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Q:
What is the difference between police brutality and police corruption?
Q:
What factors influence an officer's use of discretion?
Q:
Compare and contrast the four major styles of police work.
Q:
Are female police officers still struggling for acceptance?
Q:
The use of _________________ force has been found to be linked to factors such as past experience and the presence of other officers and bystanders.
Q:
In some police departments, a senior officer may be demoted if someone under their charge is convicted of corruption. This is an example of an _____________________ system.
Q:
One of the reasons corruption is hard to address is due to the police code of _________, the belief that a police officer should never turn on his/her peers.
Q:
Rotating shifts, work overload, boredom, fear, and danger are examples of _______________ stressors.
Q:
Dogmatic, authoritarian, and suspicious are some common police _________________ traits.
Q:
Membership in the __________________________ helps recruits adjust to the rigors of police work and provides the emotional support required for survival.
Q:
The __________________________ is the theory that police workload influences discretion so that as workload increases, less time and attention can be devoted to new cases.
Q:
______________ is the use of personal decision making and choice in carrying out operations in the criminal justice system.
Q:
The working personalities adopted by police officers that can range from being a social worker in blue to being a hard-charging crime fighter are known as ___________.
Q:
_____________ is the belief that most people's actions are motivated solely by personal needs and selfishness.
Q:
The ___________ is the secretive, insulated police culture that isolates officers from the rest of society.
Q:
One perspective on the causes of police corruption holds that it is a product of society's moral ____________________ toward the vice-related behavior that police are sworn to control.
Q:
_____________ is one of the most popular less-lethal weapons used by law enforcement because it shuts the eyes of a suspect and automatically induces shortness of breath.
Q:
Research indicates that a suspect's ____________________ has the strongest influence on discretionary decisions made by individual officers.
Q:
While not everyone agrees that ________________ is an actual medical condition, it has been listed as the cause of death in some situations, particularly when the suspect was determined to be under the influence of stimulants.
Q:
The use of discretion is sometimes referred to as ____________________ decision making.
Q:
The ____________________ style of policing views the investigation and apprehension of serious crime as the primary aspect of policing.
Q:
The ____________________ style of policing thinks of officers as troubleshooters who repair the social fabric of society.
Q:
African American officers have historically confronted the problem of ____________________, in which they are expected to favor members of their own race while patrolling the population and simultaneously suffering racism from white colleagues.
Q:
Police departments with more restrictions on the use of force have lower shooting rates.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The use of deadly force to apprehend an unarmed and nondangerous fleeing felon is a violation of the Fourth Amendment.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Force is mostly used on minorities and people under the age of 29.
a. True
b. False
Q:
When it comes to police discretion and offense seriousness, officers have the most discretion when it comes to crimes such as murder or rape.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The use of discretion by patrol officers is highly regulated and subject to administrative oversight.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Studies have shown that female officers are just as capable of performing the job well as are their male counterparts.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Female officers actually report feeling less job-related stress than male officers.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Studies have shown that minority police officers experience the same family-related stress as white officers.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Female officers are less likely to use force than male officers.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Organizational stressors for police officers include rotating shifts, work overload, and danger.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Research shows that a large percentages of officers are continually involved in problem behavior.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The use of force by police officers is not a common event.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Research shows that police workload has nothing to do with police shootings.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Individual state jurisdictions still control police shooting policy.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Although nondeadly force used by officers is unlikely to cause death, it sometimes does.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Most officers killed in the line of duty are responding to a disturbance call.
a. True
b. False
Q:
In Graham v. Connor, the Supreme Court created a reasonableness standard for the use of nondeadly force.
a. True
b. False
Q:
If a police officer cooperates with a criminal for his/her own personal gain, he/she is acting like a grass eater.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The Wickersham Commission investigated the problem of police stress and fatigue.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The term racial profiling has been coined to describe the racial influence over police discretion and has been found in a number of state and local studies of law enforcement.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Compare and contrast the primary differences between inferential and descriptive statistics. Be sure to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each.
Q:
Discuss in detail the various levels of measurement. Are their certain circumstances when some levels of measurement are more appropriate than others? Be sure to defend your answer.
Q:
White female police officers are more likely to perceive sexual discrimination than African American female police officers.
a. True
b. False
Q:
CASE 7.2
Detective Smith is a fourteen-year police veteran who has been working in internal affairs for the past four years. He was assigned to internal affairs to investigate allegations of police misconduct and corruption. While working as a police officer, he put himself through law school in the evenings and received his law license six years ago. Although he enjoyed being a road patrol officer, he feels it is more important to protect the citizens of the community against the few corrupt police officers who may exist on his police force.
Detective Smith often becomes disenchanted with the officers that he investigates. However, he refuses to believe that all officers are corrupt. He expresses unenforceable laws govern moral standards and promote corruption because they create large groups with an interest in undermining law enforcement. Detective Smith is likely to believe that the cause of many cases of corruption is:
a. Police personality.
b. Institutions and practices.
c. Moral ambivalence.
d. Environmental conditions.
