Q&A Hero

Q: In the wake of the "get tough on crime" movement over the past three decades, the number of parolees in the United States has: a. doubled. b. tripled. c. decreased. d. remained the same.

Q: Traditional criminal justice employs_______ strategies. a. judicial b. adversarial c. reparative d. individualized

Q: All states, except for Alaska and Hawaii, have some form of prison program designed to prepare the offenders for release to community supervision. a. True b. False

Q: One impact of the explosive growth of the nation's prison population is the huge increase in the number of inmates who are being released into the community after serving their terms. a. True b. False

Q: Parole release mechanisms primarily determine the date at which a particular prisoner will be released back into the community. a. True b. False

Q: _________________is mutual trust among neighbors combined with the willingness to intervene for the common good. a. collective efficacy b. community policing c. proactive policing d. spatial concentration

Q: Traditional criminal justice is: a. proactive. b. reactive. c. inactive. d. active.

Q: The idea of community justice is very: a. out of favor. b. marginalized. c. dangerous. d. popular.

Q: In all U.S. states, the parole board (releasing authority) is part of the department of corrections. a. True b. False

Q: Both adult felons and misdemeanants can be released on parole. a. True b. False

Q: Except for a small handful of inmates who actually die in prison, a large percentage of those incarcerated will one day be released back into the community. a. True b. False

Q: People in poor communities tend to tell researchers that they want: a. bad guys off their streets. b. bad guys sent to prison. c. for people not to go to prison. d. to move out of their neighborhoods.

Q: Parole in the United States evolved during the 19th century following the English, Australian, and Irish practices of conditional pardon, apprenticeship by indenture, and transportation. a. True b. False

Q: a. Objective standard for defense counsel b. Circumstances that increase seriousness of crime c. Deserves a punishment equal to the victim's fate d. The three-drug protocol is constitutional e. Developed in the late 1970s f. Separate hearings for guilt & sentencing g. Execution of the insane h. Circumstances that invite mercy i. Reinstituted death penalty j. Death penalty unconstitutional 1) Ford v. Wainwright 2) Bifurcated 3) Baze v. Rees 4) Retribution 5) Aggravating 6) Strickland v. Washington 7) Gregg v. Georgia 8) Furman v. Georgia 9) Three-drug protocol 10) Mitigating

Q: In Ring v. Arizonathe Supreme Court ruled that ____________must make the factual decisions as to whether a convicted murderer should receive the punishment of death.

Q: Inmates who are on a mandatory release status are able to include their good time credit toward their release. a. True b. False

Q: The case of ________________looked at the way the death penalty was administered through cruel and unusual punishment.

Q: According to the authors, statistics show that most parolees return to prison. a. True b. False

Q: ______ states and federal government facilities currently authorize capital punishment.

Q: All states have some form of prison programs that prepare the offender for release to community supervision. a. True b. False

Q: In Furman v. Georgia (1972), the Supreme Court ruled that the way the death penalty was administered constituted _____________________________.

Q: The ______Amendment protects against cruel and unusual punishment.

Q: Sir Walter Crofton added to the concept of parole by adding a ticket-of-leave system. a. True b. False

Q: Almost all inmates will eventually be released to live in the community a. True b. False

Q: States retaining indeterminate sentencing allow discretionary release by the parole board within the boundaries of the sentence and the law. a. True b. False

Q: Currently within the United States, Challenges to ______________are taking place in just about every state with an active death penalty.

Q: Legal cases continue to raise concerns about the lengthy periods that condemned offenders spend on death row because of ___________.

Q: The case of _________________decided that a court that was seeking a death penalty case must use a bifurcated system of judgment.

Q: Release on parole has had little impact on other parts of the system, such as plea bargaining and sentencing. a. True b. False

Q: ___________, ____________, and ____________are usually cited as the reasons for keeping the death penalty.

Q: Parole boards always welcome public criticism. a. True b. False

Q: The number of felons on parole has decreased since 1980. a. True b. False

Q: Probation release is often tied to shock incarceration. a. True b. False

Q: Most death penalty defendants are _____________and are provided counsel by the state.

Q: List and describe the five basic release mechanisms by which inmates are transitioned out of prison. In your description, be sure to note both their individual strengths and weaknesses. In your opinion, which mechanism is the most effective in reducing recidivism? In contrast, which is the least effective? Be sure to fully explain your responses.

Q: Insanity is a recognized defense for commission of a crime because mens rea is not present.

Q: Discuss the origins and evolution of parole within the United States. Who assisted in the integration of this concept both internationally and within the United States? How has parole changed since its inception in this country in the 19th century? In regard to prison issues (e.g., lack of funding, overcrowding) currently plaguing our country, do you believe we may see parole ultimately change again? Be sure to fully explain your answer.

Q: The case law since Furmanindicates capital punishment is legal as long as it is imposed fairly.

Q: Discuss how releasing authorities (parole boards) are organized within corrections. Is the selection process for who sits on the board fair, and how effective are the persons chosen for this task? What are the requirements of each participant who is selected?

Q: The case of McCleskey v. Kempfocused on racial discrimination to Georgia's death penalty law.

Q: Lethal injection is fast, easy, and painless.

Q: You have been selected as the commissioner for the department of corrections in your state. Your first responsibility is to develop criteria for granting an inmate's release on parole. Describe the criteria and explain why you selected these conditions. What problems may the criteria present? Finally, discuss in detail the steps you would take as commissioner to ensure the ease of an offender's reentry into their community.

