Q&A Hero

Q: Which term is used to describe the way a person outwardly manifests his or her personality? a. Attitude b. Character c. Demeanor d. Identity

Q: Statistics that summarize data in manageable forms are known as statistics.

Q: Which type of case is often a source of frustration and futility for police officers, making them reluctant to respond? a. Domestic violence cases b. Drug deal cases c. Kidnapping cases d. Murder cases

Q: When we use regression analysis, we are finding the regression equation that represents the geometrical line that comes closest to the distribution of points. This can be illustrated in which of the following? a. the regression equation Y = a + bX allows us to infer values of X when we know the value of Y b. the regression equation Y = a + bX allows us to infer values of Y when we know the value of X c. the regression equation requires that we know the values of X, Y, a and b when we begin doing the analysis d. the regression equation has little, if anything, to do with the understanding of the distribution of points in a data set

Q: When we find any discrepancy between the assumed independence of variables in a population and the observed distribution of sample elements, we can explain that discrepancy how? a. we attribute the discrepancy to the nonprobability sample alone b. the discrepancy can be the result of poor data collection c. we attribute the discrepancy to an unrepresentative sample causing us to reject the assumption of independence d. we attribute the discrepancy to poor sample selection and to poor operational definitions of the main variables

Q: How many styles of police work seem to fit the current behavior patterns of most police officers? a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8

Q: Which of the following is not one of the assumptions of making inferences about a larger population when using univariate tests? a. the sample must be drawn from the population about which the inference is being made b. there is an assumption of a non-probability sampling technique c. when using inferential statistics we assume simple random sampling even when that is not possible d. inferences only apply to sampling error, not other types of error that may be present

Q: Which term is used to describe an officer who will use any means to get the culprit, even if it involves planting evidence on an obviously guilty person who so far has escaped arrest? a. Thin-blue-line problem b. Dirty Harry problem c. Rambo problem d. CSI problem

Q: What do recruits often discover about police work? a. The social reality of police work does not mesh with their original career goals. b. The reality of police work is exactly what they envisioned and why they decided on a career in policing. c. Police culture divides officers from other officers. d. Members of the public are supportive and patient.

Q: Which of the following is not one of the levels of significance typically used in social science research reports? a. 0.05b. 0.10c. 0.01d. 0.001

Q: With whom do African American women police officers report having difficult relationships? a. African American women police officers b. African American male police officers c. White male police officers d. Hispanic women police officers

Q: In a table, if we have two rows and two columns, how many degrees of freedom are there? a. 4 b. 2 c. 1 d. 0

Q: Which of the following statements is usually true with respect to reading and interpreting a bivariate percentage table? a. percentages are listed across the top and along the sides are the subgroup comparisons b. the researcher has the right to arrange a bivariate percentage table in any manner he or she chooses c. percentages can only be used going down the side of the table d. subgroup comparisons can only be used going across the top of the bivariate percentage table

Q: Which of the following is not a factor identified in the text as related to police shootings? a. Local and national levels of violence b. Police workload c. The threat hypothesis d. All of these are factors related to police shootings

Q: When using multivariate analysis, what are you able to state with confidence? a. that you have looked at one variable and can analyze it b. that you have looked at two unrelated variables c. that you looked at the simultaneous relationships among several variables but this does not lead to interpreting their causal relationship d. that you looked at the simultaneous relationships among several variables and that as a result you can more fully understand the relationships between them

Q: When you have a population that does not allow for probability sampling, one way of stating your findings that is what? a. say that your findings are statistically significant b. say that your findings are significant but not random c. say that your findings represent a statistically discernible difference d. say that your findings are as significant as if you have been able to use randomization

Q: Which of the following is not one of the four major categories of police corruption? a. External corruption b. Selective enforcement or nonenforcement c. Active criminality d. Bribery and extortion

Q: Which of the following is true regarding police use of force? a. Minority groups' members are more likely to disapprove of the police use of force than majority group members. b. African Americans and Hispanics were more likely than white to experience police threat or use of force as a consequence of police contact. c. The suspect's behavior is a much more powerful determinant of police response, than age or race. d. All of the statements are true regarding police use of force.

