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Q:
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good
b. Concentration of social problems
c. Neighborhoods where arrests and going to prison are common
d. Gives back to the community through justice
e. Based in a state or local jurisdiction
f. Offenders must admit what they have done
g. Focuses on resolving the problem behind a crime
h. Focuses on guilt and fair punishment
i.Analysis of why and where crimes tend to concentrate
j.Improve and strengthen communities
justice reinvestment
Q:
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good
b. Concentration of social problems
c. Neighborhoods where arrests and going to prison are common
d. Gives back to the community through justice
e. Based in a state or local jurisdiction
f. Offenders must admit what they have done
g. Focuses on resolving the problem behind a crime
h. Focuses on guilt and fair punishment
i.Analysis of why and where crimes tend to concentrate
j.Improve and strengthen communities
Restorative justice
Q:
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good
b. Concentration of social problems
c. Neighborhoods where arrests and going to prison are common
d. Gives back to the community through justice
e. Based in a state or local jurisdiction
f. Offenders must admit what they have done
g. Focuses on resolving the problem behind a crime
h. Focuses on guilt and fair punishment
i.Analysis of why and where crimes tend to concentrate
j.Improve and strengthen communities
Environmental crime prevention
Q:
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good
b. Concentration of social problems
c. Neighborhoods where arrests and going to prison are common
d. Gives back to the community through justice
e. Based in a state or local jurisdiction
f. Offenders must admit what they have done
g. Focuses on resolving the problem behind a crime
h. Focuses on guilt and fair punishment
i.Analysis of why and where crimes tend to concentrate
j.Improve and strengthen communities
Collective efficacy
Q:
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good
b. Concentration of social problems
c. Neighborhoods where arrests and going to prison are common
d. Gives back to the community through justice
e. Based in a state or local jurisdiction
f. Offenders must admit what they have done
g. Focuses on resolving the problem behind a crime
h. Focuses on guilt and fair punishment
i.Analysis of why and where crimes tend to concentrate
j.Improve and strengthen communities
Community justice
Q:
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good
b. Concentration of social problems
c. Neighborhoods where arrests and going to prison are common
d. Gives back to the community through justice
e. Based in a state or local jurisdiction
f. Offenders must admit what they have done
g. Focuses on resolving the problem behind a crime
h. Focuses on guilt and fair punishment
i.Analysis of why and where crimes tend to concentrate
j.Improve and strengthen communities
Spatial concentration
Q:
The popularity of community justice derives in part from deep dissatisfaction with contemporary justice _________.
Q:
____________________ justice attempts to develop standardized approaches to crime problems that can be applied uniformly across the entire legal jurisdiction.
Q:
The __________________ approach to sanctioning offenders seeks to restore the victim, the offender, and the community to a level of functioning that existed prior to the criminal event.
Q:
The ________________ approach begins with an analysis of why crime tends to concentrate in certain locations and certain times.
Q:
The ______________ policing approach to law enforcement employs problem-solving strategies to identify ways to prevent crime by getting to root causes of instead of relying on arrests.
Q:
The phrase ______________ refers to the type of life communities need to reduce crime.
Q:
The strategy of the _____________ approach combines three contemporary justice innovations: community policing, environmental crime, and restorative justice.
Q:
Research has shown that problems of violence stem directly from problems of __________ .
Q:
Having a father go to prison contributes to a range of developmental problems, emotional problems, and __________in children.
Q:
__________is the solution sought under the problem-solving philosophy of community justice.
Q:
__________is when certain neighborhoods have very high numbers of arrests and of people going to prison.
Q:
A strategy to redirect funds currently spent on prisons to community public safety projects is__________ .
Q:
Most of the people who cycle through__________ , prisons, and parole come from a limited number of impoverished communities
Q:
Community justice is based on the rather than on the __________.
Q:
Four factors have influenced the growth of the penal system including age, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and__________ .
Q:
Locations with a substantial concentration of crime are known as__________ .
