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Q:
One difficulty with "courts of last resort" on the state level is that only forty-two states and the District of Columbia have courts of last resort, with eight states maintaining a checks and balance system only.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Courts of general jurisdiction may be responsible for reviewing cases on appeal from courts of limited jurisdiction.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Among local departments, women account for approximately ____________________ percent of sworn personnel.
a. 12
b. 20
c. 30
d. 40
Q:
CASE 9.3
Donald Reed, a Vietnam Veteran and former engineer, was arrested for possession of marijuana and resisting arrest after officers found him smoking the drug under a bridge overpass in Cincinnati, Ohio. Mr. Reed is currently unemployed and is homeless after divorcing his wife in 1999 and losing his job in 2006. Given this information, answer the following questions.
If it was later determined that Mr. Reed or another party was to pay a partial or full amount back to the attorney or organization representing him, this would be called:
a. Indigent referral.
b. Recoupment.
c. Reconciliation.
d. Recompensement.
Q:
The ____________________ maintains the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) as a national clearinghouse of criminal justice information.
a. Treasury Department
b. Census Bureau
c. National Institute of Justice
d. IRS
Q:
CASE 9.3
Donald Reed, a Vietnam Veteran and former engineer, was arrested for possession of marijuana and resisting arrest after officers found him smoking the drug under a bridge overpass in Cincinnati, Ohio. Mr. Reed is currently unemployed and is homeless after divorcing his wife in 1999 and losing his job in 2006. Given this information, answer the following questions.
The right to an attorney for those who are unable to afford one was made law by the Supreme Court in 1963; in what year was the law expanded to include any crime, felony, or misdemeanor for which jail/prison time was an option?
a. 1966
b. 1973
c. 1980
d. 1991
Q:
The majority of law enforcement agencies in America are:
a. local.
b. federal.
c. state.
d. private.
Q:
Amtrak has officers that provide police response, patrol, and investigative services for the railroad.
a. True
b. False
Q:
CASE 9.3
Donald Reed, a Vietnam Veteran and former engineer, was arrested for possession of marijuana and resisting arrest after officers found him smoking the drug under a bridge overpass in Cincinnati, Ohio. Mr. Reed is currently unemployed and is homeless after divorcing his wife in 1999 and losing his job in 2006. Given this information, answer the following questions.
Mr. Reed would be considered which of the following because he does have the funds necessary to hire an attorney on his own?
a. Problem offender.
b. Indigent offender.
c. Contract offender.
d. Assigned offender.
Q:
CASE 9.2
Assume that the United States is on the verge of passing mass immigration reform laws that mandate the granting of immediate citizenship to all illegal aliens, of any nationality, at the start of the new year. The legality of the case was heard in federal court and is now in the hands of the Supreme Court. Given this information, answer the following questions.
In order for the Supreme Court to hear the case, it must first request a record of the inferior court be brought forth in a process called:
a. A writ of certiorari.
b. A habeas corpus.
c. Male in se document.
d. Dissenting opinion.
Q:
The U.S. law enforcement industry is predominantly state oriented.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Many larger metropolitan areas have overlapping police jurisdictions.
a. True
b. False
Q:
CASE 9.2
Assume that the United States is on the verge of passing mass immigration reform laws that mandate the granting of immediate citizenship to all illegal aliens, of any nationality, at the start of the new year. The legality of the case was heard in federal court and is now in the hands of the Supreme Court. Given this information, answer the following questions.
How many justices must agree that the matter is worth the Supreme Court's hearing it before the case will come before the court?
a. 3
b. 4
c. 5
d. All members must agree
Q:
The Phoenix Police Department bars its officers from stopping people for the sole purpose of determining immigration status.
a. True
b. False
Q:
CASE 9.1
Martha "Shuffles" Hershey is arrested for soliciting prostitution from a minor, a 17-year-old male in her small beach resort villa and kidnapping (transportation of a minor across state lines). Having paid the minor for sexual favors, she escorted him across state lines. At the time, Martha was 47 years old and had two kids; her husband had recently divorced her because of infidelity. Given this basic information of the case, answer the following questions.
Assuming Ms. Hershey was found guilty and her lawyer appeals the ruling because of a judicial misinterpretation of the law, which court would hear the appeal first?
a. Supreme Court
b. U.S. circuit court
c. U.S. court of last resort
d. U.S. court of petitions
Q:
CASE 9.1
Martha "Shuffles" Hershey is arrested for soliciting prostitution from a minor, a 17-year-old male in her small beach resort villa and kidnapping (transportation of a minor across state lines). Having paid the minor for sexual favors, she escorted him across state lines. At the time, Martha was 47 years old and had two kids; her husband had recently divorced her because of infidelity. Given this basic information of the case, answer the following questions.
