Q&A Hero

Q: The two basic types of decoy operations are __________ and __________.

Q: __________ are responsible for the vast majority of all arrests.

Q: Discrimination occurs when criminal justice officials either directly or indirectly treat people differently because of their race, ethnicity, gender, or class. a. True b. False

Q: One impact of sentencing guidelines is that sentencing discretion has shifted from the prosecutor to the judge. a. True b. False

Q: ROPs concentrate on __________

Q: The Rand study of the investigative process resulted in a proposal regarding a more effective way to investigate past crimes. The program outlined in this proposal is called __________

Q: The clerk of the court is responsible for preparing the presentence report provided to a judge prior to sentencing. a. True b. False

Q: Which of the following state is considered the "epicenter" of the prescription fraud drug trade? a. Florida b. Colorado c. California d. New York

Q: Legislatures establish the penal codes that set forth the sentences that judges may impose. a. True b. False

Q: Incarceration, the death penalty, and probation all may have more than one intended goal behind their implementation. a. True b. False

Q: A study by Florida State University released in 2006 found that offenders tracked by GPS were ____________________ percent less likely to abscond or reoffend than those not monitored. a. 26 b. 49 c. 70 d. 90

Q: The deserved-punishment approach requires sanctions be administered solely for the goal of incapacitation. a. True b. False

Q: Plainclothes officers' efforts to blend into an area and attempt to catch a criminal are called: a. coercing b. blending c. shadowing d. marking

Q: Community-based punishments such as probation and intermediate sanctions are imposed far more often than prison sentences in the United States. a. True b. False

Q: Incapacitation focuses on characteristics of the offenders instead of characteristics of the victims. a. True b. False

Q: Entrapment is a(n) ____________________ defense. a. perfect b. good faith c. equitable d. affirmative

Q: A legal defense that holds that police originated the criminal idea or initiated the criminal action is called: a. civil code b. entrapment c. police solicitation d. entanglement

Q: All punishments inflicted upon offenders are visible. a. True b. False

Q: ____________________ are effective in cases in which the police receive a tip that a crime is going to occur in a commercial establishment or in which the police discover or come upon a pattern. a. Stings b. Stakeouts c. Decoys d. Inventories

Q: An investigative unit that reexamines old cases that have remained unsolved is called a: a. special acquired-technique squad (SATS) b. hot-case squad c. cold-case squad d. geriatric unit

Q: Recent knowledge of the effectiveness of deterrence shows that social science is able to measure the effects of various punishments. a. True b. False

Q: In the past decade, many have argued that the needs of the victim and the community should be the focus of punishment goals. a. True b. False

Q: What system has greatly improved the surveillance of offenders? a. Johansen system b. adult monitoring system (AMS) c. probation positioning enhancement system (PPES) d. global positioning system (GPS)

Q: The case of Carlie Brucia was solved in part due to: a. testimonial evidence of her sister b. the use of surveillance cameras c. the use of DNA analysis d. the implementation of a GPS tracking system

Q: Most Western democracies impose the death penalty. a. True b. False

Q: Retribution is a goal of punishment designed to repair the damage done to the victim and community by an offender's criminal act. a. True b. False

Q: The Rand report said that half of all detectives could be replaced without negatively influencing: a. recidivism reduction b. crime clearance rates c. offender rehabilitation d. undercover programs

Q: The United States employs a national standard approach to sentencing. a. True b. False

Q: Decoy operations are most effective in detecting and arresting all of the following except: a. robbers b. purse snatchers c. persons committing larcenies from autos d. murderers

Q: The public must be constantly reminded about punishment for deterrence to work. a. True b. False

Q: Dressing as and playing the role of a potential crime victim is known as: a. a decoy operation b. an envoy operation c. a convoy operation d. targeting

Q: According to the authors, rehabilitation is oriented solely toward the offender and does not imply any consistent relationship between the severity of the punishment and the gravity of the crime. a. True b. False

Q: Marvin Wolfgang discovered that most predatory street crime in the United States is committed by: a. only a few criminals b. convicted felons c. sex offenders d. individuals under the influence of drugs

Q: Explain the juvenile detention process.

Q: The use of analytical methods to obtain pertinent information on crime patterns and trends that can then be disseminated to officers on the street is called ____________________. a. criminal profiling b. CompStat c. crime mapping d. crime analysis

Q: The concept of separate confinement was introduced in several different locations; which one became the fullest expression of rehabilitation through separate confinement? a. Potomac, Maryland b. Auburn, New York c. Trenton, New Jersey d. Cherry Hill, Pennsylvania

Q: Nationally, police are only able to clear ____________________ percent of all property crimes reported to them. a. 19 b. 46 c. 65 d. 87

Q: In New England, the Puritans maintained a society governed by what type of principles? a. legalistic b. religious c. socialist d. capitalist

Q: Compare and contrast juvenile and adult courts.

Q: The vast majority of all arrests are made: a. at the scene of the crime b. within 48 hours c. within 2 weeks d. within 1 month

Q: The country that gave the world its first penitentiary is: a. England. b. France. c. Egypt. d. the United States.

