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Q:
According to the authors, some people believe that_________ factors result in large numbers of Hispanics and African Americans being processed in the criminal justice system.
Q:
_________is assumed to be a biological concept that divides humankind into categories related to skin color and other physical features.
Q:
_________is a difference between groups that can be explained by legitimate factors.
Q:
The_________ is the belief that white fear of African Americans is least when whites are the majority.
Q:
_________are seven times more likely than whites to have been incarcerated at some time in a state or federal prison.
Q:
President Barack Obama signed the Fair Sentencing Act of_________ , eliminating mandatory minimum sentences for crack and powder cocaine use by offenders.
Q:
Some people claim that eliminating racism from the criminal justice system is not likely to occur, because the system is embedded in a larger racist ________.
Q:
Racial disparities become racial_________ if people who are otherwise similar in their criminality are treated differently by the criminal justice system.
Q:
_________distinguishes people according to language, religion, and group traditions.
Q:
An investigation of behavior (such as criminal activity) based on a subject's responses is a(n)_________ .
Q:
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Individuals are asked to report on their own criminal behavior
b. Inequality of treatment
c. A difference explained by legitimate factors
d. Complex concept with changing definitions
e. Cultural characteristics
f. White fear of blacks will be greatest in areas where the proportion of blacks approaches that of whites
g. Punished 100 times more severely than powdered
h.ommitted a crime in their lifetime
Racial threat hypothesis
Q:
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Individuals are asked to report on their own criminal behavior
b. Inequality of treatment
c. A difference explained by legitimate factors
d. Complex concept with changing definitions
e. Cultural characteristics
f. White fear of blacks will be greatest in areas where the proportion of blacks approaches that of whites
g. Punished 100 times more severely than powdered
h.ommitted a crime in their lifetime
Disenfranchisement
Q:
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Individuals are asked to report on their own criminal behavior
b. Inequality of treatment
c. A difference explained by legitimate factors
d. Complex concept with changing definitions
e. Cultural characteristics
f. White fear of blacks will be greatest in areas where the proportion of blacks approaches that of whites
g. Punished 100 times more severely than powdered
h.ommitted a crime in their lifetime
Crack cocaine
Q:
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Individuals are asked to report on their own criminal behavior
b. Inequality of treatment
c. A difference explained by legitimate factors
d. Complex concept with changing definitions
e. Cultural characteristics
f. White fear of blacks will be greatest in areas where the proportion of blacks approaches that of whites
g. Punished 100 times more severely than powdered
h.ommitted a crime in their lifetime
State presence
Q:
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Individuals are asked to report on their own criminal behavior
b. Inequality of treatment
c. A difference explained by legitimate factors
d. Complex concept with changing definitions
e. Cultural characteristics
f. White fear of blacks will be greatest in areas where the proportion of blacks approaches that of whites
g. Punished 100 times more severely than powdered
h.ommitted a crime in their lifetime
Nearly everyone
Q:
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Individuals are asked to report on their own criminal behavior
b. Inequality of treatment
c. A difference explained by legitimate factors
d. Complex concept with changing definitions
e. Cultural characteristics
f. White fear of blacks will be greatest in areas where the proportion of blacks approaches that of whites
g. Punished 100 times more severely than powdered
h.ommitted a crime in their lifetime
Disparity
Q:
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Individuals are asked to report on their own criminal behavior
b. Inequality of treatment
c. A difference explained by legitimate factors
d. Complex concept with changing definitions
e. Cultural characteristics
f. White fear of blacks will be greatest in areas where the proportion of blacks approaches that of whites
g. Punished 100 times more severely than powdered
h.ommitted a crime in their lifetime
Discrimination
Q:
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Individuals are asked to report on their own criminal behavior
b. Inequality of treatment
c. A difference explained by legitimate factors
d. Complex concept with changing definitions
e. Cultural characteristics
f. White fear of blacks will be greatest in areas where the proportion of blacks approaches that of whites
g. Punished 100 times more severely than powdered
h.ommitted a crime in their lifetime
Self-report studies
Q:
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Individuals are asked to report on their own criminal behavior
b. Inequality of treatment
c. A difference explained by legitimate factors
d. Complex concept with changing definitions
e. Cultural characteristics
f. White fear of blacks will be greatest in areas where the proportion of blacks approaches that of whites
g. Punished 100 times more severely than powdered
h.ommitted a crime in their lifetime
Ethnicity
Q:
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Individuals are asked to report on their own criminal behavior
b. Inequality of treatment
c. A difference explained by legitimate factors
d. Complex concept with changing definitions
e. Cultural characteristics
f. White fear of blacks will be greatest in areas where the proportion of blacks approaches that of whites
g. Punished 100 times more severely than powdered
h.ommitted a crime in their lifetime
Race
Q:
African Americans are now _________________ times more likely to than whites to be incarecated at some time in their life in a state or federal prison.
a. 2
b. 5
c. 3
d. 7
Q:
The unequal treatment of one group by the criminal justice system, compared with the treatment afforded other groups, is referred to as______________.
