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Q:
Research has found that declines in the dopaminergic system are related to declines in______memory and____tasks.
a. long-term; speed
b. semantic; attention
c. episodic; thought
d. episodic; speed
Q:
The effective functioning of the dopaminergic system________in normal aging.
a. increases
b. declines
c. stays the same
d. misfires
Q:
The dopaminergic system is associated with high-level cognitive functioning such as inhibiting thoughts,______, and planning.
a. attention
b. socialization
c. activity level
d. temperament
Q:
______is the neurotransmitter that sends messages throughout the brain.
a. Estrogen
b. Insulin
c. Cytosine
d. Dopamine
Q:
Across the research, the typical finding is that older adults have reduced brain activity in the_________areas when compared with younger adults.
a. prefrontal and temporal
b. cerebellum and cortex
c. corpus callosum
d. limbic system
Q:
Research by Winecoff and colleagues (2011) indicates that as cognitive abilities decline, people may be less able to______, a pattern typical in diseases such as dementia.a. ignore irrelevant informationb. learn new tasksc. hold as many pieces of information in working memory at one timed. regulate their emotions
Q:
Which researcher examined the relationships between brain functioning and emotion?
a. Maslow
b. Winecoff
c. Piaget
d. Bandura
Q:
Research finding correlations between temporal lobe atrophy and cognitive declines in old age have led researchers to wonder if Alzheimer's disease
a. is inevitable for all humans.
b. is an acceleration of the normal aging process.
c. can be eliminated using stem cells.
d. is caused by cardiovascular disease.
Q:
What are the age-related changes in neurons?
a. There are no age-related changes in neurons, but there are changes in neurotransmitters.
b. The number of neurons increases.
c. Tangles develop in the fibers that make up the axon.
d. The number of connections between neurons, measured as synapses, increases after age 75.
Q:
Reductions in the________of the hippocampus are related to memory decline.
a. volume
b. density
c. dendritic tangles
d. neurotransmitters
Q:
For adult development and aging research, the most important elements of the limbic system are the
a. prefrontal and frontal cortex.
b. corpus callosum and cerebellum.
c. corpus callosum and frontal cortex.
d. amygdala and hippocampus.
Q:
Executive functioning failures in older adults can be seen when older adults
a. have difficulty factoring out false information in an article they are reading.
b. have trouble recognizing familiar faces.
c. have problems maintaining their balance and coordination.
d. experience visual difficulties such as distinguishing certain colors and reduced night vision.
Q:
___________functioning includes processes such as the ability to control what one is thinking about at any one moment in time and the ability to focus on relevant information and eliminate irrelevant information.
a. Executive
b. Cognitive
c. Psychological
d. Conscious
Q:
White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are linked to cerebrovascular diseases, which are preventable and can be treated with
a. surgery and medications.
b. medications and lifestyle changes.
c. cognitive behavioral therapy and changes in diet.
d. hypnosis and lifestyle changes.
Q:
White matter hyperintensities (WMH) may indicate
a. extremely high intelligence.
b. predisposition to Alzheimer's disease.
c. brain pathologies such as neural atrophy.
d. emotional pathology.
Q:
The white matter area of the brain shows deterioration with increasing age. A neuroimaging method called_______assesses the rate and direction that water diffuses through the white matter.a. fMRIb. white matter hyperintensitiesc. CT scand. diffusion tensor imaging
Q:
The areas of the brain related to sensory functions, such as the visual cortex, show relatively little
a. shrinkage.
b. improvement across the life span.
c. white matter.
d. intensity.
Q:
Overall, there is considerable shrinkage that occurs in the aging brain. However, the shrinkage is selective. The prefrontal cortex, the_____, and the______all show profound shrinkage.
a. frontal lobe; left cortex
b. parietal; occipital
c. cerebellum; amygdale
d. hippocampus; cerebellum
Q:
The_______are involved in higher-order executive functions such as the ability to make and carry out plans, switch between tasks, and maintain attention and focus.
a. cerebellum and hippocampus
b. prefrontal and frontal cortex
c. hippocampus and limbic system
d. cerebellum and amygdala
Q:
Most neuroscience research has focused on the
a. right axon.
b. brain stem.
c. cerebral cortex.
d. focal area.
Q:
Key structural, or anatomical, features of the neuron include all the following except
a. axons.
b. dendrites.
c. terminal branches.
d. synapses.
