Q&A Hero

Q: Which of the following would constitute an example of an ex post facto law? a. A law against a new drug that punishes sellers of the drug who were doing business before the law went into effect. b. A new law that imposes an even longer prison sentence for possession of the drug than previous laws. c. A law that lowers the standard of proof required for convicting sellers of the drug. d. All are examples of ex post facto laws.

Q: Sponsors, who help a researcher gain access to a subculture, are also known as: a. active criminals b. participant observers c. natives d. informants

Q: During their investigation of the murder of Carl's wife, the police conduct a search of Carl's home without first procuring a warrant. Carl asserts that the police search was unlawful and a violation of which type of law? a. Substantive criminal law b. Procedural criminal law c. Civil law d. Public law

Q: During an argument, Carl murders his wife. The act of murder is a violation of which type of law? a. Substantive criminal law b. Procedural criminal law c. Civil law d. Public law

Q: Which of the following is an ethical question that needs to be addressed by the researcher? a. Are the scientific results generalizable? b. Is it proper to use of deception to get subjects to talk with us? c. Are the results valid? d. Are you sure that the results are reliable?

Q: The _____________Amendment guarantees the right to confront any prosecution witnesses. a. Fourth b. Fifth c. Sixth d. Eighth

Q: Which of the following is an accurate statement concerning the gathering of data in field studies? a. there is never a legal issue with videotaping people b. the only way to get all relevant information is to videotape c. tape recorders and cameras cannot capture all relevant information d. automated devices, such as traffic-counting devices, are effective for any research question dealing with cars and their drivers

Q: Which of the following would not be considered an appropriate method of gathering information in field studies? a. automated devices such as ELMO b. using written records c. paper and pencil to write notes d. videotape

Q: In order for a robbery to occur, the robber must acquire the victim's possessions. This is referred to as: a. Asportation. b. Confiscation. c. Strict liability. d. Transportation.

Q: Which classification of crime is punishable by death? a. Felony b. Misdemeanor c. Strict liability crime d. Offense

Q: Which of the following is appropriate for gaining access to criminal justice subcultures such as active criminals, deviants, or juvenile gangs? a. letters b. phone calls c. formal meetings d. use of a sponsor

Q: If you wanted to study juveniles who steal cars, who would serve as your best informant? a. juvenile police officers b. mothers of young boys c. school teachers d. young people arrested for drugs

Q: Which determines what types of conduct constitute felonies or misdemeanors? a. Common law b. Judges c. Statutes d. U.S. Constitution

Q: Which of the following would not be an example of a topic that would lend itself to field research? a. gang graffiti b. prostitution c. drug use d. criminal records

Q: Which element of a crime is not required for strict liability crimes? a. Stare decisis b. Mala in se c. Mens rea d. Actus reus

Q: Due process can be divided into two distinct categories. These include: a. Substantive and procedural. b. State and federal. c. Criminal and appellate. d. Felony and misdemeanor.

Q: Which of the following is a serious consideration for researchers who adopt the role of complete participant when doing field research? a. generalizability b. ethics c. validity d. reliability

Q: Which constitutional amendment outlaws illegal searches and seizures by police? a. First b. Fourth c. Fifth d. Eighth

Q: Field research would be most appropriate for which of the following topics? a. the average age of sex offenders b. the number of neighborhood watch programs initiated in 2003 c. the frequency of newspaper articles criticizing the treatment of "enemy combatants" after 9/11 d. how street prostitutes are selected by Johns in the early evening hours in your city

Q: The _____ Amendment is the vehicle used to apply the protection of the Bill of Rights to the states. a. Fourth b. Fifth c. Eighth d. Fourteenth

Q: Field research is not especially appropriate for topics that: a. are not easily quantifiable b. need to be examined in their natural setting c. require the generation of a theory d. are limited to aggregate data

Q: Which defense would be most applicable to the situation of a bank employee forced to divert funds into a special account by criminals who are holding her family hostage? a. Duress b. Entrapment c. Necessity d. Consent

