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Q:
Older adults have slower vasoconstrictor response. This means
a. they feel hot all the time.
b. they sweat more than younger adults.
c. it takes longer for them to raise their internal body temperature, or warm up.
d. they are especially sensitive to cold and feel cold all the time.
Q:
What neuronal structure receives incoming information from neurotransmitters?
a. terminal branches
b. nucleus
c. organelles
d. dendrites
Q:
Annual prostate screenings are recommended for men beginning at age a. 25.b. 45.c. 50.d. 65.
Q:
Which of the following is not a reproductive change in men?
a. rapid decrease in the number of sperm
b. longer time needed to reach orgasm
c. relatively constant levels of testosterone
d. little change in sexual interest
Q:
The Women's Health Initiative and the Million Women Study both concluded that women who used MHT displayed an increased risk for
a. dementia.
b. cervical cancer.
c. osteoporosis.
d. breast cancer.
Q:
One approach to alleviating the estrogen-related symptoms women experience in later life is to use menopausal hormone therapy (MHT). This involves
a. taking high doses of testosterone.
b. taking low doses of estrogen, sometimes combined with progestin.
c. a strict nutrition and exercise regimen.
d. surgery.
Q:
Which of the following is not a reproductive change in women?
a. significant decreases in hormonal levels
b. significant decrease in sexual desire
c. shrinking and thinning of the vaginal walls
d. longer time needed to reach orgasm
Q:
For women, the transition from reproductive years to nonreproductive years is called
a. the climacteric.
b. menopause.
c. hysterectomy.
d. the cessation of menstruation.
Q:
The term menopause refers specifically to
a. the period of transition from fertility to sterility.
b. the end of ovulation.
c. an increase in estrogen production.
d. the cessation of menstruation.
Q:
Which of the following is the most serious form of chronic obstructive lung disease?
a. asthma
b. bronchitis
c. emphysema
d. pneumonia
Q:
_______is a common and incapacitating respiratory disorder in older adults.
a. Myocardial infarction
b. Atherosclerosis
c. CVA
d. COPD
Q:
Two common problems following CVA are aphasia and
a. hemiplegia.
b. shortening of telomeres.
c. increased atherosclerosis.
d. dramatic decrease in blood pressure.
Q:
It is estimated that every 40 seconds in the United States, someone has
a. a myocardial infarction.
b. congestive heart failure.
c. a cerebrovascular accident or stroke.
d. angina pectoris.
Q:
_______occurs when blood supply to the heart is severely restricted or cut off.
a. Myocardial infarction
b. Cerebrovascular accident
c. Atherosclerosis
d. Angina pectoris
Q:
Which of the following cardiovascular diseases results in pain that is relieved by rest in 5 to 10 minutes and can be treated with nitroglycerine?
a. myocardial infarction
b. angina pectoris
c. ischemia
d. cardiac arrhythmia
Q:
The most common heart disease in adults over age 65 that results in hospitalization is
a. cardiac arrhythmias.
b. arteriosclerosis.
c. myocardial infarction.
d. congestive heart failure.
Q:
Which is true about cardiovascular disease?
a. The incidences of cardiovascular disease decrease dramatically with age.
b. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in all ethnic groups in the United States.
c. The rates of cardiovascular disease are higher for women until age 75.
d. Testosterone helps protect men from cardiovascular disease.
Q:
One consequence of aging in the cardiovascular system is
a. greater elasticity and flexibility of the arteries.
b. a decrease in overall blood pressure.
c. a reduction in the heart's pumping capacity.
d. decreased calcification of arterial walls.
Q:
Two common age-related changes in the heart involve
a. the accumulation of fat deposits and stiffening of the heart tissue.
b. an increase in left ventricle size and a change in right ventricle shape.
c. an increase in systolic blood pressure and a decrease in diastolic blood pressure.
d. an increase in ventricular artery connections and a decrease in overall blood pressure.
Q:
Contrary to what was previously thought,_________ can regenerate, even in late life, under the right circumstances.
Q:
The scaffolding networks used by older adults are_______than the honed, focal ones they used as young adults.
Q:
Older adults compensate for brain changes by________of the brain than young adults when performing the same tasks.
Q:
Even though aging is associated with an overall decrease in the number of new neurons, this differs across
______________.
Q:
There is a decrease in the processing of negative emotional information and an increase in the processing of positive emotional information that occurs with_________.
Q:
Aside from dopamine, serotonin and acetylcholine are two other important__________related to cognitive aging.
Q:
The method called DTI results in an index of the structural health of______.
Q:
The_________is the outermost part of the brain. It consists of two hemispheres (the right and the left), which are connected by the corpus callosum.