Q:
Inequality breeds_______________.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT one of the three key areas of concern raised about community justice models?
a. individual rights
b. social inequality
c. increased costs
d. political support
Q:
A "problem-solving" approach to addressing community issues is considered to be a(n) ____________ strategy.
a. proactive
b. adversarial
c. reactive
d. confrontational
Q:
Our criminal justice system is designed as a(n) _____________ attack on crime, implemented by identifying criminals, then removing them from the community on conviction. a. reactive
b. adversarial
c. premeditated
d. confrontational
Q:
Ever since the landmark works of ________ and _________, criminologists have realized that crimes tend to concentrate in certain areas.
a. Cullen and Spohn
b. Sutherland and Cressey
c. Copes and Klenowski
d. Shaw and McKay
Q:
Traditional criminal justice employs__________ strategies.a. judicialb. adversarialc. reparatived. individualized
Q:
__________is mutual trust among neighbors combined with a willingness to intervene for the common good.a. Collective efficacyb. Community policingc. Proactive policingd. Spatial concentration
Q:
Traditional criminal justice is:
a. proactive.
b. reactive.
c. inactive.
d. active.
Q:
The idea of community justice is very:
a. out of favor.
b. marginalized.
c. dangerous.
d. popular.
Q:
People in poor communities tend to tell researchers that they want: a. bad guys off their streets.
b. bad guys sent to prison.
c. people not to go to prison.
d. to move out of their neighborhoods.
Q:
Community justice attempts to:
a. apply strategies uniformly.
b. tailor strategies individually.
c. apply strategies based on funding.
d. tailor strategies to the law.
Q:
Research has shown that, when compared with traditional criminal justice, restorative justice programs result in greater__________ for both victims and offenders.a. fairnessb. satisfactionc. frustrationd. disappointment
Q:
Environmental crime prevention specialists work to change:
a. the places crime tends to occur.
b. the crimes that tend to occur.
c. common patrols routes.
d. the manner of police dispatch.
Q:
The community policing movement had become enormously successful by the end of the:
a. 1970s.
b. 1980s.
c. 1990s.
d. 2000s.
Q:
The growth of new and innovative community justice projects has been remarkably:
a. slow.
b. fast.
c. unwelcome.
d. measured.
Q:
The number of minority children with fathers in prison or jail is approximately:
a. 500,000.
b. 1 million.
c. 1.5 million.
d. 2 million.
Q:
When a neighborhood is plagued by arrests, incarceration, joblessness, crime, and poverty, it is an example of a phenomenon known as:
a. concentrated space.
b. determined space.
c. spatial concentration.
d. spatial application.
Q:
We have spatial concentration in the United States because neighborhoods are:
a. poor.
b. integrated.
c. assimilated.
d. segregated.
Q:
The traditional criminal justice system is concerned almost exclusively with:
a. winning.
b. offenders.
c. victims.
d. safety.
Q:
Which of the following is an argument against community justice?
a. impingement on individual rights
b. social inequality
c. increasing costs
d. all of these
Q:
While traditional justice focuses on processing cases, community justice:
a. is based in a state or local jurisdiction.
b. focuses on solving crime problems.
c. seeks to punish offenders.
d. does none of the above.
Q:
The community justice strategy of__________ seeks to change the places where crime occurs.a. restorative justiceb. community policingc. environmental crime preventiond. all of these
Q:
By the 1990s, approximately _________percent of law enforcement agencies focused their efforts toward community policing practices.a. 20b. 45c. 65d. 80
Q:
_________seeks to re-establish victim, offender, and community to a level of functioning that existed before the criminal event.a. Community justiceb. Restorative functionc. Community surveillanced. Restorative justice
Q:
Identifying different areas where crime is most concentrated is known as:
a. neighborhood watch.
b. crime mapping.
c. community policing.
d. proactive approach.
Q:
_________are those areas where crime seems constant; community policing attempts to change the dynamic of those areas.a. Hot spotsb. Problem areasc. Locationsd. Issues
Q:
Victimization rates are higher for:
a. wealthy whites.
b. African American suburbanites.
c. African Americans and Latinos.
d. white urbanites.
Q:
Most police departments said they practiced some form of:
a. community corrections.
b. community maintenance.
c. community justice.
d. community policing.
Q:
As a philosophy, community justice is based on the pursuit of justice that goes beyond the three traditional tasks, which are:
a. apprehension.
b. conviction.
c. punishment.
d. all of these.
Q:
An innovative neighborhood-based approach to reducing crime and increasing public safety is:
a. restorative justice.
b. community justice.
c. community surveillance.
d. broken windows theory.
