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Q:
A convicted offender who is imprisoned for a fixed period of time has been given a __________ sentence.
Q:
Lex talionis embodies which of the following principles?
a. Punishment should correspond in degree and kind to the offense.
b. An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth is legal punishment.
c. Punishment needs to be proportionate.
d. All of these
Q:
The most frequently applied criminal sanction is__________ .
Q:
By the 1900s, punishments were carried out under the supervision of:
a. the governor.
b. the king.
c. correctional staff.
d. the victim.
Q:
Today, police departments have created numerous special programs to assist with the challenges faced by the aging population. One such program is:
a. AARP.
b. Explorers.
c. DARE.
d. Triad.
Q:
The invention of the penitentiary occurred because of:
a. the influence of the Age of Reason.
b. a response to negative social conditions and their influence on the rise of crime.
c. the growth of the surplus labor due to the Industrial Revolution.
d. all of these
Q:
DARE is a program aimed at:
a. senior citizens.
b. children.
c. Americans with physical disabilities.
d. all Americans.
Q:
Triad is a joint partnership between the police and:
a. senior citizens.
b. gays.
c. Asian Americans.
d. African Americans.
Q:
In keeping with the goal of treatment,__________ sentencing gives correctional officials and parole boards significant control over the amount of time an offender serves through a lack of fixed time of incarceration.
Q:
__________is the goal of punishment inflicted on a person who has violated a criminal law and deserves to be punished.
Q:
The penitentiary was developed during the:
a. 1740s.
b. 1790s.
c. 1830s.
d. 1900s.
Q:
Political liberals and _______________ encouraged reform of the prison system during the Enlightenment Period.
a. Political conservatives
b. independents
c. religious groups
d. political liberals
Q:
What is the largest minority group in the United States?
a. Native Americans
b. German Americans
c. African Americans
d. Hispanics
Q:
The use of __________sentences was greatly expanded in the 1980s as a primary weapon in the War on Drugs.
Q:
Jeremy Benthem argued that effective punishments prevent _________________in the future.
a. negative behavior
b. positive behavior
c. similar behavior
d. coerced behavior
Q:
As many as _____ million people are victims of violent or property crime in the United States annually.
a. 16
b. 31
c. 42
d. 20
Q:
Offenders who repeat certain kinds of crime are sentenced to long prison terms through the concept of __________incapacitation.
Q:
The following is an example of corporal punishment:
a. forgiveness.
b. whipping.
c. imprisonment.
d. religious education.
Q:
The Police Explorer program is part of the _____ organization.
a. Camp Fire
b. Boy Scouts of America
c. Police Athletic League
d. YMCA
Q:
What landmark 1954 Supreme Court case ended legal segregation of the races?
a. Mapp v. Ohio
b. Brown v. Mississippi
c. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
d. Board of Education v. Eisenhower
Q:
__________ presumes that punishment inflicted on criminals will discourage them from committing future crimes.
Q:
The purpose of punishment as a public spectacle was:
a. immediate deterrence
b. specific deterrence.
c. exhibition of the sovereign's power.
d. both crime control and exhibition of the sovereign's power.
Q:
___________ contends that an offender should be punished based on the severity of the offense.
Q:
a. Houses people convicted of serious crimes
b. A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees
c. Mutual transfer of resources
d. Workers who provide programs and services
e. Power between national and state government
f. Method of applying scientific knowledge
g. One of the goals of corrections
h. Common goals influenced by the environment
i. Conforms to the rules of society
j. Manages accused or convicted offenders
1) Exchange
2) Corrections
3) Social Control
4) Prison
5) Jails
6) Technology
7) Punishment
8) System
9) Federalism
10) Street-level bureaucrats
Q:
Public service workers who interact directly with citizens are known as ___________.
Q:
According to the author, one of the best ways to improve relationships between the police and minority groups is to:
a. enforce the law differentially against minority group members.
b. appoint a minority member as police chief.
c. ensure that minority groups are adequately represented in a jurisdiction's police department.
d. hold minority group members to a less strict standard of legal behavior.
Q:
A mutual transfer of resources based on decisions regarding the costs and benefits of alternative actions is referred to as ______________.
Q:
Most of the tension between police officers and members of minority groups has focused on police relationships with:
a. Hispanics.
b. Asians.
c. African Americans.
d. women.
Q:
__________assumes that society can remove an offender's capacity to commit further crimes by detention in prison or by execution.