Q:
The study of the structure of the brain is called_______.
Q:
Neurotransmitters are chemicals that cross the spaces between neurons. These spaces are called
_____________.
Q:
The________approach allows for real-time investigation of changes in brain function as they affect cognitive performance in older adults.
Q:
The neurocorrelational approach attempts to link measures of_________performance to measures of brain
or functioning.
Q:
The approach compares the brain functioning of healthy older adults with adults displaying various pathological brain disorders.
Q:
Bone fractures, tumors, and other conditions that can cause structural damage in the brain are typically detected by the use of _______________.
Q:
Researchers now acknowledge that cognitive, social, and emotional change in older adulthood is influenced by changes in the brain at both the________ and_______ levels.
Q:
What have you learned in this chapter about the ways in which brain deterioration can be slowed or even reversed?
Q:
What type of nutrition has been associated with better cognitive functioning and greater brain volume? What type of nutrition has been connected to poorer cognitive outcomes?
Q:
Can exercise actually improve one's cognitive skills? Cite examples from research to support.
Q:
Describe plasticity. Are compensatory changes in the elderly an example of plasticity? Does research using neural stem cells support the idea of plasticity?
Q:
What is the default network of the brain and how is it related to poorer performance of cognitive tasks in older adults?
Q:
Discuss the key structural features of a neuron. What is the role of neurotransmitters?
Q:
What is the neurocorrelational approach? How does it differ from the neuropsychological approach? Explain.
Q:
Discuss the differences between MRI and fMRI.
Q:
What are structural imaging techniques best at identifying?
Q:
Why do we say neuroimaging must be used "carefully and ethically"?
Q:
Given what you have learned about the relationship between nutrition and cognitive functioning over time, what is one piece of advice you could give others?
a. The research on the relationship between nutrition and cognitive functioning is unclear.
b. Maintaining good levels of certain nutrients in blood plasma can reduce structural changes in the brain and cognitive declines.
c. The nutrients important for women's cognitive functioning are different from those required by men.
d. After age 75, nutrition is not an important factor in cognitive functioning.
Q:
Which of the following biomarker patterns was associated with less favorable cognitive functioning and less total cerebral brain volume?
a. high blood plasma levels of B, C, D, and E
b. high blood plasma levels of omega-3 fatty acids
c. the biomarker pattern high in trans fat
d. the biomarker pattern high in EPA
Q:
Bowman and colleagues (2012) identified three different_________associated with cognitive functioning and brain volume.
a. biomarker patterns
b. genes
c. personality types
d. types of exercise
Q:
Erikson and colleagues (2009) were interested in whether aerobic exercise had any effect on the volume of the hippocampus, a key brain structure related to memory. To assess this, they had older adults
a. play basketball.
b. take yoga classes.
c. swim laps each day.
d. exercise on a motorized treadmill.
Q:
Research clearly shows that brain plasticity is enhanced as a result of
a. online "brain-training" exercises.
b. aerobic exercise.
c. having parents with high IQs.
d. lack of pollution in one's environment.
Q:
The National Human Neural Stem Cell Resource supplies researchers with neural stem cells that are obtained from
a. umbilical cords.
b. postnatal, postmortem human brains.
c. mice.
d. living humans.
Q:
Contrary to a previously held popular belief,_______persist in the adult brain and can regenerate throughout the life span.
a. synapses
b. neurons
c. white matter
d. neural stem cells
Q:
Behavioral perspective research has suggested that basic cognitive processes affected by aging can be improved through_______ and______ to multiple levels of functioning as long as the basic functions are shared across tasks.
a. practice; repetition
b. writing; reading
c. plasticity; training
d. training; transfer
Q:
Which of the following terms provides a way to understand compensatory changes in both observable behavior and in the less observed (or more difficult to observe) reorganization of neural circuitry?
a. neuroimaging
b. gerontology
c. positivity
d. plasticity
Q:
__________is a multifaceted concept that involves the changes in structure and function of the brain over time as the result of the interaction of the brain with the environment.
a. Plasticity
b. Neurality
c. Neuroscience
d. Neurofibrillation
Q:
The emotional processing areas of the brain are________over time, whereas higher-order executive cognitive processes seem to __________.
a. preserved; decline
b. conserved; increase
c. preserved; increase
d. conserved; decline
Q:
Which part of the brain is preserved from aging?
a. amygdala
b. occipital
c. parietal
d. prefrontal
Q:
Park and Reuter-Lorenz argue that the integrative approach provided by the STAC model embraces a "lifelong potential for plasticity and the ability to_______age-related changes."
a. resist
b. adapt to
c. ignore
d. modify
Q:
Compensation is the brain's response to_________.