a. bias
b. disparity
c. exploitation
d. discrimination
Q:
Young people who live in poverty and disadvantage may develop what has been called "____________," which includes a greater willingness to commit violence.
a. puttin" work
b. street cred
c. jivin"
d. code of the street
Q:
Racial disparities become racial ___________ if people who are otherwise similar in their criminality are treated differently by the criminal justice system because of their race.
a. discrimination
b. bias
c. exploitation
d. favoritism
Q:
Some people believe that_________ factors result in large numbers of Hispanics and African Americans being processed by the criminal justice system.a. biologicalb. physiologicalc. sociobiologicald. sociological
Q:
Self-report studies show that _________have committed a crime.a. very few peopleb. most peoplec. more white peopled. fewer people of color
Q:
Whites tend to admit to more_________ crimes than African Americans or Hispanics when completing a self-report survey.a. theftb. drugc. burglaryd. alcohol
Q:
Patterns of disproportionate representation in the criminal justice system:
a. start with juveniles.
b. are a rural phenomenon.
c. have always existed.
d. are a relatively new occurrence,
Q:
One in three African American men are:
a. on parole.
b. on probation.
c. in college.
d. under correctional supervision.
Q:
Referrals to juvenile court for African American males occur more than_________ the rate for whites.a. twiceb. five timesc. tripled. half
Q:
African Americans make up 40 percent of the prison population but _________of all U.S. residents.a. 5 percentb. 13 percentc. 25 percentd. 32 percent
Q:
No one can dispute the_________ impact of the prison system's growth on young men of color.a. underwhelmingb. insignificantc. disparated. equitable
Q:
Prison surpassed college as a place for young African American men after:
a. 1950.
b. 1960.
c. 1970.
d. 1980
Q:
The high percentage of young African American men behind bars results in:
a. their lack of earning a wage.
b. their not being able to parent children.
c. their not being able to support their partners.
d. all of these.
Q:
Recent sociological studies have demonstrated that:
a. employers are hesitant to hire young men who have been in prison.
b. employers are more likely to do a background check on young African American men.
c. young African American men are barred from many forms of employment.
d. employers are both hesitant to hire young men who have been in prison and are more likely to do a background check on young African American men.
Q:
The problem of disproportionality is_________ if the problem is not racist people but disadvantageous rules and practices.a. more complicatedb. less complicatedc. easy to fixd. simple
Q:
Criminal justice officials make a variety of decisions that disadvantage minority males. These include:
a. where police patrol.
b. the cost of bail.
c. the ability to hire a private attorney.
d. all of these.
Q:
Which of the following contribute to high rates of incarceration of African Americans?
a. drug sentences
b. poverty
c. unemployment
d. all of these
Q:
A consequence of the view of differential criminality would be that:
a. race would not be a factor in the criminal justice system.
b. the view is vulnerable to charges of racism.
c. it can inform preventative detention policies.
d. the view is vulnerable to charges of racism and it would mean the creation of a "criminal class" of people who are dangerous.
Q:
The victim's perception of the race of the offender:
a. is usually accurate.
b. differs from the race of those arrested.
c. has influence over sentencing.
d. is neither here nor there.
Q:
_________adults have committed a serious offense in their lifetime.a. Fewb. Mostc. About half ofd. All
Q:
The gap between unemployment rates for African American men and every other group in society grows when:
a. prisons do not allow inmates to work.
b. men who are behind bars are released.
c. men who are behind bars are included in the unemployment rate.
d. prisoners are not included in the unemployment rate.
Q:
Many observers believe that the relationship between racism and the criminal justice system is:
a. reciprocal.
b. one-sided.
c. unrecognizable
d. invisible.
Q:
The argument that African Americans are more criminal than whites by nature:
a. is a fact.
b. is not sustained by the evidence.
c. is sustained by evidence in the court system.
d. shows that racism is well hidden in the criminal justice system.
Q:
When groups are treated differently without regard to their behavior or qualifications, _______ occurs.
a. racism
b. homogeneity
c. ethnic cleansing
d. discrimination
Q:
In terms of culture, the United States is a:
a. homogenous society.
b. melting pot.
c. disassimilated culture.
d. mosaic.
Q:
The fact that African Americans and Latinos are subjected to the criminal justice system at considerably higher rates than other ethnic and racial groups is:
a. indisputable.
b. arguable.
c. not borne out by research.
d. a myth.
Q:
Which president signed the Fair Sentencing Act eliminating the mandatory minimum sentence for simple possession of crack and powder cocaine?
a. President Obama
b. President Bush
c. President Reagan
d. President Clinton
Q:
Those with a felony conviction are not allowed to vote. This is referred to as:
a. criminal disability.
b. civil death.
c. pervasive disability.
d. disenfranchisement.