Q:
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Remove an offender's capacity to commit crime
b. Min/max range of incarceration
c. Punishment as an example to the public
d. Restoring the offender to society
e. Control over the amount of time a prisoner serves
f. Deserved punishment
g. Incarcerated for the betterment of society
h. Goal of punishment seeking to repair damage caused
i. Fixed time of incarceration
j.Punishment for the individual
Mandatory sentencing
Q:
Most police officers feel that the public:
a. does not support the police.
b. appreciates the police.
c. respects but does not like the police.
d. has no opinion regarding the police.
Q:
The states of __________ and_________ have the largest prison populations in the U.S.
Q:
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Remove an offender's capacity to commit crime
b. Min/max range of incarceration
c. Punishment as an example to the public
d. Restoring the offender to society
e. Control over the amount of time a prisoner serves
f. Deserved punishment
g. Incarcerated for the betterment of society
h. Goal of punishment seeking to repair damage caused
i. Fixed time of incarceration
j.Punishment for the individual
Restorative Justice
Q:
James Q. Wilson said that the single most striking fact about the attitudes of citizens, both black and white, toward the police is that these attitudes generally are:
a. apathetic.
b. negative.
c. positive.
d. ambivalent.
Q:
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Remove an offender's capacity to commit crime
b. Min/max range of incarceration
c. Punishment as an example to the public
d. Restoring the offender to society
e. Control over the amount of time a prisoner serves
f. Deserved punishment
g. Incarcerated for the betterment of society
h. Goal of punishment seeking to repair damage caused
i. Fixed time of incarceration
j.Punishment for the individual
Determinate sentencing
Q:
In a nationwide poll asking people how much confidence they have in the police, 56 percent answered:
a. a great deal.
b. some.
c. very little.
d. none.
Q:
The term "_____________" refers to methods of applying scientific knowledge to practical purposes in a particular field.
Q:
The human relations training program that is designed to provide participants an opportunity to learn more about themselves and their impact on others is called:
a. objectivity training.
b. sensitivity training.
c. behavior enlightenment.
d. participation training.
Q:
According to the authors, key issues in corrections are divided into three main areas: managing the correctional organization, working with offenders, and ___________.
Q:
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Remove an offender's capacity to commit crime
b. Min/max range of incarceration
c. Punishment as an example to the public
d. Restoring the offender to society
e. Control over the amount of time a prisoner serves
f. Deserved punishment
g. Incarcerated for the betterment of society
h. Goal of punishment seeking to repair damage caused
i. Fixed time of incarceration
j.Punishment for the individual
Rehabilitation
Q:
The twin goals of corrections are _____________ and ___________.
Q:
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Remove an offender's capacity to commit crime
b. Min/max range of incarceration
c. Punishment as an example to the public
d. Restoring the offender to society
e. Control over the amount of time a prisoner serves
f. Deserved punishment
g. Incarcerated for the betterment of society
h. Goal of punishment seeking to repair damage caused
i. Fixed time of incarceration
j.Punishment for the individual
Selective incapacitation
Q:
The police"community relations movement (PCR) developed out of the:
a. efforts at team policing in the 1970s.
b. efforts of police reform after the Wickersham Report.
c. riots and civil disorders of the 1960s.
d. the Rodney King incident of 199l.
Q:
A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees and sentenced misdemeanants for periods no longer than 48 hours is called a ______________________.
Q:
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Remove an offender's capacity to commit crime
b. Min/max range of incarceration
c. Punishment as an example to the public
d. Restoring the offender to society
e. Control over the amount of time a prisoner serves
f. Deserved punishment
g. Incarcerated for the betterment of society
h. Goal of punishment seeking to repair damage caused
i. Fixed time of incarceration
j.Punishment for the individual
Indeterminate Sentencing
Q:
The President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice reported in 1967 that police relations with minority groups had:
a. sunk to explosively low levels.
b. improved somewhat over the years.
c. improved significantly over the years.
d. remained the same.
Q:
An institution for incarceration of people convicted of serious crimes, usually felons, is called ___________.
Q:
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Remove an offender's capacity to commit crime
b. Min/max range of incarceration
c. Punishment as an example to the public
d. Restoring the offender to society
e. Control over the amount of time a prisoner serves
f. Deserved punishment
g. Incarcerated for the betterment of society
h. Goal of punishment seeking to repair damage caused
i. Fixed time of incarceration
j.Punishment for the individual
Specific deterrence
Q:
A system of government in which power and responsibilities are divided between a national government and individual state governments is known as ____________.