a. disease
b. deterioration
c. inactivity
d. injury
Q:
The scaffolding theory of cognitive aging (STAC) model suggests that the reason older adults continue to perform at________levels despite neuronal deterioration is because of compensatory scaffolding.
a. low
b. high
c. superior
d. unpredictable
Q:
STAC stands for
a. Social Tact and Cognition
b. Specialized Telemeres and Cognitive Functioning
c. Scaffolding Theory of Cognitive Aging
d. Social-Congitive Theory of Adult Competence
Q:
The default network of the brain refers to the regions of the brain that are most_______when an individual is at rest and not involved in a cognitive task.
a. intense
b. inactive
c. active
d. observed
Q:
Evidence has shown that the_______ in frontal activity in older adults may be a response to the________ efficiency of neural processing related to the perceptual areas of the brain.
a. increase; increased
b. decrease; increased
c. function; increased
d. increase; decreased
Q:
Research findings have shown an association between bilateral activation in older adults and_____performance in a number of tasks, including_______memory tasks.
a. higher; long-term
b. lower; working
c. higher; working
d. lower; short-term
Q:
Bilateral activation in older adults may serve a functional and supportive role in their_______functioning.
a. conscious
b. unconscious
c. cognitive
d. physical
Q:
Activation of both left and right prefrontal areas of the brain is called______activation.
a. bilateral
b. unilateral
c. hyperintensive
d. atrophic
Q:
One of the most significant findings in the neuroscience literature is the observed______of neural activation patterns in older adults' brain activity when compared with the brain functioning of younger adults.a. continuityb. lateralizationc. bilateralizationd. interruption
Q:
The CRUNCH model suggests that there are two main mechanisms the older brain uses to perform tasks:
a. increased synapses and neurotransmitters.
b. memory aids such as mnemonic devices and brain training exercises.
c. brain training and recruiting friends to help with cognitive tasks.
d. more of the same and supplementary processes.
Q:
The HAROLD model indicates that older brains recruit additional neural units to increase attentional resources, processing speed, or
a. inhibitory control.
b. long-term memory capacity.
c. facial recognition.
d. intelligence.
Q:
Which of the following is not one of the models discussed in your textbook that seeks to explain how the brain reorganizes and compensates for age-related changes?
a. P-FIT
b. HAROLD
c. CRUNCH
d. STAC
Q:
It is now widely accepted that bilateral activation in the aging brain is
a. evidence of compensation for deterioration in certain brain regions.
b. the result of chronic illnesses in the individual.
c. evidence that older brains are inefficient.
d. no different than what is observed in younger brains.
Q:
Reduced frontal recruitment in the aging brain is________dependent.
a. recall
b. context
c. recognition
d. thought
Q:
Reduced brain activation or_______of the prefrontal cortex occurs in the elderly during intentional cognitive processing.
a. over-recruitment
b. decline-recruitment
c. low-recruitment
d. under-recruitment
Q:
The P-FIT theory created by Jung and Haier (2007) was based upon
a. a cross-sectional study of 120 Alzheimer's patients.
b. a meta-analysis of 37 research studies.
c. Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
d. a longitudinal study of 500 individuals with dementia.
Q:
P-FIT stands for
a. Passive-Frontal Lobe Integration Theory.
b. Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory.
c. Parieto-Fractional Imperative Test.
d. Partial-Frontal Interest Theory.
Q:
Which region of the brain is implicated in emotional processing?
a. cerebellum
b. sensorimotor area
c. hippocampus
d. ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Q:
Structural brain changes have been linked to executive function. For example, age-related declines in______may affect white matter structures, which underlie all the areas important to executive functioning.a. serotoninb. the functioning of blood vesselsc. cognitive abilitiesd. unilateralization
Q:
Which of the following are older adults more motivated to maintain?
a. social memories
b. positive affect
c. unconscious memories
d. white matter
Q:
Older adults sometimes show reduced activation of appropriate prefrontal regions. At other times, they show the same or greater recruitment of these areas, when compared with younger adults, depending on the task they are doing. This indicates that prefrontal recruitment is
a. unpredictable.
b. impossible to measure.
c. predictable in younger adults but unpredictable in older adults.
d. context dependent.
Q:
To explore brain-related factors that might explain age differences in cognitive functioning, a researcher may use a(n) ___________to examine how changes in brain activity occur in correspondence with changes in task demands.
a. EEG
b. MRI
c. fMRI
d. eMRI
Q:
Abnormal processing of which neurotransmitter has been implicated in cognitive decline in normal aging, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia?
a. serotonin
b. dopamine
c. acetylcholine
d. cerebraltonin