Q: Because field research is generally considered to be comprehensive in nature, it tends to ensure the observations are more: a. generalizable b. reliable c. valid d. correct

Q: Qualitative research is best explained through which of the following? a. never theory generating b. called a process of grounded theory c. used to make the subjects comfortable d. used to increase generalizability

Q: The ______ Amendment prohibits excessive bail. a. Fourth b. Fifth c. Eighth d. Fourteenth

Q: In an attempt to gain access to a formal organization, you have found a sponsor, sent a letter and spoken with the director by phone. You are now ready for the meeting and you should do each of the following except for a. going to the meeting prepared about the organization so that you can speak with the director from an informed position b. flattering the director, complement them on their attire, hair style and anything else you can think of c. asking for any procedures manuals or reports that may assist in your research d. being sure to use the right words of encouragement and your best interviewing skills

Q: When may a criminal statute no longer be enforceable? a. When the president declares them unconstitutional b. When an appellate judge rules that it is vague or is an unfair exercise of state control over an individual c. When the police rule that the acts are no longer of interest to the public d. When the people declare them unconstitutional

Q: Which of the following is the determining factor in a successful defense of entrapment? a. Whether a felony or misdemeanor was committed b. The predisposition of the defendant c. The subjective state of the officer d. The corollary intent of the arresting officer

Q: Florida's Stand Your Ground law authorizes citizens to use __________ when they reasonably believe that their homes or vehicles have been illegally invaded. a. No force b. Equal force to the offender c. Reasonable force d. Deadly force

Q: After you have identified a sponsor and sent a letter to a formal organization stating your interest in research, a phone call is typically the next step in the process. You have agreed upon a time and day for the phone call and at the appointed time, you call. The director will not take your call. In this case you should do which of the following? a. forget that specific organization as a target of your research because if the director will not take your call now, you cannot expect much from him once the research begins b. keep calling back until your call is taken by the director c. ask to speak the director's assistant and make an appointment for a meeting d. find another sponsor and see if you have better luck getting access to the director

Q: Excuse defense ultimately rests on proving: a. Presumption of guilt. b. Lack of intent. c. Existence of extenuating circumstances. d. Lack of ability to commit the crime.

Q: Which of the following is not something that your letter, as a follow up to identification of the sponsor, should contain? a. the name of your sponsor b. a detailed description of your research c. arranging a time and date for a phone call d. identify that you want to meet and talk with the contact person

Q: Which of the following is not true concerning a sponsor? a. the sponsor should be able to advise you on whom to contact within the organization b. the sponsor should be well respected by the director of the organization c. the sponsor should be familiar with the formal and informal status' of various personnel within the organization d. the sponsor should introduce you to the organization and leave

Q: Which of the following is not correct concerning structured field interviews? a. the researcher can change the order in which questions are asked b. the researcher can use follow up questions to clarify an earlier prepared question c. the researcher must stick to the questions prepared prior to the interview d. ask questions in a manner that always keeps the subject on target, and not wandering to areas of no interest to the researcher

Q: The term insanity: a. Means a type of mental illness. b. Has standard legal symptoms. c. Is a legal concept only. d. Has not been addressed by statute.

Q: If a pregnant woman in labor stole a car because she feared delivery of her baby was imminent and she had no other means of transportation, she may use the defense of: a. Recklessness. b. Duress. c. Mistake. d. Necessity.

Q: When an offender is charged with a crime for which the government failed to make enactment of the crime public, this is the defense of: a. Justification. b. Ignorance or mistake. c. Entrapment. d. Necessity.

