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Q:
Which of the following situations would not have an impact upon error in agency records?
a. computers have the capacity to magnify clerical error
b. a single crime could be recorded by two agencies, thus making that event over-represented
c. having very little data to input
d. even rare events can be recorded improperly
Q:
In the 1990s, police departments began to embrace community policing.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Police during the nineteenth century were regarded as incompetent and corrupt and weredisliked by the people they served.a. Trueb. False
Q:
In the late nineteenth century, police work was not desirable because it paid less than mostother blue-collar jobs.
a. True
b. False
Q:
It is often said that agency data are not designed for research purposes. Which of the following support that statement?
a. some criminal justice agencies collect data because they are legally required to do so
b. often the data collected by criminal justice agencies is not covered under privacy regulations
c. because variable definitions are consistent from agency to agency
d. all of the above
Q:
Which of the following would not impact the validity and reliability of a study using agency records?
a. discretion of prosecutors in who to charge and what counts to add
b. decisions that are made by police officers to arrest verses give a warning
c. recognition on the part of the researcher that criminal justice data is a composite of criminal behavior, ability to detect that behavior and decisions about system response to that behavior
d. decisions made by probation officers to revoke on new crimes and not technical violations
Q:
Which of the following is not accurate concerning validity and reliability of agency records?
a. the shorter the time intervals under study the greater the concern about procedure changes
b. longitudinal researchers must be concerned about changes in operational definitions over time
c. longitudinal researchers must be concerned about changes in procedures over time
d. the longer the time interval under study the greater the concern about procedure changes
Q:
The early nineteenth century was an era of widespread urban unrest and mob violence, whichled local leaders to realize that a more structured police function was needed to keep the peace.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Many of the first law enforcement officers in London were corrupt and unsuccessful atstopping crime.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Facial recognition software is an example of hard technology used by law enforcement.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which of the following represent reliability or validity concerns when a researcher uses agency records?
a. the number of general clerical staff since too few is not good
b. changes in the operational definitions the agencies use to specify key terms
c. maintaining consistent procedures the agency uses to collect the data over time
d. agency records are generalizable to similar agencies
Q:
Which of the following statements is most accurate?
a. once units of analysis are defined, sampling agency records is relatively simple
b. once units of analysis are defined, sampling agency records is quite complicated
c. there is no relationship between the units of analysis used in agency records and the sampling techniques used
d. you must use all agency records and cannot select a subset since that will lead to incomplete conclusions
Q:
Which of the following is accurate concerning having agencies collect original research data?
a. cooperation to add research questions is not as likely to be successful if you are asking for a major additional effort on the part of the agency staff
b. the cooperation of the staff and their organizations are directly proportional to the intrusiveness of the data collection
c. if the research project is likely to save the agency money or improve staff performance the chances of enlisting assistance is greater
d. all of the above are accurate
Q:
One criticism of private policing is that it could eventually replace government.
a. True
b. False
Q:
In the text, an example was given concerning the difficulty in trying to measure how much crime happened to victims who were not residents of South Florida. Since police only routinely kept records on where victims stayed locally (such as hotel addresses) researchers could have an additional question added to the incident recording form asking for the victim's permanent address. All of the following would be benefits of that except:
a. it is much cheaper to add a question to a form than collecting the data oneself
b. it is much more expensive to add a question to a form because it requires all the forms to be reprinted
c. it allows for more control over the measurement process
d. it enhances the reliability of data collection
Q:
Data mining recognizes geographic "hot spots" where a majority of predatory crimes areconcentrated.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which of the following is not a concern about the use of agency records?
a. since most agencies are computerized, there is little cause to be concerned about the quality of the data
b. expect the expected, it is the unexpected findings that are worrisome
c. changes in record-keeping practices can affect the measurement
d. data will be accurate because agency data has to be
Q:
In Sherman and colleagues' research dealing with crime hot spots they chose to use "˜calls for service" to local law enforcement as a means of measuring where different types of crimes happened with greatest frequency. They noted some problems with the use of calls for service. Which of the following represents those problems?
a. there is a potential for duplicate calls to local law enforcement for any one event
b. there may be false reports, in other words no crime happened
c. there can be misleading findings such as parking lots or hospitals may appear to be hot spots when in fact they are not
d. all of the above
Q:
In Widom's research on the relationship between early child abuse and later delinquency or adult criminal behavior
which of the following were considered to be either validity or reliability problems?
