided that she wanted to drive to her boyfriend. They both meet with Mr. Brown, a juvenile probation officer, who is to recommend whether or not they should be detained in a juvenile detention center prior to the disposition of their cases.
When Mr. Brown meets with Louise, he asks her the same questions he asked Mary about her background. Louise explains that she has been arrested ten times before for various charges, including drug possession, burglary, and assault.Louise also explains that she has been diagnosed with ADHD and learning disabilities and that she does not always know why she does the things she does.Which biosocial view of crime would best explain Louise's behavior?
a. Biochemical
b. Neurological
c. Genetic
d. Precipitation
Q:
CASE 3.1
Mary and Louise are both 15 years old. Each was arrested and charged with stealing a vehicle. Mary stole a car from the teacher's parking lot at her school. Louise stole her neighbor's car when she decided that she wanted to drive to her boyfriend. They both meet with Mr. Brown, a juvenile probation officer, who is to recommend whether or not they should be detained in a juvenile detention center prior to the disposition of their cases.
When Mr. Brown asks Mary if she thought twice about stealing the car from the teacher's parking lot, she replied, "when I saw that the gate was open and there was no security officer around, I had no fear of stealing the car."What situational crime prevention tactic could have prevented this crime from occurring?
a. Increase the effort needed to commit the crime
b. Increase the risk of committing the crime
c. Reduce the rewards for committing the crime
d. Remove excuses
Q:
Which of the following is not considered a strength of field research?
a. validity is enhanced
b. reliability is enhanced
c. it allows for a more comprehensive, fuller understanding
d. limited generalizability
Q:
CASE 3.1
Mary and Louise are both 15 years old. Each was arrested and charged with stealing a vehicle. Mary stole a car from the teacher's parking lot at her school. Louise stole her neighbor's car when she decided that she wanted to drive to her boyfriend. They both meet with Mr. Brown, a juvenile probation officer, who is to recommend whether or not they should be detained in a juvenile detention center prior to the disposition of their cases.
According to the routine activities theory Mary would be considered a:
a. Motivated offender
b. Suitable target
c. Suitable offender
d. Capable guardian
Q:
Which of the following is true concerning qualitative field research?
a. it is often a theory or hypothesis generating activity
b. always has clear operational definitions of key terms
c. must begin with clearly stated and defined hypotheses
d. does not define the nature of a crime problem being studied
Q:
Which theory proposes the existence of a master criminal trait or propensity after birth?
a. Latent trait
b. Life course
c. Trajectory
d. Biochemical
Q:
Which of the following is accurate concerning data acquired during field research?
a. it is qualitative data that is easily reduced to numbers
b. it is quantitative data that is not easily reduced to numbers
c. it is qualitative data that is not easily reduced to numbers
d. all the data gathered must be reducible to numbers
Q:
Social disorganization leads to which of the following?
a. Residents' frustrations over their perceived inability to attain the "American Dream"
b. Weakened informal social control
c. The development of a cognitive landscape that views violence as an acceptable means to resolve conflict
d. All of the above
Q:
Field research uses what technique to gather data?
a. written records
b. agency data
c. direct observation
d. obtaining government documents
Q:
Qualitative field research is very reliable.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which theory posits that antisocial behavior is learned through observation?
a. Social learning theory
b. Psychodynamic theory
c. Moral development theory
d. Social disorganization
Q:
Which of the following is not considered a biochemical factor?
a. Environmental constraints
b. Hypoglycemia
c. Testosterone
d. Genetic abnormality
Q:
It may be helpful to record field notes onto highly structured forms created prior to the beginning of the study.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Validity is especially weak in field studies.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Many different options are available for gathering data in field research.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Johnny is arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol. As a result, he is convicted and serves a short stint in jail. Johnny's incarceration is an example of which of the following concepts?
a. General deterrence
b. Specific deterrence
c. Situational prevention
d. Just desserts
Q:
Excessive levels of ___________ have been linked to violence and aggression.