Q:
Everything done with each other as human beings in all kinds of relationships is the definition of:
a. community relations.
b. public relations.
c. human relations.
d. incarceration.
Q:
According to the author, the police should be seen by the community as:
a. an army of occupation.
b. mercenaries.
c. part of the community.
d. impartial enforcers of the law.
Q:
The phrase "under some form of correctional supervision" is referring to the following three forms of control: __________, ___________, and ______________.
Q:
Social media played a significant part in the Boston Marathon bombings investigation.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Corrections has one clear primary goal.
Q:
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Remove an offender's capacity to commit crime
b. Min/max range of incarceration
c. Punishment as an example to the public
d. Restoring the offender to society
e. Control over the amount of time a prisoner serves
f. Deserved punishment
g. Incarcerated for the betterment of society
h. Goal of punishment seeking to repair damage caused
i. Fixed time of incarceration
j.Punishment for the individual
Incapacitation
Q:
Large corrections systems damage families and communities, and increase racial inequality.
Q:
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Remove an offender's capacity to commit crime
b. Min/max range of incarceration
c. Punishment as an example to the public
d. Restoring the offender to society
e. Control over the amount of time a prisoner serves
f. Deserved punishment
g. Incarcerated for the betterment of society
h. Goal of punishment seeking to repair damage caused
i. Fixed time of incarceration
j.Punishment for the individual
Retribution
Q:
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Remove an offender's capacity to commit crime
b. Min/max range of incarceration
c. Punishment as an example to the public
d. Restoring the offender to society
e. Control over the amount of time a prisoner serves
f. Deserved punishment
g. Incarcerated for the betterment of society
h. Goal of punishment seeking to repair damage caused
i. Fixed time of incarceration
j.Punishment for the individual
General deterrence
Q:
Men are the most common victims of domestic violence.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Federal law requires police officers to investigate the immigration status of suspects on all calls and to report persons who are in this country illegally.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Correctional practices and processes all affect one another because offenders pass through in a kind of assembly line with return loops.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT one of the major factors that influence judges' sentencing decisions?
a. role of the victim in the crime
b. offender's role in the commission of the crime
c. offender's criminal history
d. severity of the offense
Q:
People who undertake careers in corrections do so because they find the field an excellent place to express their most cherished values
Q:
Judges use combinations of criminal sanctions to reflect all of the following except the:
a. needs of the community.
b. severity of the crime.
c. emotional state of victim.
d. characteristics of the offender.
Q:
Community Emergency Response Teams (CERT) help police act in the event of an emergency or disaster.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Corrections consist of subunits, each with its own function and responsibilities. Some examples are probation offices, halfway houses, and prisons.
Q:
According to the authors, which of the following is NOT one of the major sentencing structures currently used in the United States?
a. indeterminate
b. intermediate
c. determinate
d. mandatory
Q:
Police chaplain volunteers serve as liaisons with various religious institutions in the community.
a. True
b. False
Q:
One of the community crime prevention programs includes Crime Stoppers.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The Police Explorer program is aimed at senior citizens.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The least frequently used criminal sanction in the United States is:
a. death.
b. incarceration.
c. intermediate sanctions.
d. probation.
Q:
The organizational turf of criminal justice agencies is very clear because there is no blurring around the edges regarding the responsibility for different types of actions.
Q:
_______________________ is an instrument developed for judges that indicates the usual sanctions given previously for particular offenses.
a. Sentencing guidelines
b. Sentencing report
c. Pretrial guidelines
d. Presentence report
Q:
Although the increase in prison populations receives the most publicity, a greater proportion of correctional growth has occurred in probation and parole.
Q:
__________________ refers to a report prepared by a probation officer, who investigates a convicted offender's background to help the judge select an appropriate sentence.
a. Presentence
b. Pretrial
c. Post-sentence
d. Post-trial
Q:
The nonprofessional staff that works within the prison system normally possesses a college education.
Q:
Triad programs are focused on senior citizens.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The DARE program has received mixed reviews, and some departments have cut their programs, especially in these tight budget years.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The rate of incarceration in the United States is one of the lowest in the world.
Q:
Divergence in the lengths and types of sentences imposed for the same crime or crimes of comparable seriousness when no reasonable justification is known as a:
a. judicial disparity.
b. sentencing disparity.
c. form of systemic racism.
d. miscarriage of justice.