Q&A Hero

Q: One correctional policy decision that may influence who becomes a correctional client is that street crimes warrant more attention from police. a. True b. False

Q: Generally, mentally ill persons represent a greater risk of committing violent crimes than the population as a whole. a. True b. False

Q: The pattern of brutality and violence historically used by the police to obtain confessions by suspects is known as the_____________.

Q: Which court decision held that the basic elements of procedural due process must be present when decisions are made concerning the disciplining of an inmate? a. Wolff v. McDonnell b. Holt v. Sarver c. Estelle v. Gamble d. Pugh v. Locke

Q: It would be safe to say that classification decisions are not, on the whole, subject to sociopolitical pressures. a. True b. False

Q: The questioning of a person in police custody regarding his or her participation in a crime is called _____.

Q: In instances when parole supervision is being revoked, offenders possess various _________rights. a. habeas corpus b. privacy c. due process d. administrative

Q: A _________ is the detaining of a person by a law enforcement officer for the purpose of investigation, accompanied by a superficial examination of the person's body surface or clothing to discover weapons, contraband, or other objects relating to criminal activity.

Q: Which of the following has not been legally recognized by the Supreme Court as justifying abridgements of an inmate's constitutional rights? a. The maintenance of stable prison populations b. The maintenance of institutional order c. The maintenance of institutional security d. The rehabilitation of inmates

Q: It would be safe to say that significant numbers of correctional clients have a history of heavy drinking. a. True b. False

Q: Deinstitutionalization allows offenders the ability to also use affect treatment strategies in the community. a. True b. False

Q: The amount of force an officer can use when making an arrest is called .

Q: The Military Commissions Act (MCA) __________ the ability of "unlawful enemy combatants" to file a writ of habeas corpus. a. permits b. fosters c. enhances d. eliminates

Q: The standard of proof that is necessary for police officers to conduct stops and frisks is known as .

Q: Money or other compensation is awarded to a plaintiff in a civil action when the person sued has: a. ministerial liability. b. personal liability. c. civil liability. d. strict liability.

Q: A writ of habeas corpus requests an examination of the legality of____________. a. conditions b. confinement c. length of sentence d. sentence

Q: Most sexual offenses occur between strangers. a. True b. False

Q: Most women believe rape is a violation emotionally, physically, and rationally as well as a degrading act of violence. a. True b. False

Q: Arrests can be made with or without a .

Q: a. Remove an offender's capacity to commit crime b. Min/max range of incarceration c. Punishment as an example to the public d. Restoring the offender to society e. Control over the amount of time a prisoner serves f. Deserved punishment g. Incarcerated for the betterment of society h. Repair damage i. Fixed time of incarceration j. Punishment for the individual 1) General deterrence 2) Retribution 3) Incapacitation 4) Specific deterrence 5) Indeterminate Sentencing 6) Selective incapacitation 7) Rehabilitation 8) Determinate sentencing 9) Restorative Justice Presumptive sentencing 10) Mandatory sentencing

Q: Evidence that may lead a reasonable person to believe that a crime has been committed and that a certain person committed it is known as .

Q: ___________ presumes members of the general public will be deterred by observing the punishments of others and will conclude the costs of crime outweigh the benefits.

Q: Define what is meant by "mentally ill offender." Discuss the changes that have occurred over time regarding this type of inmate and the foreseeable changes in the future for corrections classification process.

Q: In , the Supreme Court applied the exclusionary rule to state courts.

Q: Identify the two reasons why the prison population is aging. What consequences does this have for corrections? What distinct advantages and challenges does the elderly inmate present? Should we continue to incarcerate people past a certain age? Why or why not?

Q: If evidence is found to be in violation of the exclusionary rule, it must be .

Q: Describe the classification process as it pertains to the U.S. correctional system. Explain the value and importance for both the inmates and staff.

Q: A convicted offender who is imprisoned for a fixed period of time has been given a __________ sentence.

Q: Long-term inmates face three major issues while they are incarcerated. List and explain all three issues and how inmates are affected by them.

Q: The most frequently applied criminal sanction is___________.

Q: In keeping with the goal of treatment, _________________ gives correctional officials and parole boards significant control over the amount of time an offender serves through a lack of fixed time of incarceration.

Q: The _____________ is an interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment by the U.S. Supreme Court that holds that evidence seized in violation of the U.S. Constitution cannot be used in court against a defendant.

Q: ___________ is the punishment inflicted on a person who has violated a criminal law and so deserves to be punished.

Q: The first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution are also known as the .

Q: Compare the situational offender to the career criminal. What are the main differences and what are their similarities?

Q: The Crime Index Offenses Cleared section of the UCR lists the for Index crimes.

Q: The term __________________ offender describes a person whose behavior may be traced to a diminished or otherwise abnormal capacity to think or reason.

Q: The use of ____________ was greatly expanded in the 1980s as a weapon in the War on Drugs.

Q: While only 2 percent of the U.S. adult population abuses drugs, over ___________ percent of those in prison admit to doing so.

Q: Offenders who repeat certain kinds of crime are sentenced to long prison terms through the concept of ________________________.

Q: The two official measures of crime in the United States are the and the .