Q: Signed into law in 2008, the ________________ Act is a federal law that is designed to ensure the safe and successful return of prisoners through grants to states and communities to support reentry initiatives.

Q: From the philosophy of community corrections has come the _____________ model, a model that focuses on reconnecting the offender with society.

Q: A major criticism of discretionary release is that it has shifted responsibility for primary criminal justice decisions from the _________________ who holds legal procedures in high regard, to a(n) ______________, where discretion rules.

Q: Use of the death penalty will continue to be a major source of debate among legislators, scholars, and correctional officials.

Q: Aggravated and mitigating circumstances are looked at during the sentencing phase of a bifurcated trial.

Q: As of April 2010, 3,205 men and 62 women are currently awaiting execution.

Q: The ______________ parole date refers to the assumed release date stipulated by parole guidelines if the offender serves time without disciplinary incidents.

Q: According to opponents of the death penalty, it is applied in a discriminatory fashion.

Q: An inmate's eligibility for release to community supervision depends on requirements set by ___________ and the sentence imposed by the court.

Q: Based on the assumptions of indeterminate sentences and rehabilitation programs, __________ release is designed to allow the parole board to release inmates to conditional supervision in the community when they are deemed "ready" to live as law abiding citizens.

Q: An offender who presents belated evidence of innocence is entitled to a new hearing in a federal court before execution.

Q: According to opponents of capital punishment, there is no evidence the death penalty deters violent crime.

Q: _______________ release is often tied to shock incarceration, a practice in which first-time offenders are sentenced to a short period in jail (the shock) and then allowed to reenter the community.

Q: If parole is not regularly awarded to eligible prisoners,________ among inmates may suffer, consequently impacting their attitudes and behavior toward staff and other inmates.

Q: The case of __________________ showed that a three-drug lethal injection protocol violates the "cruel and unusual punishment" clause. a. Gideon v. Wainwright b. Gagnon v. Scarpelli c. Gregg v. GA d. Baze v. Rees

Q: Consular officials must be notified when: a. a foreign national is arrested. b. a foreign national is executed. c. a foreign national is deported. d. a foreign national is exiled.

Q: According to the authors,_______________ is when a parolee is still the responsibility of the government

Q: ___________________is the release of an inmate from incarceration without any further correctional supervision.

Q: In which case was it ruled that offenders cannot receive the death sentence if they were under 18 at the time of the crime? a. Ring v. Arizona b. Georgia v. Furman c. McCleskey v. Kemp d. Roper v. Simmons

Q: _______________is when the prisoner could be kept incarcerated but the government extends the privilege of release.

Q: In Atkins v. Virginiathe Supreme Court ruled that: a. executing the mentally retarded is unconstitutional. b. discrimination must be proven in each case. c. the death penalty is unconstitutional. d. bifurcated trials are constitutional.

Q: If a parolee breaks a rule, their parole may be____________ .

Q: Research shows that the death penalty is more likely to be imposed when: a. the offender is white. b. the offender is African American. c. the victim is white. d. the victim is African American.

Q: To ensure thorough deliberation before imposing the death sentence, legislatures enacted: a. an oversight committee. b. a waiting period. c. a sentencing grid. d. a two-stage process.

Q: Only ________________are released on parole.

Q: The latest attempt to impose capital punishment in a way that does not offend modern cultural sensibilities is: a. a moratorium. b. the electric chair. c. lethal injection. d. nothing cruel or unusual.

Q: ________________is when the government enters into an agreement with the prisoner whereby the prisoner promises to abide by conditions in exchange for release.

Q: In other western democracies the death penalty has been: a. streamlined. b. impartial. c. abolished. d. humanitarian.

Q: A key figure in developing parole in the 1800s was _________________________.

Q: Analysts argue that public opinion for the death penalty is:a. impossible to gauge.b. strongly in favor.c. strongly opposed.d. somewhat confusing.

Q: An inmate released from prison to conditional supervision at the discretion of the parole board within the boundaries set by the sentence and the penal law has a/an _____________.

Q: Parole is the conditional release of an offender from incarceration but not from the ____________________.

Q: Since 1976 the number of people facing the death penalty has: a. declined. b. increased. c. stabilized. d. diminished.

Q: Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below. a. Post-custody supervision in the community b. Without any further correctional supervision c. Used with indeterminate sentence d. Furloughs e. Required release f. The prisoner promises to abide by certain conditions in exchange for being released g. Stipulated by parole guidelines based on offenders actions h. Treat a mental abnormality i. The government extends the privilege of release j. Conditional release Grace or privilege

Q: The number of states without the death penalty has _________in recent years: a. decreased. b. remained stable. c. increased. d. stabilized.

Q: Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below. a. Post-custody supervision in the community b. Without any further correctional supervision c. Used with indeterminate sentence d. Furloughs e. Required release f. The prisoner promises to abide by certain conditions in exchange for being released g. Stipulated by parole guidelines based on offenders actions h. Treat a mental abnormality i. The government extends the privilege of release j. Conditional release Contract of consent

Q: Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below. a. Post-custody supervision in the community b. Without any further correctional supervision c. Used with indeterminate sentence d. Furloughs e. Required release f. The prisoner promises to abide by certain conditions in exchange for being released g. Stipulated by parole guidelines based on offenders actions h. Treat a mental abnormality i. The government extends the privilege of release j. Conditional release Civil commitment

Q: After 1935 the number of executions began to: a. decline. b. soar. c. climb. d. stabilize.