Q:
Neuroscientific methods have shown that brain activity involved in_______occurs in areas of the brain that are among the first affected by Alzheimer's disease.
a. recognizing faces
b. remembering items on a list
c. emotion regulation
d. executive functioning activities such as planning
Q:
In the past, much research regarding adult development and aging was based upon_______data.
a. psychosocial
b. behavioral
c. social
d. neuroimaging
Q:
Processing speed_________as people age.
a. increases
b. decreases
c. becomes distorted
d. remains the same
Q:
Research methods that focus on age-related changes in the brain allow us to better understand why certain cognitive functions, such as well-practiced tasks, vocabulary, and wisdom, can be in old age.
a. lost
b. preserved
c. altered
d. distorted
Q:
Research methods that focus on understanding age-related changes in the brain can help explain why certain_______functions are preserved.a. cognitiveb. musclec. physical healthd. sensory
Q:
Neuroscience has brought an important perspective to studying cognitive aging. Specifically, it has
a. allowed us to find a cure for Alzheimer's disease.
b. given us ways to test our theories of brain-behavior relations.
c. showed us how to reverse cognitive decline in elderly individuals.
d. given us ways to eliminate free radicals.
Q:
_______changes allow older adults to adapt to the inevitable decline of specific areas of the brain.
a. Compensatory
b. Personality
c. Compromise
d. Collaboration
Q:
Which approach attempts to directly link functional brain activity with cognitive behavioral data?
a. neurobiological
b. correlational
c. activation imaging
d. psychological
Q:
Why are the results from neurocorrelational studies considered speculative?
a. because random sampling is not used
b. because the measures used in these types of studies lack validity
c. because we cannot be certain that the behavioral tests accurately assess the actual anatomical and functional activity of the brain region under investigation
d. because correlational findings are more speculative than those acquired from experimental designs
Q:
Which of the following approaches attempts to link measures of cognitive performance to measures of brain functioning?
a. neurocorrelational
b. psychological
c. neuropsychological
d. neurobiosocial
Q:
Which approach compares the brain functioning of healthy older adults with adults displaying various pathological disorders of the brain?
a. neurobiological
b. bioneurosocial
c. psychological
d. neuropsychological
Q:
SPECT and PET are examples of
a. structural neuroimaging techniques.
b. functional neuroimaging techniques.
c. Alzheimer's assessments.
d. behavioral tests that assess frontal lobe atrophy.
Q:
Functional imaging techniques focus on the______ of the brain.
a. structure
b. anatomical features
c. activity
d. blood flow
Q:
Structural neuroimaging focuses on the _________of the brain.
a. blood flow
b. structure
c. development
d. function
Q:
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) produces
a. pictures that represent brain activity as different colors.
b. images of brain activity with low anatomical detail.
c. pictures of healthy brain functioning but not of pathological brain functioning.
d. highly detailed images of the anatomical structures of the brain.
Q:
X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs are examples of
a. genetic imaging.
b. nonnormative brain development.
c. structural neuroimaging.
d. functional neuroimaging.
Q:
The two neuroimaging techniques that are most often used provide
a. detailed images of the anatomical features of the brain and indications of brain activity.
b. measurements of the diffusion of water molecules in brain tissue.
c. measures of heart beat and respiration changes in older adults.
d. evidence of the positivity effect.
Q:
Neuroimaging has allowed us to
a. determine what a healthy brain looks like.
b. see exactly how the brain changes over time.
c. determine which brain changes are normative and which are not.
d. understand that neuroimaging must be used carefully and ethically as we are still figuring out (a) what is normal and what is not and (b) what a "healthy" brain looks like.
Q:
Which of the following is associated with neuroscience?
a. brain structures and functioning
b. the effect of reinforcements, such as rewards and punishments, on behavior
c. repressed impulses and their effect on the id, ego, and superego
d. the theory of the mind
Q:
Which field of science has revolutionized our understanding of the relationships between the brain and behavior?
a. psychoanalytic theory
b. social cognitive theory
c. neuroscience
d. molecular anatomy
Q:
The field of neuroscience can be defined as
a. the study of free radicals.
b. the study of the compensatory changes that older adults make in adapting to behavioral decline.
c. the use of stem cells to generate new neurons.
d. the study of the brain, particularly the study of plasticity in the aging brain.
Q:
Neuroimaging has allowed us to
a. solve the nature-nuture controversy.
b. identify the causes of Alzheimer's disease.
c. see inside the brain of a living person to examine the structures of the brain.
d. examine one's genetic structure and predict which individuals will develop chronic diseases with age.