Q:
CASE 7.2
Detective Smith is a fourteen-year police veteran who has been working in internal affairs for the past four years. He was assigned to internal affairs to investigate allegations of police misconduct and corruption. While working as a police officer, he put himself through law school in the evenings and received his law license six years ago. Although he enjoyed being a road patrol officer, he feels it is more important to protect the citizens of the community against the few corrupt police officers who may exist on his police force.
Detective Smith is surprised to learn that his former field training officer often took bribes to look the other way when he encountered bookmakers arranging bets on local sporting events. This type of conduct is considered that of a:
a. Grass eater.
b. Candy eater.
c. Meat eater.
d. Beer drinker.
Q:
Compare and contrast bivariate analysis and multivariate analysis. Be sure to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each.
Q:
Compare and contrast the primary measures of central tendency (Mode, Median, Mean). What do each of these measures tell us about data?
Q:
Discuss the different tests of statistical significance, comparing and contrasting each. Be sure to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each of the types of tests of statistical significance as well.
Q:
CASE 7.2
Detective Smith is a fourteen-year police veteran who has been working in internal affairs for the past four years. He was assigned to internal affairs to investigate allegations of police misconduct and corruption. While working as a police officer, he put himself through law school in the evenings and received his law license six years ago. Although he enjoyed being a road patrol officer, he feels it is more important to protect the citizens of the community against the few corrupt police officers who may exist on his police force.
One of Detective Smith's first investigations as an internal affairs detective is on a seventeen-year police veteran who is being accused of demanding bribes from local drug dealers and helping them transport their narcotics in the trunk of his police car. If the allegations are true, this officer can be classified as a:
a. Grass eater.
b. Candy eater.
c. Meat eater.
d. Beer drinker.
Q:
CASE 7.2
Detective Smith is a fourteen-year police veteran who has been working in internal affairs for the past four years. He was assigned to internal affairs to investigate allegations of police misconduct and corruption. While working as a police officer, he put himself through law school in the evenings and received his law license six years ago. Although he enjoyed being a road patrol officer, he feels it is more important to protect the citizens of the community against the few corrupt police officers who may exist on his police force.
Detective Smith learns that there are potentially two types of corrupt officers, including:
a. Meat eaters and grass eaters.
b. Grass eaters and candy eaters.
c. Candy eaters and meat eaters.
d. Beer drinkers and liquor drinkers.
Q:
CASE 7.1
Anthony is a new police recruit who just graduated from the police academy and has been hired by a large metropolitan police department in Florida. He reports to work for his first shift and is assigned a field training officer, Jeffrey. Anthony is excited to begin his work as a police officer, as this is something he has wanted since he was a child. During Anthony's first shift he meets many of his fellow police officers. He is given a lot of different advice by these different officers. He quickly learns that there are different policing styles.
Harold, Anthony's field training officer, hears all the advice that Anthony is getting. He explains to Anthony that once he is off of probation, the majority of what he does every day will not be subject to administrative review and thus there is a lot of autonomy in his position. He tells Anthony that he must decide what style of policing he will follow. This concept of having a high degree of personal discretion is referred to as:
a. Thin-blue-line decision making.
b. Low-visibility decision making.
c. Double marginality.
d. Overload hypothesis.
Q:
When we generalize from samples to larger populations we use statistics to test the significance of an observed relationship.
Q:
CASE 7.1
Anthony is a new police recruit who just graduated from the police academy and has been hired by a large metropolitan police department in Florida. He reports to work for his first shift and is assigned a field training officer, Jeffrey. Anthony is excited to begin his work as a police officer, as this is something he has wanted since he was a child. During Anthony's first shift he meets many of his fellow police officers. He is given a lot of different advice by these different officers. He quickly learns that there are different policing styles.
Samantha is also a new police officer. She has been on the force for two months. She remembers seeing Anthony around the police academy and approaches him during roll call. Samantha explains to Anthony that real police work is very different from what they learned at the police academy. She tells Anthony that as police officers they are not community social workers or vigilantes and that they must enforce all statutes and all ordinances. Samantha is most likely which style of police officer?
a. Crime fighter
b. Law enforcer
c. Social agent
d. Watchman
Q:
When discussing regression analysis, the is the difference between the total variation and the unexplained variation.
Q:
CASE 7.1
Anthony is a new police recruit who just graduated from the police academy and has been hired by a large metropolitan police department in Florida. He reports to work for his first shift and is assigned a field training officer, Jeffrey. Anthony is excited to begin his work as a police officer, as this is something he has wanted since he was a child. During Anthony's first shift he meets many of his fellow police officers. He is given a lot of different advice by these different officers. He quickly learns that there are different policing styles.
Sergeant Collins, the supervisor during Anthony's first shift, explains to Anthony that he should take action only when a problem arises. Collins is heavily involved in the police union and spends a large portion of his time off making sure that officers' wages and retirement benefits are maintained. What style of policing does Sergeant Collins follow?
a. Crime fighter
b. Law enforcer
c. Social agent
d. Watchman
Q:
In order to guess values on one variable when two variables are related the model of is employed which suggests the stronger the relationship, the greater the reduction of error.