Knowing what you know about the case, which system would most likely handle the case?
a. Juvenile court because of the age of the victim
b. State specialized court because of the nature of the crime
c. Federal district court because of the nature of the crime
d. Supreme Court because of the seriousness of the crime
Q:
The Alaskan Village Public Safety Officer (VPSO) program provides all Alaskan villages with an armed police presence.
a. True
b. False
Q:
CASE 9.1
Martha "Shuffles" Hershey is arrested for soliciting prostitution from a minor, a 17-year-old male in her small beach resort villa and kidnapping (transportation of a minor across state lines). Having paid the minor for sexual favors, she escorted him across state lines. At the time, Martha was 47 years old and had two kids; her husband had recently divorced her because of infidelity. Given this basic information of the case, answer the following questions.
If the court ordered Ms. Hershey and others (witnesses) to appear in court, they would be notified by what document specifying the date and time of the hearing?
a. Writ of certiorari
b. Subpoena
c. Banding document
d. Warrant
Q:
Nearly all police departments have a written policy on pursuit driving, and 60 percent restrict vehicle pursuits according to specific criteria.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which of the following are factors that may influence prosecutorial decision making?
a. Court backlog
b. Strength of the evidence
c. Preference for treatment over punishment
d. All of the above
Q:
In the United States, law enforcement has developed over the years based on a philosophy of local control.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The exclusive governmental power to make or enforce laws in Indian country is in the hands of tribal governments; federal and state governments have no power in Indian country.
a. True
b. False
Q:
With the inception of the time Department of Homeland Security after 9/1, the U.S.A. Patriot Act authorized many federal agencies to be brought together as one department to combat the terrorist threat.
a. True
b. False
Q:
A prosecutor is ready to proceed with a simple drug possession case but decides not to because the defendant agrees to go to into a rehabilitation program. What would be the rationale for this dismissal?
a. Interests of justice
b. Pretrial diversion
c. Due process problem
d. Referral
Q:
A prosecutor is ready to proceed with a case but decides not to because, upon further investigation, he finds that even though the act committed by the defendant was illegal, it was minor and no one was hurt. What would be the rationale for this dismissal?
a. Interests of justice.
b. Pretrial diversion.
c. Due process problem.
d. Referral.
Q:
The investigative arm of the U.S. Army is the NCIS.
a. True
b. False
Q:
A prosecutor is ready to proceed with a case but decides not to because, upon further investigation, he finds that the police conducted an illegal search. What would be the rationale for this dismissal?
a. Interests of justice
b. Pretrial diversion
c. Due process problem
d. Referral
Q:
Traditionally, in the United States, the creation of laws and the power to enforce them have been matters for the federal government, not the states.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Who is responsible for delivering jury instructions?
a. Judge
b. Prosecutor
c. Defense attorney
d. Bailiff
Q:
Most counties in the United States are patrolled by a police department under contract to the sheriff's department.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) is the research arm of the U.S. Department of Justice.
a. True
b. False
Q:
All of the following are reasons for court congestion as presented in the text except:
a. Rapid population increases in some areas.
b. More aggressive policing tactics that target minor offenses such as panhandling.
c. The crime rate, which is always on the rise.
d. Legal reforms and new laws.
Q:
How many states have two intermediate appellate courts?
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
Q:
The U.S. Department of Defense is the primary legal and prosecutorial arm of the U.S. government.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Most local police departments are small, with about 53 percent employing fewer than 10 sworn officers.
a. True
b. False
Q:
A felony charge would likely be handled in which state court?
a. Court of special jurisdiction
b. Court of general jurisdiction
c. Court of minimal jurisdiction
d. Court of limited jurisdiction
Q:
The U.S. law enforcement industry is tremendously diverse and fragmented.
a. True
b. False
Q:
A traffic ticket would likely be handled in which state court?
a. Court of special jurisdiction
b. Court of general jurisdiction
c. Court of minimal jurisdiction
d. Court of limited jurisdiction
Q:
The FBI is the national police force of the United States.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which court case guarantees the accused the right to counsel when in custody and thereafter?
a. Weeks v. Illinois
b. Miranda v. Arizona
c. Bell v. VMI
d. Takasugi v. Washington
Q:
Police corruption has been a topic of discussion within and without the police community. Explain the importance of the Knapp Commission and the Kerner Commission reports and their influence on police corruption in the law enforcement community.
Q:
Which is the legal counsel in a criminal case who represents the accused person from arrest to appeal?
a. Prosecutor
b. Defense attorney
c. Ombudsman
d. Advocate administrator
Q:
In a major speech at the 2006 National Institute of Justice's (NIJ's) annual conference, Los Angeles Police Chief William Bratton reflected on the tension between criminal justice practitioners and researchers. Explain the tension that Chief Bratton described.
Q:
The most common sanction for overzealous prosecutors in the United States is:
a. Being disbarred.
b. Reprimand/censure.
c. Prison time.
d. Fines.
Q:
What influenced the passage of the Pendleton Act?
Q:
Which of the following is not one of the four primary factors linked to prosecutorial decision making?
a. System factors
b. Case factors
c. Disposition factors
d. Situational factors
Q:
The use of an alternative to trial, such as referral to a treatment or employment programs is called:
a. Diversion.
b. Discretion.
c. Intermediate referral.
d. Vicarious victimization.
Q:
Detail the significance of the Wickersham Commission report.