Q: The authors of your text caution when using reports of significance tests that the researcher should be aware of which of the following? a. that these do not represent tests of substantive significance b. that significance tests always show the relationship between the variables of interest c. that there is no relationship between the size of the sample and the results of the significance tests d. all of the above

Q: Which U.S. Supreme Court case deemed the use of deadly force against an unarmed and nondangerous fleeing felon to be an illegal seizure under the Fourth Amendment? a. Tennessee v. Garner b. Graham v. Conner c. Gregg v. Georgia d. U.S. v. Weeks

Q: Which of the following is false regarding corruption? a. Meat eaters aggressively misuse police power for personal gain by demanding bribes, threatening legal action, or cooperating with criminals. b. The Knapp Commission was a public body set up in the 1970s to investigate the New York City police. c. Grass eaters accept payoffs when their everyday duties place them in a position to be solicited by the public. d. In a general sense, police corruption involves misuse of authority by police officers in a manner designed to produce gain for the law enforcement community and prestige for the department.

Q: Which of the following statistical techniques relies upon testing in the null hypothesis? a. mean b. chi square c. range d. median

Q: When we generalize from samples to a larger population, which type of statistics are used? a. descriptive b. inferential c. influential d. bivariate

Q: Lambda values vary from: a. -1 - 1b. -1 - 0c. 1 -2d. 0 - 1

Q: Which pattern does research reveal regarding officers' involvement in use-of-force incidents? a. Use-of-force incidents are almost always racially motivated. b. A small portion of officers account for a sizable portion of the abuses. c. Problem officers tend to be senior officers who are confident that their abuses will go unpunished. d. The most significant factor in controlling police brutality is the threat of criminal action.

Q: Which of the following is false regarding suspect behavior and characteristics? a. Suspects who physically resist the police are more likely to receive some form of physical coercion in return. b. Suspects who offer verbal disrespect are as likely as suspects who physically resist to be met with physical force by police. c. Women are less likely to be arrested than men. d. A negative suspect demeanor is more likely to result in formal police action.

Q: The total variation is calculated in much the same way as the: a. mean b. mode c. chi square d. standard deviation

Q: Crime rates are: a. descriptive b. explanatory c. inferential d. exploratory

Q: The overload hypothesis suggests that community crime rates may shape officer discretion. Which type of factor is this? a. Environmental b. Victim c. Crime d. Peer

Q: Which of the following is an example of an impact munition? a. Tasers b. Rubber bullets c. Pepper spray d. Handcuffs

Q: Professor White asked his students to put the number of hours each studied for the final exam on a piece of paper and turn that paper in with the exam. The pieces of paper indicate that students studied 10, 3, 4, 25, 1, 4, 4, 12, 6, 8 and 10 hours. What is the modal number of hours studied? What is the mean number of hours students studied?a. 10 b. 7.9c. 7d. 6

Q: Which style of policing involves the least amount of discretion? a. Crime fighter b. Social agent c. Law enforcer d. Watchman

Q: Professor White asked his students to put the number of hours each studied for the final exam on a piece of paper and turn that paper in with the exam. The pieces of paper indicate that students studied 10, 3, 4, 25, 1, 4, 4, 12, 6, 8 and 10 hours. What is the modal number of hours studied? What is the range of the number of hours studied?a. 24b. 4c. 10d. 25

Q: Which police style is associated with the preference to ignore issues of concern or treat them informally, unless the social or political order is being jeopardized? a. Crime fighter b. Social agent c. Law enforcer d. Watchman

Q: Professor White asked his students to put the number of hours each studied for the final exam on a piece of paper and turn that paper in with the exam. The pieces of paper indicate that students studied 10, 3, 4, 25, 1, 4, 4, 12, 6, 8 and 10 hours. What is the modal number of hours studied? What is the median number of hours studied?a. 4b. 6c. 5d. 10

Q: Professor White asked his students to put the number of hours each studied for the final exam on a piece of paper and turn that paper in with the exam. The pieces of paper indicate that students studied 10, 3, 4, 25, 1, 4, 4, 12, 6, 8 and 10 hours. What is the modal number of hours studied? a. 10 b. 25 c. 4 d. 1

Q: An officer who approaches a group of teenagers standing in a parking lot, checks them for gang symbols, and calls in to the station to ascertain whether any of them have active warrants and arresting those with a warrant, exemplifies which style of policing? a. Crime fighter b. Social agent c. Law enforcer d. Watchman

Q: An officer who approaches a group of teenagers drinking beer, checks everyone's IDs, and arrests everyone who is underage would typify which style of policing? a. Crime fighter b. Social agent c. Law enforcer d. Watchman

Q: Bivariate and multivariate analyses are aimed primarily at: a. description b. exploration c. explanation d. application

Q: Which is not one of the six core beliefs at the heart of the police culture? a. Loyalty to colleagues counts above all else. b. The war against crime cannot be won without bending the rules. c. No one else understands the nature of police work. d. Patrol work gives officers the chance to be heroes in the eyes of the public.