Q:
Tables where the values of the dependent variable are based on values of the independent variable are known as
____________________ tables.
Q:
CASE 7.1
Anthony is a new police recruit who just graduated from the police academy and has been hired by a large metropolitan police department in Florida. He reports to work for his first shift and is assigned a field training officer, Jeffrey. Anthony is excited to begin his work as a police officer, as this is something he has wanted since he was a child. During Anthony's first shift he meets many of his fellow police officers. He is given a lot of different advice by these different officers. He quickly learns that there are different policing styles.
Harold's partner, Cecilia, takes a different approach to policing. She believes that Harold is too focused on the criminal and explains that she went into policing to work with the special needs population. She likes working with the homeless and those who require emergency services. Cecilia follows which style of policing?
a. Crime fighter
b. Law enforcer
c. Social agent
d. Watchman
Q:
If there is a great amount of variation in a distribution it is known as being .
Q:
CASE 7.1
Anthony is a new police recruit who just graduated from the police academy and has been hired by a large metropolitan police department in Florida. He reports to work for his first shift and is assigned a field training officer, Jeffrey. Anthony is excited to begin his work as a police officer, as this is something he has wanted since he was a child. During Anthony's first shift he meets many of his fellow police officers. He is given a lot of different advice by these different officers. He quickly learns that there are different policing styles.
Harold explains to Anthony that their focus as police officers should be the victim and that effective police work is the only way that the "dangerous classes" can be kept in check. What style of policing does Harold follow?
a. Crime fighter
b. Law enforcer
c. Social agent
d. Watchman
Q:
A(n) indicates what percentage of cases that fall at or below some value.
Q:
The standard deviation is the square root of the .
Q:
While on patrol, Jerry spots some teenagers hanging out on a street corner drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes. The teenagers are clearly under the age of 18. Jerry remembers that his sergeant has repeatedly stressed a "no tolerance" approach to underage drinking. Jerry decides to arrest the teenagers. According to police psychologists, how many categories of police stress exist?a. 2b. 3c. 4d. 7
Q:
While on patrol, Jerry spots some teenagers hanging out on a street corner drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes. The teenagers are clearly under the age of 18. Jerry remembers that his sergeant has repeatedly stressed a "no tolerance" approach to underage drinking. Jerry decides to arrest the teenagers. Which type of discretionary factor is best represented in this circumstance?
a. Crime factor
b. Victim factor
c. Environmental factor
d. Departmental factor
Q:
As a measure of dispersion, is described as the average amount of variation about the mean.
Q:
The middle attribute, or the , is the measure that divides the distribution so that half the scores are higher and half are lower.
Q:
While on patrol, Jerry receives a call regarding a domestic disturbancea fight between a husband and wife. By the time Jerry arrives at the scene of the disturbance, things have calmed considerably, and he decides to merely warn the parties rather than take any further action. Which type of discretionary factor is best represented in this circumstance?
a. Crime factor
b. Victim factor
c. Environmental factor
d. Departmental factor
Q:
The most frequent attribute, the can be reported from either grouped or ungrouped data.
Q:
Jerry is a police officer. While on patrol he has numerous encounters with citizens daily. One night, Jerry is doing traffic enforcement. Throughout the course of the evening, Jerry gives speeding citations to some drivers and verbal warnings to others. Then, as his shift is winding down, Jerry spots a car driving erratically. He pulls it over and determines that the driver is intoxicated. Jerry decides to arrest the driver. Jerry's decisions that night to give some offenders warnings, give some tickets, and arrest one is an example of which type of discretionary factor?
a. Crime factor
b. Victim factor
c. Environmental factor
d. Departmental factor
Q:
Which style of policing suggests that the police should focus their efforts on order maintenance?
a. Crime fighter
b. Social agent
c. Law enforcer
d. Watchman
Q:
When reporting findings, the choice of the , or the total number of cases, depends entirely on the purposes of the analysis.
Q:
Frequency distributions of grouped data, known as , will allow for a manageable format but with some loss of detail.
Q:
Which style of policing suggests that the police should act as community problem solvers?
a. Crime fighter
b. Social agent
c. Law enforcer
d. Watchman
Q:
Which of the following sentiments is likely part of the popular police culture described in the text?
a. Detective work is glamorous.
b. Patrol work is the pits.
c. In order to win the war against crime, we must bend the rules.
d. All of the above are sentiments of police culture.
Q:
When do officers usually feel the effects of the stress of their profession?
a. During their training in the academy
b. During their first year on patrol
c. During the middle years
d. Only after 20 years of service
Q:
Murder rates and arrest rates are common examples in which the is a relatively straightforward count.
Q:
statistics help researchers form conclusions from their observations usually forming conclusions about a population from the study of a sample drawn from it.