Q:
The proactive approach to restorative justice is based on the assumption that preventing crime is the most efficient aim of justice.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Community justice does not replace the need for criminal justice, but it fills in where the justice system fails to meet community needs.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Most programs of economic development in the community, including "weed and seed" programs, have had quite a successful track record in regard to improving community environments while reducing instances of crime.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The community justice ideal is to ultimately improve the quality of community life.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Reintegration is the solution sought in the problem-solving philosophy of community justice.
a. True
b. False
Q:
One of the negatives about community justice approaches is that they fail to recognize the underlying problems of the offender, victims, and others in the neighborhood.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Traditional justice attempts to develop standardized approaches to crime problems that are applied uniformly across the entire legal jurisdiction.
a. True
b. False
Q:
For most significant crimes, the state or federal government has legal jurisdiction within politically determined boundaries.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Community justice and criminal justice as defined refer to the same process.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Citizen advisory boards help identify and prioritize local crime problems.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Crime mapping identifies where the problem of crime is most concentrated.
a. True
b. False
Q:
There are four basic types of restorative justice strategiesvictim"offender mediation, community boards, family group conferencing, and circle sentencing.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Citizen partnerships between justice agencies and citizen groups improve the legitimacy of justice programs.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Offender community service gives sanctions to offenders and restores victims and their communities.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Citizens and victims are involved in sentencing decisions to increase their confidence in the wisdom of the sanctions.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Community justice approaches always respect individual rights.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The growth of the penal system tends to be random in nature and scope.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The community justice approach combines crime control and rehabilitation.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Compare and contrast community justice and criminal justice. Which is more effective? Which is less effective? Why? Which do you feel best meets the needs of society? Be sure to fully explain your answer.
Q:
Discuss two arguments for and two arguments against capital punishment. Identify whether each argument is rooted in moral or utilitarian principles. How are these two philosophical stances different?
Q:
List and explain three significant Supreme Court cases that addressed key issues around how capital punishment is be carried out. Do you think the court made the correct decision in each case? Why or why not?
Q:
Why did the state of Illinois put a moratorium on capital punishment? Is this a favorable resolution of their problem? Should the rest of the United States follow Illinois' example? Why or why not?
Q:
Given that the death penalty has been abolished in other Western democracies, why do a majority of people in the United States still favor its use? Be sure to fully explain your answer.
Q:
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Objective standard for defense counsel
b. Circumstances that increase seriousness of crime
c. Deserves a punishment equal to the victim's fate
d. The three-drug protocol is constitutional
e. Developed in the late 1970s
f. Separate hearings for guilt and sentencing
g. Execution of the insane
h. Circumstances that invite mercy
i. Reinstituted death penalty
j.Death penalty unconstitutional
Mitigating
Q:
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Objective standard for defense counsel
b. Circumstances that increase seriousness of crime
c. Deserves a punishment equal to the victim's fate
d. The three-drug protocol is constitutional
e. Developed in the late 1970s
f. Separate hearings for guilt and sentencing
g. Execution of the insane
h. Circumstances that invite mercy
i. Reinstituted death penalty
j.Death penalty unconstitutional
Three-drug protocol
Q:
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Objective standard for defense counsel
b. Circumstances that increase seriousness of crime
c. Deserves a punishment equal to the victim's fate
d. The three-drug protocol is constitutional
e. Developed in the late 1970s
f. Separate hearings for guilt and sentencing
g. Execution of the insane
h. Circumstances that invite mercy
i. Reinstituted death penalty
j.Death penalty unconstitutional
Furman v. Georgia
Q:
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Objective standard for defense counsel
b. Circumstances that increase seriousness of crime
c. Deserves a punishment equal to the victim's fate
d. The three-drug protocol is constitutional
e. Developed in the late 1970s
f. Separate hearings for guilt and sentencing
g. Execution of the insane
h. Circumstances that invite mercy
i. Reinstituted death penalty
j.Death penalty unconstitutional
Gregg v. Georgia
Q:
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Objective standard for defense counsel
b. Circumstances that increase seriousness of crime
c. Deserves a punishment equal to the victim's fate
d. The three-drug protocol is constitutional
e. Developed in the late 1970s
f. Separate hearings for guilt and sentencing
g. Execution of the insane
h. Circumstances that invite mercy
i. Reinstituted death penalty
j.Death penalty unconstitutional
Strickland v. Washington