Q:
How did technology influence policing in the early 20th century?
Q:
Compare and contrast the colonial northern watch with the southern slave patrols.
Q:
A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against a person accused of a crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to proceed to trial is a:
a. Civil jury.
b. Grand jury.
c. Prosecutorial jury.
d. Pretrial jury.
Q:
A prosecutorial philosophy that emphasizes support and cooperation from various agencies for preventing crime, as well as a less centralized and more proactive role for local prosecutors is:
a. Municipal prosecution.
b. Community prosecution.
c. Unrestricted prosecution.
d. Private prosecution.
Q:
Which is the county prosecutor who is charged with bringing offenders to justice and enforcing the criminal laws of the state?
a. U.S. attorney general
b. Chief legal officer
c. District attorney
d. State investigative attorney
Q:
Discuss the concept of thief-takers and how this method of policing led to increased crime.
Q:
How did the turbulent times of the 1960s and the early 1970s affect American policing?
Q:
An appointed elected member of the practicing bar who is responsible for bringing the state's case against the accused is the:
a. Defendant.
b. Prosecutor.
c. Magistrate.
d. Defense attorney.
Q:
Which of the following is not a primary reason shown to affect judges' decisions according to the text?
a. Attitudes and ideology
b. Gender
c. Pay scale
d. Reelection
Q:
Identify at least four persons throughout history who had a significant influence on the development and shape of 20th-century American policing, and list some of their accomplishments.
Q:
Which is a process of dispute resolution in which a neutral third party renders a decision after a hearing at which both parties agree to be heard?
a. Arbitration
b. Dispute resolution
c. Merit selection
d. Circle sentencing
Q:
Describe some of the developments in American policing and the criminal justice system during the colonial period, as well as the 18th and 19th centuries that were influenced by the English police experience. Provide specific examples.
Q:
List five of the Nine Principles of Sir Robert Peel, and discuss the goals in policing they were designed to accomplish.
Q:
Which is a method of judicial selection that combines a judicial nominating commission, executive appointment, and nonpartisan confirmation elections?
a. Missouri Plan
b. Mark English Plan
c. Dispute resolution
d. Concept summary plan
Q:
Which of the following typically is not a qualification of a potential judge in most states?
a. Over 25 years of age
b. A member of the bar association
c. Resident of the state
d. Has practiced law for at least 10 years
Q:
Describe the American colonial experience with policing.
Q:
The _____________ was precipitated when an off-duty white New York City police lieutenant shot an African-American youth who was threatening a building superintendent with a knife.
Q:
The senior officer in a court of law, who is authorized to hear and decide cases is the:
a. Prosecutor.
b. Judge.
c. Appellate judge.
d. Ombudsman.
Q:
An order of a superior court requesting that a record of an inferior court be brought forward for review or inspection is a:
a. Writ of habeas corpus,
b. Writ of certiorari,
c. Writ of lottare,
d. Writ of Hammurabi's Code,
Q:
Legal segregation of the races finally ended with the landmark Supreme Court case of _____________________, which desegregated schools all over the nation.
Q:
__________ is the computer-based management program that many say was responsible for New York City's drop in crime in the mid- to late-1990s.
Q:
The Youth International Party was associated with the __________ movement.
Q:
In which case did the Court reaffirm the legitimacy of its jurisdiction over state court decisions when such courts handled issues of federal or constitutional law?
a. Martin v. Hunter's Lessee (1816)
b. Georgia Diagnostic v. Davis (1901)
c. Burgoyne v. Butler (2002)
d. Plessy v. Ferguson (1872)
Q:
Which of the following would be handled by the U.S. District Courts?
a. Review of a state appellate court case on substantive issues
b. Review of a federal appellate court case on substantive issues
c. Civil rights abuse
d. Cases involving military personnel or veterans' appeals
Q:
__________ is the author of the classic text on policing entitled Police Administration.
Q:
U.S. District Courts are comprised of how many independent courts, which were first organized by the Judicial Act of 1789?
a. 9
b. 50
c. 94
d. 107
Q:
Courts that have jurisdiction over cases involving violations of federal laws, including civil rights abuses, interstate transportation of stolen property, and kidnappings are called:
a. U.S. interstate courts.
b. U.S. district courts.
c. U.S. courts of last resort.
d. U.S. appellate courts.
Q:
The first specialized investigative unit in Rome was called __________, which means "trackers of murder."
Q:
A rudimentary form of metropolitan policing called the __________ required all men in a given town to serve on the night watch, patrolling the streets; performing duties such as lighting street lamps, clearing garbage, and putting out fires; and enforcing the criminal law.
Q:
Which of the following would not fall under the purview of a court of general jurisdiction?
a. Rape
b. Civil case with damages over $15,000
c. Simple assault
d. Review of a case on appeal from a court of limited jurisdiction
Q:
The form of social organization or mutual pledge created by King Alfred the Great in England that consisted of 10 families grouped together to protect one another and assume responsibility for the acts of the group's members was called a
Q:
Criminal appeals represent about what percentage of the total number of cases processed by the nation's appellate courts?
a. 10%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 75%