Q&A Hero

Q: Community justice attempts to: a. apply strategies uniformly. b. tailor strategies individually. c. apply strategies in concert. d. tailor strategies to the law.

Q: Research has shown that, when compared with traditional criminal justice, restorative justice programs result in greater _________for both victims and offenders. a. fairness b. satisfaction c. frustration d. disappointment

Q: Three forces influence the newly released offender's adjustment to free society. They include the parole board, the parole bureaucracy, and the experiences of the: a. offender. b. victim. c. rehabilitation. d. community.

Q: Environmental crime prevention specialists work to change: a. the places crime tendsto occur. b. the crimes that tend to occur. c. common patrols routes. d. the manner of police dispatch.

Q: Residential centers tend to be __________ the local community.a. unpopular withb. welcome inc. generators of crime ind. financial boons to

Q: Requirements and rules designed to aid readjustment to society and control parolee movement are called: a. conditional requirements. b. technical conditions. c. release conditions. d. conditions of release.

Q: The community policing movement had become enormously successful by the end of the: a. 1970s. b. 1980s. c. 1990s. d. 2000s.

Q: The growth of new and innovative community justice projects has been remarkably: a. slow. b. fast. c. unwelcome. d. measured.

Q: Which of the following is most likely to lead to parole revocation? a. a dirty drug test b. loss of a job c. an arrest for a new crime d. all of these

Q: The number of minority children with fathers in prison or jail is approximately: a. 500,000. b. 1 million. c. 1.5 million. d. 2 million.

Q: Parole is often viewed as a: a. privilege. b. right. c. duty. d. grace.

Q: The word best used to describe the action taken against people who fail on parole is: a. suspended. b. terminated. c. revoked. d. monitored.

Q: When a neighborhood is plagued by arrests, incarceration, joblessness, crime, and poverty, it is an example of a phenomenon known as: a. concentrated space. b. determined space. c. spatial concentration. d. spatial application.

Q: We have spatial concentration in the United States because neighborhoods are: a. poor. b. integrated. c. assimilated. d. segregated.

Q: Parole officers are often portrayed as having absolute __________over their clients.a. controlb. movementc. authorityd. power

Q: The traditional criminal justice system is concerned almost exclusively with: a. winning. b. offenders. c. victims. d. safety.

Q: An emphasis on __________is what matters most in the philosophy of a parole agency.a. controlb. policyc. rehabilitationd. reintegration

Q: Which of the following is an argument against community justice? a. impingement on individual rights b. social inequality c. increasing costs d. all of these

Q: Originally, parole officers worked directly for the: a. commissioner. b. warden. c. governor. d. parole board.

Q: While traditional justice focuses on processing cases, community justice: a. is based in a state or local jurisdiction. b. focuses on solving crime problems. c. seeks to punish offenders. d. none of the above.

Q: The underlying goal of the halfway house is to provide a period of adjustment that allows the offender to become reconnected to the outside world while still being maintained in a structured environment. a. True b. False

Q: Parole officers are usually asked to play two roles: a cop and a judge. a. True b. False

Q: The community justice strategy of __________ seeks to change places where crime occurs. a. restorative justice b. community policing c. environmental crime prevention d. all of these

Q: Most parole revocations occur only when the parolee is arrested on a serious charge or cannot be located by the officer. a. True b. False

Q: For parolees, a "clean start" is usually an easy process once a plan is in place. a. True b. False

Q: By the 1990's, approximately _______percent of law enforcement agencies focused their efforts towards community policing practices. a. 20 b. 45 c. 65 d. 80

Q: __________ seeks to re-establish victim, offender, and community to a level of functioning that existed before the criminal event. a. Community justice b. Restorative function c. Community surveillance d. Restorative justice

Q: Most U.S. states have specific parole guidelines in regard to those who reoffend. a. True b. False

Q: Identifying different areas where crime is most concentrated is known as: a. neighborhood watch. b. crime mapping. c. community policing. d. proactive approach.

Q: Residential programs serve offenders when they are first released from prison. a. True b. False

Q: The effectiveness of parole supervision has been found to be strong in regard to the reduction of recidivism. a. True b. False

Q: _______________are those areas where crime seems constant; community policing attempts to change the dynamic of those areas. a. hot spots b. problems c. locations d. issues

Q: Victimizations rates are higher for: a. the wealthy whites. b. African American suburbanites. c. African Americans and Latinos. d. white urbanites.

Q: Finding employment after release is relatively easy. a. True b. False

Q: Most police departments said they practiced some form of: a. community corrections. b. community maintenance c. community justice. d. community policing.

Q: Parole supervision varies from state to state. a. True b. False

Q: Parole can be revoked for a new crime or a technical violation. a. True b. False

Q: As a philosophy, community justice is based on the pursuit of justice that goes beyond the three traditional tasks which are: a. apprehension b. conviction c. punishment d. all of these.

Q: An innovative neighborhood-based approach for reducing crime and increasing public safety is: a. restorative justice. b. community justice. c. community surveillance. d. broken windows theory.