Q:
In grocery stores and on television there is a trend toward marketing "brain foods" to the general public. These "brain foods" contain________, which protect your cells from free radicals.
a. antioxidants
b. omega-3 fats
c. B vitamins
d. hormone replacements
Q:
When a participant cannot give informed consent, such as in the case of a participant with advanced Alzheimer's disease, then _____________.
Q:
____________________ involves gaining permission from the participant before collecting data and telling the participant about any potential risks and benefits.
Q:
When participants begin but do not finish a longitudinal assessment or study, there may be a problem with
_________________.
Q:
In a(n)____________________study, a single person is examined in great detail.
Q:
When a person is asked to write down their responses to a set of questions, this is called a(n)____________________.
Q:
When one cannot determine which of two or more variables is responsible for an observed behavior or outcome, the results are said to be ________________.
Q:
A______________ is a collection of people born in the same time period and/or who experience the same historical events.
Q:
_______is an indication that a measure is actually assessing what it was designed to measure.
Q:
Intelligence and memory abilities are examples of your ________________age.
Q:
A(n) ____________ is a variable that is used to represent the complex interrelated influences on people over time, such as chronological age.
Q:
_______________aging refers to normal, disease-free development in adulthood.
Q:
The internal set of developmental milestones used to mark one's progress through life is known as the
______________.
Q:
Events are characterized as ____________ if they are important to the individual but do not happen to most people.
Q:
Development is said to be ________________when there is more than one path to successful aging.
Q:
Discrimination against older people, simply because they are older, is called _______________.
Q:
_________is the study of aging from maturity through old age.
Q:
When conducting research, what ethical considerations should be taken into account?
Q:
What are the limitations of the extreme age group design?
Q:
Differentiate among age, cohort, and time-of-measurement effects.
Q:
If you read a study that said eating foods high in trans fats were associated with greater longevity and increased mental stamina in old age, what additional study information would you want to know in order to evaluate this finding?
Q:
What is the stability-change controversy? How does this relate to the continuity-discontinuity controversy?
Q:
Describe primary, secondary, and tertiary aging. Give one specific example of each.
Q:
Define and provide an example of a normative age-graded event, a normative history-graded event, and a nonnormative event.
Q:
Describe why adult development and aging is best examined from a multidisciplinary perspective.
Q:
How are upcoming changes in the age distribution of the population in the United States expected to affect society?
Q:
Describe the four main factors in Baltes' lifespan perspective.
Q:
Describe the relationship between stereotypes of aging and the practice of ageism. Include a definition and an example of each term.
Q:
The procedures used in research to ensure that participants are treated fairly and with care are known as
a. ethical principles.
b. psychological principles.
c. psychometrics.
d. debriefing.
Q:
In this type of sequential design, cohort and time-of-measurement effects are examined.
a. cross-sequential
b. time-sequential
c. time-lag sequential
d. longitudinal-sequential
Q:
An example of a longitudinal-sequential design would be
a. measuring two cohorts of people over time.
b. measuring several cross sections of people once.
c. measuring multiple groups of same-aged people.
d. measuring one group of people over time.
Q:
The career development center at a local university wants to know what will happen to the 2010, 2015, and 2020 classes of gerontology graduates during the decade following their graduation. Which research design will the center most likely use?
a. cross-sequential
b. longitudinal
c. time-lag
d. longitudinal-sequential
Q:
A developmental psychologist wants to survey several cohorts of people aged 60-years-old to get their opinions concerning Medicare (e.g., assessing 60-year-olds in 2010, then another group of 60-year-olds in 2015, and yet another in 2020). Which research design is best suited to this task?
a. cross-sequential
b. longitudinal-sequential
c. time-lag
d. cross-sectional
Q:
A ________research design combines two or more cross-sectional designs.
a. cross-sequential
b. longitudinal
c. cross-sectional
d. longitudinal sequential
Q:
If the surviving participants in the last wave of testing in a longitudinal study on health and aging are those who initially had the lowest blood pressures, then we have a case of
a. negative selective survival.
b. positive selective survival.
c. elective selective survival.
d. equally selective survival.
Q:
If participants at the end of a longitudinal study tend to be those who were initially higher on some variable, then we have a case of
a. negative selective survival.
b. positive selective survival.
c. elective selective survival.
d. equally selective survival.
Q:
Practice effects are a major problem with_________.
a. cross-sectional designs
b. longitudinal designs
c. time-lag designs
d. sequential designs