Q:
As long as some groups in the United States are unfairly excluded from society's opportunities, they will have less motivation to obey its laws.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Western states tend to have the highest incarceration rates of African Americans in the United States.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Disparity of income by racial groups is no longer a basic characteristic of U.S. society.
a. True
b. False
Q:
One of the most disturbing aspects of contemporary U.S. society is the increasing proportion of children who live in poverty.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Discrimination occurs when groups are differentially treated without regard to their behavior or qualifications.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Hispanics and whites are subjected to the criminal justice system at much higher rates than blacks.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Race is a sociological concept used to distinguish people by their cultural characteristics.
a. True
b. False
Q:
African Americans make up roughly 13 percent of the entire U.S. population, but make almost 40 percent of the U.S. prison population.
a. True
b. False
Q:
According to the authors, race is very controversial to the extent that it has been recognized as having both political and biological implications.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Ethnicity relates to a person's language, religion, and group traditions.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Drug crimes are the only place we see discriminatory incarceration rates.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The argument that African Americans are more criminal than whites by nature is not sustained by the evidence.
a. True
b. False
Q:
There have always been more African American men in prison than in college.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Examination of self-report studies of criminality has often revealed that African American and white youths admit to similar participation levels in criminal and deviant activity.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Many observers believe the relationship between racism and the criminal justice system is reciprocal.
a. True
b. False
Q:
African American youths are more likely to be arrested for all crimes than any other race.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Sentencing for drug crimes contributes to the high incarceration rate of African Americans.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Most Americans associate race with crime.
a. True
b. False
Q:
a. Build our way out of overcrowding
b. Strains staff morale
c. Cheaper than prison
d. Let prisons become more and more crowded
e. Incarceration rate above historical norms
f. African Americans/Hispanics
g. Higher prison populations as a whole
h. Average U.S. incarceration rate from 2000 to 2007
i. Higher rate of imprisonment of specific groups
j.Raw material of corrections
490 per 100,000
Q:
a. Build our way out of overcrowding
b. Strains staff morale
c. Cheaper than prison
d. Let prisons become more and more crowded
e. Incarceration rate above historical norms
f. African Americans/Hispanics
g. Higher prison populations as a whole
h. Average U.S. incarceration rate from 2000 to 2007
i. Higher rate of imprisonment of specific groups
j.Raw material of corrections
Feature of mass imprisonment
Q:
a. Build our way out of overcrowding
b. Strains staff morale
c. Cheaper than prison
d. Let prisons become more and more crowded
e. Incarceration rate above historical norms
f. African Americans/Hispanics
g. Higher prison populations as a whole
h. Average U.S. incarceration rate from 2000 to 2007
i. Higher rate of imprisonment of specific groups
j.Raw material of corrections
Offenders
Q:
a. Build our way out of overcrowding
b. Strains staff morale
c. Cheaper than prison
d. Let prisons become more and more crowded
e. Incarceration rate above historical norms
f. African Americans/Hispanics
g. Higher prison populations as a whole
h. Average U.S. incarceration rate from 2000 to 2007
i. Higher rate of imprisonment of specific groups
j.Raw material of corrections
Overcrowding
Q:
a. Build our way out of overcrowding
b. Strains staff morale
c. Cheaper than prison
d. Let prisons become more and more crowded
e. Incarceration rate above historical norms
f. African Americans/Hispanics
g. Higher prison populations as a whole
h. Average U.S. incarceration rate from 2000 to 2007
i. Higher rate of imprisonment of specific groups
j.Raw material of corrections
Feature of mass imprisonment
Q:
a. Build our way out of overcrowding
b. Strains staff morale
c. Cheaper than prison
d. Let prisons become more and more crowded
e. Incarceration rate above historical norms
f. African Americans/Hispanics
g. Higher prison populations as a whole
h. Average U.S. incarceration rate from 2000 to 2007
i. Higher rate of imprisonment of specific groups
j.Raw material of corrections
Intermediate sanctions
Q:
a. Build our way out of overcrowding
b. Strains staff morale
c. Cheaper than prison
d. Let prisons become more and more crowded
e. Incarceration rate above historical norms
f. African Americans/Hispanics
g. Higher prison populations as a whole
h. Average U.S. incarceration rate from 2000 to 2007
i. Higher rate of imprisonment of specific groups
j.Raw material of corrections
Construction strategy
Q:
a. Build our way out of overcrowding
b. Strains staff morale
c. Cheaper than prison
d. Let prisons become more and more crowded
e. Incarceration rate above historical norms
f. African Americans/Hispanics
g. Higher prison populations as a whole
h. Average U.S. incarceration rate from 2000 to 2007
i. Higher rate of imprisonment of specific groups
j.Raw material of corrections
Null strategy
Q:
Which U.S. president declared an official "war on drugs"?
a. Jimmy Carter
b. George Bush Sr.
c. Ronald Reagan
d. Bill Clinton
Q:
The ___________ strategy for dealing with prison overcrowding advocates building new facilities.
a. null
b. get tough
c. jail house
d. construction
Q:
Legislatures typically estimate that new prison construction costs roughly __________ per cell.
a. $10,000
b. $50,000
c. $30,000
d. $75,000
Q:
Which of the following is NOT one of the four primary strategies for dealing with overcrowded prisons?
a. get tough
b. intermediate sanctions
c. null
d. construction
Q:
Supporters of incarceration believe that current policies have ____________ in lowering the crime rate.
a. failed
b. succeeded
c. slightly helped
d. had little impact