Q: In a case enhancement program, detectives: a. debrief suspects to obtain further information b. assist arresting officers in preparing a case for court c. engage in liaison with the district attorney d. all of these choices

Q: The Progressives thought it necessary to know the life history of each offender in order to devise an appropriate treatment plan for that specific individual. a. True b. False

Q: Elaborate on what the future of the juvenile justice system looks like. In this explanation, Provide examples of changes (or the lack thereof) that led you to your conclusion.

Q: Programs concentrating investigative resources on career criminals are called: a. targeting programs. b. proactive programs. c. repeat offender programs. d. anti"career criminal programs.

Q: Discuss sentencing reform with regard to juveniles. What significant impacts have been made over the years?

Q: Nationally, police are able to clear only____________________ percent of all violent crimes reported to them. a. 16.5 b. 46.8 c. 65.8 d. 87.1

Q: Until the early 1900s, Americans followed the European practice of relying on brutal forms of corporal punishment. a. True b. False

Q: Define the process of the juvenile waiver. What are the five main forms of waiver, and what key variables must be considered to waive a juvenile to adult court? Finally, what does research say about whether juveniles should or should not be waived to adult court?

Q: Incarceration, in the tradition of the early English workhouse, developed in the immediate aftermath of the American Revolutionary War. a. True b. False

Q: Not until the 1960s were there serious attempts made to implement the ideas of the medical model of corrections in the United States. a. True b. False

Q: The MCI program is designed to put most of an investigator's time and effort into: a. all misdemeanors that have a chance to be solved. b. only very important cases and cases that actually can be solved. c. only cases in which the complainant agrees to cooperate. d. none of these choices.

Q: Which of the following is a solvability factor in the MCI program? a. Is there a witness? b. Is a suspect named or known? c. Will the complainant cooperate? d. all of these choices

Q: Explain the juvenile court process from start to end. Provide an example juvenile offender and walk him or her through the system.

Q: The MCI program involves all of the following except: a. case screening. b. solvability factors. c. case enhancement. d. enhanced patrol techniques.

Q: Discuss the legal rights of students in the school setting. In your discussion, include three significant Supreme Court cases that have shaped this area of the Fourth Amendment.

Q: The infamous Attica Prison Riot that took place in September 1971 at New York State's Attica Correctional Facility aided and inspired the move toward a community corrections model. a. True b. False

Q: Convict labor for profit became an essential part of the Pennsylvania penitentiary system throughout the early 1800s. a. True b. False

Q: The ideas of inmate classification, parole, and rehabilitative programs were first created and put into practice at the Elmira Reformatory for boys. a. True b. False

Q: The National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals recommended that ____________________ should be directed to conduct thorough preliminary investigations. a. detectives b. supervisors c. nonsworn personnel d. patrol officers

Q: Discuss police processing of juvenile offenders and be sure to include how discretion plays a role in this process.

Q: Corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be treated is known as the crime control model. a. True b. False

Q: The National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals recommended that detectives should be assigned only to preliminary investigations of: a. misdemeanors. b. crimes of violence. c. very serious or complex preliminary investigations. d. all of these choices.

Q: Define drug courts. What does research show about the success or failure of these programs? Explain

Q: Correctional practices, especially the use of the penitentiary, developed similarly across the United States. a. True b. False

Q: Discuss the key factors associated with the reform movement that began in the United States in the mid-1800s. What positive and negative acts originated from this time?

Q: Discuss the history of the juvenile justice system abroad and in the United States until the mid-1800s.

Q: The idea that detective work is glamorous, exciting, and dangerous, as it is depicted in the movies and on television, is called the: a. detective mystique. b. detective role. c. detective model. d. detective initiative.

Q: Detectives in a centralized squad are considered ____________________. a. specialists b. generalists c. in field training d. felony-only detectives

Q: Within 40 years of their initiation, penitentiaries had become overcrowded, understaffed, and minimally financed. a. True b. False

Q: The original penitentiary relied on penance and contemplation as the means for the criminal offender to move from sin toward perfection. a. True b. False

Q: Warrantless searches in schools are based on the legal standard of _________________________

Q: The positivist school looked to free will and rational thought as the reason for crime. a. True b. False

Q: A ____________________ is a police officer typically assigned to work in schools.

Q: Detectives in a decentralized squad are considered ____________________. a. specialists b. generalists c. in field training d. felony-only detectives

Q: The single most important determinant of whether or not a case will be solved is the information the victim supplies to the ____________________. a. detective b. immediately responding patrol officer c. dispatcher d. supervisor

Q: Social and political values greatly influence correctional thought and practices. a. True b. False

Q: One of the primary purposes of police patrol is to prevent crime by creating a sense of: a. security b. omniscience c. omnipresence d. community awareness

Q: The primary purpose of juvenile proceedings is _______________________ as opposed to punishment.

Q: When Mark Willman and John Snortum duplicated the Rand and PERF findings in a study of detective work in 1984, they found that in cases reported to a suburban police department, most cases that were solved when: a. the victim identified the perpetrator in a photo line-up b. the perpetrator was identified as a "person of interest" c. the perpetrator confessed d. the perpetrator was identified at the scene of the crime