Q: This U.S. Supreme Court decision said "a compelled physical intrusion beneath (the) skin and into (the) veins to obtain a sample of . . . blood for use as evidence in a criminal investigation" was "an invasion of bodily integrity." a. Winston v. Lee b. Missouri v. McNeely c. Stoval v. Denno d. United States v. Ash

Q: This 2014 U.S. Supreme Court decision brought clarity to Georgia v. Randolph and consent searches. a. Colorado v. Bertine b. Arizona v. Evans c. Fernandez v. California d. California v. Carney

Q: ________________ presumes that punishment inflicted on criminals will discourage them from committing future crimes.

Q: Due to prison overcrowding, correctional officials believe that __________ offenders are most appropriate for early release because these offenders typically pose little or no threat to the public.

Q: Once a person is __________________, a range of punishments of escalating severity may be imposed.

Q: Retribution espouses that an offender should be punished ____________ to the gravity of the offense.

Q: The term __________ refers to a person who sees crime as a way of earning a living and has numerous contacts with the law throughout his/her life.

Q: __________ assumes that society can remove an offender's capacity to commit further crimes by detention in prison or by execution.

Q: This U.S. Supreme Court decision in 2013 upheld canine sniffs during a vehicle stop. a. Florida v. Harris b. Scott v. Harris c. Whren v. United States d. Maryland v. Wilson

Q: The police identification process that involves bringing a suspect back to the scene of the crime or another place (for example, a hospital where an injured victim is) where the suspect can be seen and possibly identified by a victim or witness of a crime is called a: a. showup. b. showdown. c. line array. d. lineup.

Q: The ____________________ is often the most despised offender in court and in prison.

Q: Which of the following is a violation of the Miranda ruling? a. tape-recording unknowing suspects who were placed alone in a patrol car under arrest b. using a jail informant to report what a suspect tells him or her c. placing a tape recorder in an interrogation room while leaving the suspect alone d. directly questioning the suspect about the crime while in a patrol car and en route to the jail

Q: As soon as a prisoner goes free, his/her punishment is over and done with.

Q: Incapacitation focuses on characteristics of the offenders instead of characteristics of the victims.

Q: When the justice system brings the more serious cases forward for more severe punishment, it acts as a selective________ .

Q: A person who in a particular set of circumstances has violated the law but is not normally given to criminal behavior and who is unlikely to repeat the offense is the________ .

Q: The Miranda ruling set out certain guidelines that the police must follow during interrogation; however, an exception to the Miranda warning allows questions to be asked: a. to ensure the immediate safety of the public. b. regarding citizenship. c. about discarded narcotics. d. of a person under the age of 21.

Q: Which of the following is notconsidered an actual search by the U.S. Supreme Court? a. stop and frisk b. border check c. trained drug-dog sniff d. search after a hot pursuit

Q: All punishments are visible.

Q: Recent knowledge of the effectiveness of deterrence shows that social science is able to measure the effects of various punishments.

Q: The mentally ill offender is now recognized as an overgeneralization and a(n)________ .

Q: In the past decade, many have argued that the needs of the victim and the community should be the focus of punishment goals.

Q: One of the most successful alcohol treatment programs having shown effectiveness is________ .

Q: When conducting a stop and frisk, officers may search: a. the outer clothing of the individual. b. the outer and inner clothing of the individual. c. inside the individual's shoes. d. only inside the individual's pockets.

Q: We can view the criminal justice system as a(n)________ , because it operates as a large offender selection bureaucracy.

Q: Which of the following has the Supreme Court not recognized as an exigent circumstance? a. preventing an escape b. rendering immediate aid to a person in need of assistance c. checking an identity d. preventing destruction of evidence

Q: Most Western democracies impose the death penalty.

Q: Which of the following is notan exception to the search warrant requirement? a. a crime scene b. a border search c. exigent circumstances d. plain view

Q: The restorative justice approach views crime as more than a violation of penal code requiring accountability to victims on the part of the offender.

Q: The United States employs a national standard approach to sentencing.

Q: The purpose of a police inventory search of a vehicle is to: a. recover weapons. b. recover any evidence. c. account for all the contents of the vehicle. d. look for elements of a crime.

Q: produce more disastrous consequences than heroin addicts.

Q: The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that a warrantless search of a vehicle is valid if the police have probable cause to believe that the car contains evidence that they are seeking. This decision is known as the: a. Stout doctrine. b. Carroll doctrine. c. exclusionary rule. d. fruits of the poisonous tree doctrine.

Q: ___________ is more an economic crime than a sexual crime.

Q: A border search can be made without: a. probable cause. b. a warrant. c. any articulable suspicion. d. all of these choices

Q: Martin and Yablonsky describe a(n) ___________ offender as one who made a mistake and paid a debt to society for that mistake.

Q: The public must be constantly reminded about punishment for deterrence to work.

Q: According to the author, Rehabilitation is oriented solely toward the offender and does not imply any consistent relationship between the severity of the punishment and the gravity of the crime.

Q: Divergence in the lengths and types of sentences imposed for the same crime or crimes of comparable seriousness when no reasonable justification can be discerned is: a. judicial disparity. b. sentencing disparity. c. systemic racism. d. a miscarriage of justice.