a. using public school records and birth records from local hospitals to select the sample
b. by using law enforcement data to assess delinquent and criminal behavior, Windom only identified those who were caught for their behavior not those who were criminally active but were not caught
c. by using court data to identify those for the sample who were abused, Windom only knew about those cases where abuse came to the attention of the public officials, not all the cases that go unreported
d. all of the above
Q:
Which of the following is not an example of nonpublic agency records?
a. the FBI's publication of the Uniform Crime Reports
b. information from a local police department concerning the number of crimes that happened within the past month
c. a prison's collection of files dealing with inmates currently in their custody
d. a county courthouse's records on defendants tried within the last six months
Q:
Immigration and Customs Enforcement is part of the Department of HomelandSecurity.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Electronic formats of published statistics enjoy which of the following as an advantage over written records?
a. the data can be read directly into statistical and or graphics computer programs for analysis
b. much of the electronic data is inappropriate for spreadsheet software
c. most do not contain the original data while printed reports contain aggregate information
d. most will be considered confidential, thus not available to the researcher
Q:
There are more than two million employees involved in private policing.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which type of the listed studies are highly aggregated summary data from published statistical series not typically used?
a. descriptive
b. explanatory
c. applied
d. exploratory
Q:
The Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics is the most comprehensive Bureau of Justice Statistics publication. It includes a multitude of data including all of the following except:
a. characteristics of criminal justice agencies
b. public opinion answers coming from the Gallup Poll
c. complete crime data from all local police departments
d. specific data on states using capital punishment and their execution statistics
Q:
The colonial sheriff did not patrol or seek out crime but only reacted to citizens'complaints and investigated crimes once they already occurred.a. Trueb. False
Q:
The shire reeve was considered the first police officer in the United States.
a. True
b. False
Q:
CASE 5.2
Chief Jones has been a police officer since 1960. He was hired by the New York City Police Department in 1960 when he was 20 years old. He is now 72 years old and will be retiring as the police chief of a police department in a city located 60 miles outside of New York City. He has seen many changes in policing over the past fifty years.
Chief Jones is concerned that too many public policing responsibilities are being shifted to theprivate sector. He is a firm believer that policing should be left to the government, not privatecorporations. All of the following are common criticisms of private policing except:
a. Motives are more important than the protection of public safety.
b. Private policing could replace public police.
c. Private police have unbridled authority over citizens and public police officers.
d. Private security guards are not subject to the same search and seizure standards as publicpolice officers.
Q:
Which of the following would not be an example of the data coming from the Census Bureau that have criminal justice applications?
a. Census of Children in Custody
b. National Crime Victimization Survey
c. Survey of Inmates in Local Jails
d. Uniform Crime Report
Q:
All of the following are examples of information collected by or for public agencies except for:
a. published statistics such as National Crime Victimization Survey
b. research produced by faculty at private colleges and universities
c. nonpublic agency records such as internal police data identifying where most crime happens in their jurisdiction
d. new data collected by agency staff that is "hybrid" in nature
Q:
Topics that lend themselves to the use of content analysis tend to focus upon the links between communication and:
a. criminal justice policy
b. the actual crime rates
c. the media's understanding of criminal court convictions
d. understanding why people commit crime
Q:
CASE 5.2Chief Jones has been a police officer since 1960. He was hired by the New York City Police Department in 1960 when he was 20 years old. He is now 72 years old and will be retiring as the police chief of a police department in a city located 60 miles outside of New York City. He has seen many changes in policing over the past fifty years.The officers continue to ask Chief Jones about Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Someof them want to know what type of law enforcement opportunities exist in this agency. ChiefJones discusses the components of ICE. All of the following are components of ICE except:a. Office of Investigationsb. Office of Detention and Removal Operationsc. Office of Intelligenced. Witness Security
Q:
CASE 5.2
Chief Jones has been a police officer since 1960. He was hired by the New York City Police Department in 1960 when he was 20 years old. He is now 72 years old and will be retiring as the police chief of a police department in a city located 60 miles outside of New York City. He has seen many changes in policing over the past fifty years.
Many young police officers in Chief Jones' agency often question their Chief as to why henever went into federal law enforcement. Chief Jones tells his officers that he was recruited tohelp restructure Immigration and Customs Enforcement following the September 11, 2001,attacks. Immigration and Customs Enforcement is part of which department?
a. Department of Defense
b. Department of Homeland Security
c. Department of Justice
d. Department of Veteran Affair
Q:
CASE 5.1
Danny is a new police recruit. He is amazed at the technology that is used at his police department. His goal is to become a detective who works in the crime scene investigation unit of his police department. Because of this goal, when he responds to a call he pays particular attention to the technology used by his police department.