Q: When people fail on parole, their parole is revoked and they return to prison to continue serving their sentence. a. True b. False

Q: a. Willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good b. Concentration of social problems c. Neighborhoods where arrests and going to prison are common d. gives back to the community through justice e. Based in a state or local jurisdiction f. Offenders must admit what they have done g. Focuses on resolving the problem behind a crime h. Focuses on guilt and fair punishment i. Analysis of why and where crimes tends to concentrate j. Improve and strengthen communities 1) Spatial concentration 2) Community justice 3) Collective efficacy 4) Environmental crime prevention 5) Restorative justice 6) justice reinvestment 7) Adversarial process 8) Problem-solving approach 9) Criminal Justice 10) Social Disorganization

Q: Nearly one-fourth of all parolees will fail in the first six months. a. True b. False

Q: Research has shown that problems of violence stem directly from problems of _________________.

Q: When releases (parolees) come out of prison, their personal and material problems are staggering. a. True b. False

Q: Parole officers have little discretionary power over their clients. a. True b. False

Q: Having a father go to prison contributes to a range of developmental problems, emotional problems and ______________for children.

Q: The typical length of re-confinement for a technical parole violation is consistent among all offenders. a. True b. False

Q: ___________________is the solution sought under the problem-solving philosophy of community justice.

Q: In practice, revocations usually result from a single rule violation. a. True b. False

Q: The conditions of parole only regulate conduct that is viewed in a legal context. a. True b. False

Q: __________________is when certain neighborhoods have very high numbers of arrests and of people going to prison.

Q: In the________ , there is a parole board, an independent decision-making authority, that is organizationally close enough to the correctional department to be sensitive to institutional and correctional needs. a. multifunctional model b. autonomous model c. consolidated model d. independent model

Q: A strategy to redirect funds currently spent on prisons to community public safety projects is ______________________.

Q: Most of the people who cycle through __________, prisons and parole come from a limited number of impoverished communities

Q: Community justice is based on the __________ rather than on the ________________.

Q: Most parole boards cite an inmate's progress in __________ as one criterion for release.a. self-improvement programsb. family visitationsc. solitary confinementd. religious practices

Q: Inmates who are released from any further correctional supervision and cannot be returned to prison for their current offense have been given: a. conditional releases. b. expiration releases. c. mandatory releases. d. tertiary release.

Q: Four factors have influenced the growth of the penal system including age, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status and ___________.

Q: Locations with a substantial concentration of crime are known as ____________.

Q: Because of__________ , many states have devised ways to get around the rigidity of mandatory release. a. prison population growth b. public pressure c. labor shortages d. expenses

Q: __________percent of all males will be incarcerated in their lifetime.

Q: Discretionary release places great faith in the ability of the parole board members to: a. link inmate treatment with the level of custody. b. predict future offender behavior. c. assess readiness for permanent release to community. d. all of these.

Q: An inmate's eligibility for release into community supervision depends on requirements set by the law and: a. sentence status. b. rehabilitation status. c. offense. d. victim status.

Q: A parole board organized inside a department of corrections is an example of a/an __________parole board.a. autonomousb. independentc. consolidatedd. none of these

Q: Citizen advisory boards help identify and prioritize local crime problems.

Q: After an inmate has served time equal to the total sentence minus "good time," if any, he or she will receive: a. conditional release. b. discretionary release. c. mandatory release. d. none of these.

Q: Crime mapping identifies where the problem of crime is most concentrated.

Q: There are four basic types of restorative justice strategiesvictim-offender mediation, community boards, family group conferencing and circle sentencing.

Q: In some states, those serving on a parole board are appointed by the: a. warden. b. governor. c. commissioner. d. ombudsman.

Q: Citizen partnerships between justice agencies and citizen groups improve the legitimacy of justice programs.

Q: ________has been described as a "transient state between liberty and recommitment." a. Incarceration b. Parole c. Probation d. Reentry

Q: Parole is also known as:a. conditional release.b. punitive chance.c. reentry.d. final punishment

Q: Probation release is often tied to ____________, which focuses on first-time offenders when they are sentenced to a short period of incarceration and then reenter the community under supervision.a. shock incarcerationb. rehabilitationc. convalescenced. psychotherapy

Q: Offender community service gives sanctions to offenders and restores victims and their communities.

Q: Citizens and victims are involved in sentencing decisions to increase their confidence in the wisdom of the sanctions.

Q: Community justice approaches always respect individual rights.

Q: From 1920 to 1973, all states and the federal government used sentencing and release procedures involving: a. determinate sentencing. b. mandatory minimums. c. indeterminate sentences. d. mandatory release.

Q: Nowhere in the world, and at no time in history, has there been an equal to the massive United States system of punishment.

Q: The decision to release an inmate is made in the context of: a. analytical clarity. b. political fairness. c. public support. d. competing goals.

Q: The community justice approach combines crime control and rehabilitation.