a. Estrogen
b. Progesterone
c. Serotonin
d. Testosterone
Q:
According to critical criminologists, which behavior is the biggest problem?
a. Burglary
b. Racism
c. Rape
d. Robbery
Q:
Fortunately, when doing field research, sampling is very straight forward and you don"t have the concerns that would be present in survey techniques.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Finding the right sponsor in a formal organization is often the most important step in gaining access.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which age group is linked to the early onset of criminal behavior?
a. Toddlers
b. Early adolescence
c. Late teens
d. Mid-twenties
Q:
"Going native" refers to the possibility that subjects may start to become too close to the researcher.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Field research that deals with crime is best served by focusing upon crimes that are visible such as drug selling or prostitution.
a. True
b. False
Q:
What is the process in which criminal behavior becomes embedded because antisocial behavior erodes social ties that encourage conformity and creates incentives to commit crime?
a. Latent traits
b. State organized
c. State dependence
d. Victim precipitation
Q:
When it is necessary to study phenomenon in their natural setting, experiments are the best approach to take.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which occurs when the victims used threats?
a. Active precipitation
b. Cursory precipitation
c. Passive precipitation
d. Solitary precipitation
Q:
Field research is often associated with qualitative techniques.
a. True
b. False
Q:
According to the routine activities theory, police officers would be considered:
a. Capable guardians
b. Suitable targets
c. Motivated offenders
d. Capable targets
Q:
Please outline and compare and contrast the steps to gaining access to formal organizations. IN your opinion, which step is most important?
Q:
Which of the following is not one of the three factors linked to predatory crime rates in routine activities theory?
a. Supply of motivated offenders
b. Supply of suitable targets
c. Absence of effective guardians for protection
d. Extent of relative social deprivation
Q:
Discuss the differences between being an insider and outside when it comes to qualitative research. Which situations lend themselves better to which type of status?
Q:
What does lifestyle theory posit about victimization?
a. The victim invariably precipitates their own victimization.
b. Victimization is a function of social strain and precipitation.
c. Crime is not a random event, and the probability of a crime occurring is dependent on the activities of the victim.
d. Victims are just as likely to become offenders as offenders are to become victims.
Q:
When individuals provoke or encourage criminal behavior, this is referred to as:
a. Latent trait activation
b. Victim precipitation
c. Lifestyle theory
d. Cognitive abuse of the victim
Q:
Compare and contrast, the structured, semi-structured, and unstructured interview format. Be sure to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each and well as discuss which situations better lend themselves to different types of interview formats.
Q:
According to Sampson and Laub, what are the two most critical turning points in a criminal career?
a. Marriage and employment
b. Employment and imprisonment
c. Children and imprisonment
d. Victimization and social bonds
Q:
Compare and contrast the two different types of focus groups discussed in the text. What are the strengths and weaknesses of each?
Q:
What kinds of populations best lend themselves to qualitative interviewing. Pick a population and discuss what type of qualitative interview you would conduct with them. Be sure to reference the type of interview questions you would use.
Q:
The first level of qualitative data is known as .
Q:
The general theory of crime suggests that differences between individuals in the tendency to commit criminal acts stems from:
a. The level of relative deprivation in their immediate environment
b. Their level of self-control
c. The perceived value of social injustice in the community
d. Their tolerance for social strain
Q:
______ theory is not a type of developmental theory.
a. Age-graded
b. Life course
c. Latent trait
d. Social strain
Q:
The use of illegal means to achieve success in the absence of legitimate means is an example of ______ in Merton's theory of anomie.
a. Innovation
b. Retreatism
c. Rebellion
d. Conformity
Q:
Unidentified specialized words in qualitative interviewing are referred to as categories.
Q:
Data analysis usually begins with data management and .