Because of his commendable performance during his first year as a police rookie, Danny isbeing assigned to a task force that will be investigating counterfeiting and other financialcrimes. With which federal agency will Danny most likely work as part of this task force?
a. ATF
b. DHS
c. Secret Service
d. U.S. Marshalls
Q:
Agency records and statistics published by agencies or governmental entities are most commonly used for which type of studies?
a. explanatory
b. descriptive
c. evaluations
d. understanding the criminal justice system
Q:
Social artifacts such as written documents or articles from newspapers would be best understood using which of the following?
a. content analysis
b. secondary analysis
c. agency records
d. none of the above
Q:
CASE 5.1
Danny is a new police recruit. He is amazed at the technology that is used at his police department. His goal is to become a detective who works in the crime scene investigation unit of his police department. Because of this goal, when he responds to a call he pays particular attention to the technology used by his police department.
Danny is surprised to learn that DNA evidence collected at local crime scenes in hisjurisdiction are sent to a federal database titled "Combined DNA Index System." Whichfederal agency maintains this CODIS database?
a. DEA
b. FBI
c. CIA
d. DHS
Q:
Which of the following would be an example of agency records that would be appropriate as a source of data for research?
a. Federal Bureau of Prison inmate records
b. medical records
c. juvenile court records
d. defense attorney records
Q:
CASE 5.1Danny is a new police recruit. He is amazed at the technology that is used at his police department. His goal is to become a detective who works in the crime scene investigation unit of his police department. Because of this goal, when he responds to a call he pays particular attention to the technology used by his police department.Danny responded to a robbery in which the suspect left a note demanding money. Dannyhands over this note to crime scene investigators who want to compare the handwriting on thenote to other notes left at previous robberies. This handwriting will be compared to samplesthat already exist in a database. Using handwriting to identify individuals is a part of a practice of:a. Biometricsb. Data miningc. DNA testingd. Thermal imagers
Q:
CASE 5.1
Danny is a new police recruit. He is amazed at the technology that is used at his police department. His goal is to become a detective who works in the crime scene investigation unit of his police department. Because of this goal, when he responds to a call he pays particular attention to the technology used by his police department.
One call that Danny responds to is a shooting in which the offender is believed to be hiding ina vacant office building. What device are the officers using to detect whether the suspect is actually hiding in this vacant office building?
a. Biometrics
b. Data mining
c. DNA testing
d. Thermal imagers
Q:
Of all research purposes, evaluation is most effective when secondary data is used.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Data collected by other researchers is often used to address new research questions.
a. True
b. False
Q:
___________ enables the police to target and direct resources to geographic hot spots ofpredatory crime.
a. Biometrics
b. Crime mapping
c. AFIS
d. CODIS
Q:
Content analysis involves the systematic study of agency records.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Since criminal justice record keeping is a social process reflecting the decisions made by criminal justice personnel, a researcher must be careful of the impact this may have on the validity and reliability of the data.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which of the following is not a task performed by private police?
a. Surveillance via CCTV cameras
b. Escorting a fired employee out of the building
c. Providing a night watch to deter trespassing
d. Enforcing traffic laws by issuing citations to motorists
Q:
The _______________ is an investigative agency with jurisdiction over all lawenforcement matters in which the United States is an interested party.
a. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
b. Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
c. Department of Justice (DOJ)
d. U.S. Secret Service
Q:
Which is the correct hierarchical order of law enforcement agencies?
a. Federal, county, state, metropolitan
b. Federal, state, county, metropolitan
c. Federal, state, metropolitan, county
d. Federal, metropolitan, state, county
Q:
Being able to link an individual to the agency data collected about him/her is a clear violation of reliability and validity.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Understanding the details of how agency records are produced is one of the accepted means of controlling reliability and validity problems.
a. True
b. False
Q:
When using agency records, it is possible to move from individual to aggregate units of analysis, but not the other way around.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which is the following was not a problem faced by the police during the 1960s?
a. Skyrocketing crime rates
b. Pressure from police reform groups such as the IACP
c. Vietnam protests
d. Race riots
Q:
Which was the first major technological breakthrough in early policing?
a. Bicycle patrols
b. Community policing
c. Telegraph communication
d. Hand-held radios
Q:
It is relatively easy and common to have agencies modify their data collection forms in order to get information needed for a specific research project being conducted from someone outside the agency.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Where was the first formal police department created in the United States in 1838?
a. New York
b. Philadelphia
c. Boston
d. Texas
Q:
What was the result of the Boston police strike in 1919?
a. All striking officers were fired and replaced with new recruits.
b. Police officers received an increase in their salaries.
c. The police officers were able to form a successful union that negotiated with politicalleaders.
d. Police officers received more vacation and sick days.
