Q&A Hero

Q: The unreliability of __________ ___________ diagnosis may be one reason why treatment regimens in prison have been so ineffective.

Q: Prison surpassed college as a place for young African American men after: a. 1950. b. 1960. c. 1970. d. 1980.

Q: ________________ systems of classification are more efficient and cheaper than other systems because line staff can be trained to administer and score the instrument without the help of clinicians and senior administrators.

Q: The high percentage of young African American men behind bars results in their: a. lack of earning a wage. b. not being able to parent children. c. not being able to support their partners. d. all of these.

Q: At _________________ institutions, batteries of tests, psychiatric evaluations, and counseling are administered so that each prisoner can be assessed for treatment as well as custody.

Q: ____________ refers to the process by which prisoners are assigned custody and treatment.

Q: Recent sociological studies have demonstrated that: a. employers are hesitant to hire young men who have been in prison. b. employers are more likely to do a background check on young African American men. c. young African American men are barred from many forms of employment. d. employers are both hesitant to hire young men who have been in prison and are more likely to do a background check on young African American men.

Q: A ___________________ refers to any formal structured activity that takes prisoners out of their cells and sets them to instrumental tasks.

Q: The problem of disproportionality is _________ if the problem is not racist people but disadvantageous rules and practices. a. more complicated b. less complicated c. easy to fix d. simple

Q: _________are designed to distinguish inmates with respect to risk of escape, potential misconduct in the institution, and future criminal behavior.

Q: Criminal justice officials make a variety of decisions that disadvantage minority males. These include: a. where police patrol. b. the cost of bail. c. the ability to hire a private attorney. d. all of these.

Q: Many correctional officials believe that_________ represent the most difficult group for correctional treatment.

Q: Which of the following contribute to high rates of incarceration of African Americans? a. drug sentences b. poverty c. unemployment d. all of these

Q: A consequence of the view of differential criminality would be that: a. race would not be a factor in the criminal justice system. b. the view is vulnerable to charges of racism. c. it can inform preventative detention policies. d. the view is vulnerable to charges of racism and it would mean the creation of a "criminal class" of people who are dangerous.

Q: Treatment success depends on the relationship between the _________and the client.

Q: ______________________was the first to implement the classification system at Elmira Reformatory in the 1800s.

Q: The principle of__________________ states that prisoners should receive no goods or services in excess of those available to people who have lived within the law.

Q: The victim's perception of the race of the offender a. is usually accurate. b. differs from the race of those arrested. c. has influence over sentencing. d. is neither here nor there.

Q: ___________ adults have committed a serious offense in their lifetime. a. Few b. Most c. About half of d. None of these

Q: The gap between unemployment rates for African American men and every other group in society grows when: a. prisons do not allow inmates to work. b. men who are behind bars are released. c. men who are behind bars are included in the unemployment rate. d. prisoners are not included in the unemployment rate.

Q: Prison administrators use institutional programs to help manage inmates' _____________.

Q: During incarceration, prisoners may be____________________ as they encounter problems or finish treatment programs.

Q: Interest in___________________ waned when the philosophy of corrections swung toward crime control.

Q: Many observers believe that the relationship between racism and the criminal justice system is: a. reciprocal. b. one-sided. c. unrecognizable d. invisible.

Q: The argument that African Americans are more criminal than whites by nature: a. is a fact. b. is not sustained by the evidence. c. is sustained by evidence in the court system d. shows that racism is well hidden in the criminal justice system.

Q: When groups are treated differently without regard to their behavior or qualifications, __________ occurs. a. racism b. homogeneity c. ethnic cleansing d. discrimination

Q: A system in which the contractor provided prisoners with food and clothing as well as raw materials, and in some southern states prisoners were bonded to agricultural producers to perform field labor is a_________ .

Q: ________________is a form of treatment that attempts to create an institutional environment that supports prosocial attitudes and behaviors. a. Social therapy b. Transactional analysis c. Behavior therapy d. Cognitive skill building

Q: In terms of culture, the United States is: a. a homogenous society. b. a melting pot. c. a disassimilated culture. d. a mosaic.

Q: _________________ is a form of therapy that focuses on changing the thinking and reasoning patterns that accompany criminal behavior. a. Psychotherapy b. Transactional analysis c. Behavior d. Cognitive skill building

Q: The fact that African Americans and Latinos are subjected to the criminal justice system at considerably higher rates than other ethnic and racial groups is: a. indisputable. b. arguable. c. not borne out by research. d. a myth.

Q: A ________________ system refers to a labor system in which prison inmates work on public construction and maintenance projects. a. state-use b. piece price c. public account d. public works and ways

Q: Which president signed The Fair Sentencing Act eliminating the mandatory minimum sentence for simple possession of crack and powder cocaine? a. President Obama b. President Bush c. President Reagan d. President Clinton.

Q: Those with a felony conviction are not allowed to vote. This is referred to as: a. criminal disability. b. civil death. c. pervasive disability. d. disenfranchisement.

Q: A ______________ system refers to a labor system in which a prison bought machinery and raw material with which inmates manufactured a salable product. a. state-use b. piece price c. public account d. public works and ways

Q: a. Build our way out of overcrowding b. Strains staff morale c. Cheaper than prison d. Let prisons become more and more crowded e. Incarceration rate above historical norms f. African Americans/Hispanics g. higher prison populations as a whole h. Average U.S. incarceration rate from 2000-2007 i. Higher rate of imprisonment of specific groups j. Raw material of corrections 1) Null Strategy 2) Construction Strategy 3) Intermediate Sanctions 4) Feature of mass imprisonment 5) Overcrowding 6) Offenders 7) Feature of mass imprisonment 8) 490 per 100,000 9) largest percent of inmate population 10) States with higher revenues

Q: Which of the following is considered a non-rehabilitative program for prisoners? a. recreation b. prison maintenance c. GED classes d. prison industry

Q: The most extraordinary health problem in contemporary corrections often based on mandatory sentencing, determinate sentencing, and truth in sentencing is: a. HIV/AIDS. b. mental illness. c. aging. d. substance abuse.