Q: The term blue curtain describes: a. Police reluctance to express personal feelings to each other. b. The police practice of shrouding the windows and doors of the briefing room with a blue curtain when confidential information is disseminated. c. The secrecy and insulation from others in society that is a consequence of the police subculture. d. The cloth used to drape the coffins of slain police officers.

Q: When calculating the mean the researcher should use data measured at which level? a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. discrete

Q: Please refer to the below scenario: A friend of yours assigned a code of 1 to "male" and a code of 2 to "female" on the variable gender. Your friend asked the computer to compute the average score on gender. The computer printout contained the following information: mean = 1.38, standard deviation = .432, median = 1.4 and mode = 1.0. What is your friend's problem with the computer information? a. asking for measures of central tendency on continuous variables b. asking for measures of central tendency and dispersion on nominal variables c. asking for the mode and the standard deviation in the same report d. asking for measures of dispersion on continuous variables

Q: Which of the following statements about female officers is false? a. Female officers are less likely than male officers to be charged with improper conduct. b. Female officer recruits are more likely to fail the entrance physical exam than male officer recruits. c. Female officers tend to receive harsher punishments than male officers if cited for disciplinary action. d. Female officers are less likely than male officers to receive support from the community.

Q: A friend of yours assigned a code of 1 to "male" and a code of 2 to "female" on the variable gender. Your friend asked the computer to compute the average score on gender. The computer printout contained the following information: mean = 1.38, standard deviation = .432, median = 1.4 and mode = 1.0. You advise your friend that the best measure of central tendency to report is the: a. mean b. standard deviation c. median d. mode

Q: Which statement is false regarding minorities in policing? a. White officers were historically very prejudiced, and as late as the 1950s, some refused to ride with African Americans in patrol cars. b. The first African American was hired as a police officer in 1931. c. Current research reveals the higher the percentage of black officers on the force, the higher the arrest rate for crimes such as assault. d. Minority officers report more stress than whites when they consider themselves "tokens" and feel marginalized within the department.

Q: Which term describes the experience of black officers who must deal with the expectation that they will show lenience to members of their own race, while at the same time experiencing overt racism from their police colleagues? a. The black curtain b. Double marginality c. Ethnic role strain d. Toxic race relations

Q: The type of weapon used in a crime is what type of variable? a. interval b. ratio c. discrete d. continuous

Q: The mean can be a misleading measure of central tendency when: a. the distribution is very close together b. the distribution is very spread apart c. the mean, median and mode equal zero d. none of the above, the mean is never misleading

Q: According to research, which of the following is not a benefit associated with higher education for police officers? a. They behave more professionally. b. Fewer citizen complaints are generated. c. Crime-fighting ability is enhanced. d. They have greater self-confidence.

Q: The number of counts on an indictment is an example of what type of variable? a. nominal b. discrete c. continuous d. ordinal

Q: Who are considered the backbone of a police department? a. Vice squad b. Uniformed police officers c. Detectives d. Chiefs

Q: The standard deviation is the: a. square root of the variance b. square root of the range c. the sum of the squared variance d. none of the above.

Q: Which model of policing believes that police need to aggressively target low-level quality-oflifeoffenses? a. Community-oriented policing b. Rapid response c. Procedural justice policing d. Broken windows policing

Q: High dispersion of a variable could result in: a. a small standard deviation b. the values of the mean and the median being quite different c. a range is small d. a variance is small

Q: Which model sees the role of the police as maintainers of community order and safety? a. Broken windows policing b. Community-oriented policing c. Rapid response d. Procedural justice policing

Q: If the standard deviation is zero, we can conclude that: a. there is dispersion in the data b. the mean is a good measure of the average c. the data are heterogeneous d. the mean will be zero

Q: Which of the following is a test of statistical significance? a. regression b. chi square c. gamma d. lambda

Q: Civilian employees are helpful in minimizing costs for police departments and can be used inall of the following capacities except: a. Clerical work. b. Communications gear. c. Traffic control. d. Investigations.