Q:
By its very nature, secondary analysis is always unobtrusive.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Agency records, secondary data and content analysis do not require direct interaction with research subjects.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Law enforcement in colonial America paralleled the _________ model.
a. British
b. Chinese
c. Japanese
d. Spanish
Q:
In medieval England, who was expected to make a hue and cry to assemble his helpers andwarn the village when trouble occurred?
a. Constable
b. Sheriff
c. Shire reeve
d. Tythingman
Q:
Using agency records (published statistics, nonpublic agency records and new data collected by agency staff), content analysis and secondary analysis, give an example of an applied research project that would use each of the identified methods.
Q:
All of the following are reasons for the growth in private policing except:
a. The desire for nongovernmental service provisions.
b. Growth in mass private property.
c. A belief that the private sector can do a better job than the public sector.
d. Private police are better trained.
Q:
Suggest a content analysis project that could be completed by the class. Discuss the units of analysis and the sampling for this project. Further, discuss the coding that you would use if you were required to complete this project.
Q:
How do private police compare with public police?
a. The primary focus of private police is enforcement of the criminal law.
b. Much of public policing is concerned with loss prevention.
c. Private police are concerned almost solely with prevention.
d. There are no differences between public and private police.
Q:
Using question 2 above, what types of nonpublic agency records would each agency keep that would be of interest to a criminal justice researcher? Give an example of a research question that could be answered by access to the nonpublic agency records.
Q:
Identify three different types of agencies where records would be important in the criminal justice system. Discuss the types of published statistics each agency would produce. What are the specific reliability and validity problems with each?
Q:
Which of the following is an example of hard technology used by law enforcement?
a. Ignition interlock systems
b. Facial recognition software
c. Crime mapping
d. Gunshot location devices
Q:
Which of the following is an example of soft technology that law enforcement uses?
a. Metal detectors
b. Tasers
c. Sex offender registration
d. Street lighting
Q:
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of secondary data and give an example of each.
Q:
Agency records, secondary data and content analysis do not require direct with research subjects.
Q:
Which of the following is false about biometrics?
a. Biometric authenticators are unique to the user and as a result cannot be stolen and usedwithout that individual's knowledge.
b. Biometrics involves automated methods of recognizing a person based on their fingerprintcharacteristics.
c. Biometrics can be used at all levels of government and in private businesses.
d. Casinos have started to implement biometrics to recognize when known cheaters entertheir premises.
Q:
Which of the following is false about Gunshot Location Systems?
a. This system uses sensors to determine the direction from which the sound came and cantriangulate and determine the exact location from which the gunshots were fired.
b. This technology is known to deter criminals.
c. An advantage of this technology is rapid response by police.
d. A limitation of this technology is its high cost.
Q:
Some researchers have suggested that when published statistics and agency records are relied upon as sources of data a researcher should report rounded figures to avoid the illusion of exaggerated that precise numbers imply.
Q:
AFIS is a (n):
a. National database of DNA records.
b. Computerized fingerprint system.
c. Automated stolen vehicle database.
d. Continually updating fugitive identification system.
Q:
It is possible to move from individual to units of analysis but not the reverse.
Q:
Which of the following is not an advantage of high-definition surveying?
a. Investigators can manipulate every piece of evidence.
b. The perspective of the crime scene can be manipulated.
c. Crime scene contamination is limited.
d. It relies on photographic evidence and two-dimensional drawings.
Q:
Manifest and latent content can be distinguished by the degree of required in measurement.
Q:
Which term is used to describe the use of computer software to conduct analysis of behavioralpatterns in an effort to link open cases to known perpetrators?
a. Crime mapping
b. CODIS
c. Data mining
d. Systems analysis
Q:
The main disadvantage of using secondary data concerns how variables were initially operationalized and whether the secondary data provide measures of the variables you want to analyze.
Q:
Content analysis is really a operation that represents the measurement process.