Q: Treatment assignments in which prisoners in maximum security facilities are not eligible include: a. religion. b. exercise. c. work release. d. cognitive therapy.

Q: A large portion of the prison population is made up of offenders who are being returned to prison for new crimes or __________________.

Q: According to research findings, states with higher ____________ have higher prison populations.

Q: Which court case established a right to medical treatment while incarcerated? a. Estelle v. Gamble b. Terry v. Ohio c. U.S. v. Gant d. Gregg v. Georgia

Q: According to Allen J. Beck, the continuing increase in the prison population is a result of tougher laws resulting in both more prison sentences and ____________________.

Q: The population incarcerated in American prisons and jails makes up ____________ of people under correctional supervision.

Q: The general public is often___________ to creative programming for inmates. a. supportive b. welcoming c. hostile d. indifferent

Q: The prison environment affects programming in what way? a. constructively b. negatively c. positively d. impartially

Q: The skyrocketing prison population has created a correctional crisis of______________.

Q: The size and growth of the prison population is not distributed _________ across the country.

Q: Administrators use prison programs as incentives for: a. insubordination. b. gang involvement c. snitching. d. good behavior.

Q: According to Quinlan, the most important ingredient in managing a safe and secure institution is: a. to keep inmates in treatment. b. to keep inmates working c. to keep inmates productively occupied. d. all of these.

Q: Recreational programs have two primary purposes. These include socialization and: a. religion. b. gang membership. c. self-image enhancement. d. drug trade.

Q: According to the author, corrections officials have little or _____control over the intake of new offenders.

Q: When prison space is limited, judges reserve incarceration for only the most _______offenders.

Q: New mandatory sentencing law greatly limit the discretion of ____________with regard to the length of sentences for certain offenses.

Q: Prison maintenance jobs constitute an elaborate pecking order of assignments and reveal something about which of the following? a. They give inmates power. b. They provide information regarding other inmates and their prison time. c. They increase an inmate's prestige in the facility. d. all of these

Q: One key purpose of prison labor is to: a. earn a living wage. b. develop knowledge they can use when released on parole. c. to relieve idleness. d. all of these

Q: When the subject of criminal sanction arises, the general public usually thinks first of _________________.

Q: The most powerful new studies of correctional rehabilitation programs try to express their effectiveness in which of the following ways? a. to the warden b. in cost-benefit ratios c. in the most positive way d. in a way that will increase funding

Q: Researchers argue that using technical violations as a crime prevention strategy does not make a meaningful difference in the criminal activity of released prisoners.

Q: Recent research has indicated that rehabilitation can work if___________________ are/is focused upon. a. criminogenic needs b. drug abuse c. motivation of the offender d. all of these

Q: The United States incarcerates its people at approximately the same rate as other countries.

Q: There seems to be little relationship between the crime rate and the incarceration rate.

Q: Inmate labor has been sold to private employers: a. from the first days of prison. b. beginning after the Civil War. c. after World War II. d. shortly after the building of Western Penitentiary.

Q: Classification committees often revert to stereotypes rather than diagnostic criteria in assigning inmates. They often recognize which of the following stereotypes? a. members of racial gangs b. members of ethnic gangs c. predators who demand things d. all of these

Q: We have clear evidence that imprisonment is cost effective.

Q: Educational programs in prison do not include: a. GED classes. b. college classes. c. federal funding for post-secondary education. d. All of these are included in prison educational programs.

Q: Given current public attitudes toward crime and punishment, it is likely that incarceration rates will remain high.

Q: Prisoner education is more available and often required for which group of offenders? a. nonviolent offenders b. juvenile offenders c. older offenders d. mentally healthy offenders

Q: States with higher unemployment have a higher prison population.

Q: Pell grants are no longer available to prisoners; this program had provided: a. tutoring. b. college loans. c. mental health services. d. job assistance.

Q: States with more-generous welfare benefits have higher prison populations.

Q: People's problems decline when they behave more responsibly. This is a core tenet of: a. group therapy. b. brief therapy. c. transactional therapy. d. reality therapy.

Q: It is said that states with violent crime rates have lower levels of imprisonment.

Q: ______________frequently take the form of group or individual counseling sessions rather than intensive therapy. a. Psychotherapy programs b. Psychotropic medications c. Psychological programs d. Psychosis interventions

Q: For health and safety concerns, crowded living conditions in correctional facilities cannot be tolerated.

Q: Some overseers think a hardening of public attitudes toward criminals is reflected in longer sentences.

Q: Opponents of new prison construction believe that, given the nature of bureaucratic organizations, prison cells will always be: a. expensive. b. filled. c. rundown. d. valuable.

Q: Indeterminate sanctions include community service, restitution, fines, boot camp, home confinement and _________________. a. intensive probation supervision b. Rehabilitation c. Restoration d. Psychotherapy

Q: There seems to be __________ relationship between the crime rate and the incarceration rate. a. little b. a direct c. a parallel d. a corresponding

Q: The five states with the highest incarceration rates are in the: a. Northeast. b. West. c. South. d. East.