Q: In which of the following situations would unstructured interviewing techniques be appropriate? a. gathering information on active criminals b. gathering information on State Supreme Court judges c. gathering information on prison wardens within your state d. gathering information on death row inmates from Texas

Q: What is not an advantage to using unstructured interviewing techniques when conducting field research? a. good when the researcher does not know much about the subject under study b. good when the researcher may be likely to enter into casual conversation with the subject as a means of gathering data c. good when there is a high likelihood of the subjects and the researcher spending a lot of time together d. being able to ask pre-established questions and record the answers

Q: Dr. Garcia wants to study migrant farm workers and how they move from one agricultural job to another. In order to do this, Dr. Garcia will live and move with the workers for one summer while they pick strawberries in Florida. What would increase the impact and generalizability of his study? a. speak only Spanish to the workers b. live and work for one year since different parts of the country have different growing and harvesting seasons c. use every method to collect the data including videotaping the workers d. nothing will make this study generalizable

Q: Criminal negligence is a form of: a. Stare decisis. b. Mala in se. c. Mens rea. d. Actus reus.

Q: Which of the following is not appropriate subject matter for a field study? a. juvenile gang behavior following the arrest of one of its leaders b. police-citizen interactions at a rock concert c. homeless men's use of shelters d. measuring the length of jury trials

Q: The term actus reus refers to the: a. Measurement of mental ability. b. Exclusion of omission. c. Guilty person. d. Guilty act.

Q: Which of the following is not one of the categories into which crimes are classified? a. Felonies b. Misdemeanors c. Torts d. Violations

Q: One way to gain access to a subculture would be to a. ask question of the larger culture b. post flyers in the neighborhood c. conduct a telephone survey d. hang around places where the subculture you are interested in hang out

Q: Laws that are created and retroactively enforced are known as: a. Ex post facto laws b. Bills of attainder c. Habeas corpus d. Writ of certiorari

Q: Which of the following groups would be good candidates for snowball sampling when doing field research? a. patrol officers from your city b. circuit court judges c. active burglars d. those arrested for auto theft in 2002 in New Jersey

Q: Which of the following would not be considered an advantage of field research? a. qualitative field studies yield precise statements about a larger population b. the research is considered very flexible c. the researcher has a choice of roles they can assume to fit the individual needs of the research at hand d. the research is reliable

Q: Which of the following is true concerning criminal law and tort law? a. In criminal law, the right of enforcement belongs to the state. b. In tort law, the right of enforcement belongs to the state. c. Tort law is a public offense. d. In criminal law, the individual receives damages as compensation for harm done.

Q: Recording graffiti might be best accomplished through: a. field notes b. still photographs c. video recording d. drawings

Q: Which early legal charter was formulated because previously unwritten legal codes gave arbitrary andunlimited power to the wealthy? a. Code of Hammurabi b. Mosaic Code c. Roman Twelve Tables d. U.S. Code

Q: On the continuum of methods for recording observations, one extreme is taking notes with pen and paper, the other extreme is: a. video recording b. participant observation c. total participation d. interviews

Q: Civil law includes all of the following except: a. Criminal. b. Contract. c. Commercial. d. Tort.

Q: Which of the early forms of judicial proceedings involved a determination of guilt based on the ability of the accused to withstand placing his hand in boiling water or holding a hot iron? a. Trial by ordeal b. Trial by combat c. Trial by fire d. Trial by jury

Q: Kim, while doing field research with a police department begins to become more sympathetic to officers' behavior. She would be considered to be: a. becoming sympathetic b. going nave c. becoming conservative d. going native

Q: Which of the following statements is not true concerning field research? a. it does not provide a comprehensive perspective to the researcher b. it often involves theory creation c. it often combines observation and asking questions d. it can provide both qualitative and quantitative data

Q: Which type of law deals with the state of government agencies and controls their administrative relationships with individuals, corporations, or other branches of government? a. Substantive criminal law b. Procedural criminal law c. Civil law d. Public law

Q: Substantive criminal law is primarily concerned with: a. Compensating the injured party for harm. b. Defining crimes and their punishment. c. Setting out the basic rules of practice in the criminal justice system. d. Dealing with the government and its relationships with individuals or other governments.