Q:
Which of the following is an argument of Hirschi's social control theory?
a. Delinquents are detached loners whose bond to friends has been broken.
b. Delinquents have the same friendship patterns as conventional youth.
c. There is a definitive reason why a person's social bond is weakened.
d. Only females who are detached from their parents are at risk for gang involvement.
Q:
is a technique that involves writing about the research process from beginning to end.
Q:
refers to how a researcher connects with participants.
Q:
Which of the following was not one of the models of adaptation that Robert Merton produced as part of his explanation of how anomie can lead to crime?
a. Innovation
b. Rebellion
c. Retreatism
d. Toughness
Q:
______ suggests that some people adopt the goals of society but lack the means to attain them and will therefore seek alternatives, such as crime.
a. Strain theory
b. Social learning theory
c. Differential association theory
d. Self-control theory
Q:
A subculture occurs in disorganized neighborhoods marked by apathy, cynicism, helplessness, and distrust that is passed from one generation to the next, creating a permanent underclass. This subculture is called:
a. Focal concerns
b. Collective efficacy
c. The culture of poverty
d. The truly disadvantaged
Q:
The most basic level of compensation involves to research participants.
Q:
Which is not a behavior associated with antisocial personality?
a. Repeatedly performs acts that are grounds for arrest
b. Needs to plan ahead
c. Reckless disregard for the safety of others
d. Lack of remorse
Q:
The first step in gaining access to an organization or group of people is a finding a .
Q:
The more connected one is to a group, the more of a they are.
Q:
Crime is believed to be a product of transitional neighborhoods that manifest value conflict according ________ theory.
a. Psychoanalytic
b. Social control
c. Social structure
d. Social learning
Q:
Consideration of IQ and attachment are a part of what type of theory?
a. Psychological theory
b. Sociological theory
c. Sociobiological theory
d. Choice theory
Q:
In a interview structure, time is irrelevant.
Q:
According to social learning theory, people become violent because they:
a. Model their behavior after others and have that behavior positively reinforced.
b. Are born with a predisposition toward violence because of their genetic makeup.
c. Suffer damage to their egos and superegos at an early age.
d. Have a mental disorder or illness.
Q:
In a focus groups individuals are acquainted and have an existing connection.
Q:
An interview consists solely of predetermined questions.
Q:
______ theory believes that law violators may have suffered damage to their personalities early in their development that renders them powerless to control their impulses.
a. Psychodynamic
b. Life course
c. Developmental
d. Sociobiological
Q:
__________ theory focuses on a person's bonds to society as a factor in preventing crime.
a. Social learning
b. Social disorganization
c. Choice
d. Social control
Q:
Qualitative interviews are an important component of research.
Q:
refers to subjectivity in the research process.
Q:
Putting up large signs indicating that trash must be either thrown away or recycled and placing bins to dump or recycle throughout a park is which type of situational crime prevention tactic?
a. Increase the risks
b. Reduce provocation
c. Remove excuses
d. Induce shame or guilt
Q:
Target hardening techniques are examples of which type of situational crime prevention tactic?
a. Increasing the effort needed to commit the crime
b. Increasing the risks of committing the crime
c. Reducing the rewards for committing the crime
d. Inducing guilt or shame over the crime
Q:
interviews involve a mixture of pre-determined and created on the spot questions.
Q:
involve interviewing multiple people simultaneously.
Q:
Situational crime prevention falls under _____ theory.
a. Psychological
b. Choice
c. Sociobiological
d. Developmental
Q:
According to the principles of choice theory, in order for punishment to most effectively deter crime, it must meet the following three conditions:
a. Swift, satisfactory, and certain
b. Severe, certain, and punitive
c. Strict, sure, and swift
d. Intense, lasting, and cumulative
Q:
A method in which draft descriptions are used to check accuracy of work is referred to as:
a. grounded theory
b. member checks
c. audit trail
d. data mining
Q:
In qualitative interviewing, these types of questions guide the interview process:
a. open-ended
b. close-ended
c. probing
d. main