Q: Tactical and strategic intelligence are most closely associated with which model of policing? a. Community-oriented policing b. Intelligence-led policing c. Proactive policing d. Problem-oriented policing

Q: In the logic of statistical significance the elements include: a. assumptions regarding the independence of two variables in the population study b. assumptions regarding the representativeness of samples selected through conventional probability sampling procedures c. the observed joint distribution of sample elements in terms of the two variables d. all of the above

Q: The concept of hot spots of crime is most closely associated with which model of policing? a. Intelligence-led policing b. Police-community relations (PCR) c. Community-oriented policing (COP) d. Problem-oriented policing (POP)

Q: When using inferential statistics all of the following assumptions are accurate except: a. the sample must be drawn from the population about which inferences are being made b. the inferential statistics assume simple random sampling c. as long as the sample is drawn from a population that resembles the one about which inferences are to be made, the resulting statistic has value d. inferential statistics are addressed to sampling error only, they do not consider non-sampling errors

Q: Any straight line on a graph can be represented by a. Y = a + bX b. X = a + bX c. Y = a + bY d. straight lines are not possible in a graph

Q: The formula "Y is a function of X" means: a. values of X can be explained through variations in Y b. X and Y are independent of each other c. values of Y can be explained in terms of variations in the values of X d. Y and X are equal

Q: Which of the following police operations best exemplifies community-oriented policing? a. A sting operation in which officers pose as fences for stolen property. b. Computerized data terminals installed on the dashes of all patrol cars. c. The hiring of bilingual officers to patrol ethnic neighborhoods. d. Creation of a well-armed SWAT team trained in hostage negotiation.

Q: The first experiments in community-oriented policing involved: a. Streamlining in the number of ranks in a department. b. Storefront mini-stations. c. Decentralized, neighborhood-based precincts. d. Foot patrol.

Q: Community-oriented policing links police effectiveness to: a. Efficient utilization of existing personnel. b. Interrelationships between cooperative police agencies. c. Optimized usage of advanced technology. d. Productive interaction with the community being served.

Q: With the use of regression analysis the researcher is able to: a. offer a graphic picture of the association between two variables b. summarize the association between two variables c. predict other sets of values d. all of the above

Q: On which of the following variables is it appropriate to use a Pearson's productmoment correlation as a means of measuring association? a. gender b. number of arrests c. race d. all of the above

Q: Ordinal variables use which of the following as the appropriate measure of association? a. gamma b. lambda c. regression d. correlation

Q: Which of the following was not one of the reasons behind the evolution of communitypolicing? a. Move toward a crime control perspective b. Citizen frustration with police detachment c. Inability of patrol to reduce certain types of crime d. Desire to improve the public image of the police

Q: Which of the following is false regarding beliefs underlying community policing? a. Patrol by car is an essential tool of community policing. b. Officers should return to a style of policing that involves contact with the people theyserve. c. Community relations and crime control effectiveness cannot be the charge of a fewspecialized police units. d. Community policing has been a response to officers' frustration with the lack ofcommunity support.

Q: With respect to lambda, which of the following is not true? a. lambda represents the reduction in errors as a proportion of the errors that would have been made on the basis of the overall distribution b. lambda is appropriate for ratio level variables c. lambda measures the statistical association between two nominal variables d. lambda is based on the ability to guess values on one of the variables by having knowledge of values on the other variables

Q: Which is the term used to describe an effect that occurs when criminals move from an areatargeted for increased police presence to another that is less well protected. a. Replacement b. Displacement c. Routine activities d. Differential association

Q: The appropriate measure of association when using nominal variables is: a. regression b. lambda c. correlation d. standard deviation

Q: Which of the following is not true concerning the use of multivariate tables? a. they are constructed in the same manner as bivariate tables b. they include only one independent variable c. the dependent variable is explained in terms of more than one independent variable d. they include more than one independent variable

Q: Which term is used to describe organized groups of detectives who deceive criminals intoopenly committing illegal acts or conspiring to engage in criminal activity? a. Vice squad b. Proactive patrol c. Sting operations d. Detective bureau

Q: Conducting an interview with a family member of the victim who was present at the crimescene would fall into the ________ investigative stage. a. Specific focus b. General coverage c. Informative data gathering d. Victim/suspect time lines

Q: Which of the following is not a guideline for the presentation of tabular data? a. there is no need to display information about missing data, include only that information which pertains to the independent and dependent variables b. when using percentages in a table, the base on which the percentages are computed should be indicated c. a heading or title for the table should be given that succinctly describes what is contained in the table d. the attributes of each variable should be clearly indicated