Q: In structured field observations, the data collection form resembles a survey questionnaire. For example, the environmental surveys are used for which of the following research purposes? a. counting the number of parking tickets given in a specific part of town b. planning police strategies in drug enforcement and to assess the impact of those strategies c. asking juveniles why they use graffiti d. asking inmates why they committed their crime

Q: Which of these is not a guideline for good field note taking? a. don"t trust your memory, write down as much as possible unobtrusively b. develop your notes from sketchy to more detailed with re-writes c. use only key words and phrases in your notes, you will remember the details at a later date d. record as many details as you can right after each observation session

Q: The focus of neurological views of crime causation is twin and sibling behavior. a. True b. False

Q: Which of the following is false concerning the use of field notes for recording observations? a. field notes include what you are sure you have observed b. field notes should not include unanticipated events c. field notes should include what you think you observed d. note-taking can be done on standardized recording forms that you create prior to the start of the research

Q: Cesare Lombroso's views on crime causation were discredited. a. True b. False

Q: Which of the following are legitimate questions to ask when deciding upon a sample for field research? a. are the actual observations you make representative of all possible observations b. can your findings be generalized back to the sample you used c. are the situations you observe likely to reoccur d. will they be at home

Q: According to situational crime prevention, if punishment is severe enough, known criminals will never be tempted to repeat their offenses. a. True b. False

Q: The lack of capable guardians is a cornerstone of routine activities theory. a. True b. False

Q: What time of the year would be best to do an observational study of thefts from cars parked at shopping malls? a. early in the year, January " February b. early summer, June " July c. late summer, August d. late in the year, December

Q: When doing field research, researchers should be aware that sampling dimensions can be impacted by the varying behavior of people affected by the: a. time of day or year b. weather c. location where the observations may take place d. all of the above

Q: Studies show that high serotonin levels are linked with poor impulse control andhyperactivity. a. True b. False

Q: All but which of the following sampling techniques are appropriate for field research? a. snowball sampling b. purposive sampling c. controlled probability sampling d. non-probability techniques

Q: Disinhibition is when adults are viewed as being rewarded for violence and when violence is seen as socially acceptable. a. True b. False

Q: In recent years there has been increased interest in the biology of crime, including biochemical, neurological, evolutionary, and genetic concerns. a. True b. False

Q: Which of the following may be a concern if we are interested in studying "career drug dealers" and we use our friend from the probation department to act as our informant into that subculture? a. those getting probation may be first time offenders b. those getting probation have obviously been caught, thus will not reflect those that have more skill and have not been apprehended c. there may be some drug dealers who entered into plea negotiations and plead to possession instead of dealing d. all of the above

Q: Interviews in field research which are somewhat structured (as opposed to unstructured) would be appropriate for use on which group? a. death row inmates b. juveniles c. police officers d. criminals

Q: Target hardening techniques are one element of situational crime prevention. a. True b. False

Q: Research involving which of the following groups would not be receptive to the use of unstructured interviews? a. criminals b. police officers c. judges d. probation officers

Q: The field of criminology is not concerned with the control of criminal behavior, only its causes. a. True b. False

Q: CASE 3.2 Warden Smith supervises 2000 male inmates who are incarcerated for various reasons, including murder, rape, robbery, drugs, theft, and arson. He meets with every inmate who is sentenced to his prison to get an understanding of where each inmate came from and how he can possible help each inmate to not return to his institution once released. Warden Smith also reviews the background and criminal history of all offenders who enter his prison.He notices a common thememany of his inmates began offending at a very early age and they continued to offend well into adulthood.These inmates are considered to be: a. Adolescent-limited offenders. b. Active persisters. c. Passive persisters. d. Life-course persisters.

Q: There are 2 different methods for obtaining data in field research, asking questions and: a. making direct observation b. searching documents c. finding answers d. analyzing existing data

Q: If the researcher feels they will need to ask questions of the subjects, what is the best technique in field research to use? a. complete observer b. complete participant c. a combination of observer and participant d. surveys