Q&A Hero

Q: Explain how recent social improvements positively impact American youth. What, in your view, is the single most important social improvement? Support your view.

Q: Which of the following statements is true about research findings on the effectiveness of social work services? a. They have often found the services to be ineffective. b. No interventions have been identified as effective. c. We can assume that if social workers are well trained, then they will be effective d. Social work practice consists primarily of interventions that have been well tested.

Q: Explain parental responsibility laws. What is the criticism of these laws? Do you agree or disagree with such laws? Provide a rationale for your view.

Q: Who are at-risk youth? How do substandard living conditions contribute to this problem. Would you add other factors to those addressed in the text as putting youth at risk? Provide a rationale for your view.

Q: Which children are significantly more likely to live in poverty?

Q: Assume that Professor Rodgers had studied only people aged 65 or older and found that they experienced increasing levels of happiness in the last 20 years. Suppose he had concluded that people under 65 years of age also experienced increasing levels of happiness during the same time period. He would have committed a. the error of overgeneralization. b. the error of selective observation. c. the error of illogical reasoning. d. the enrror of inaccurate observation. e. no error.

Q: When did the family structure and the role of children begin to change?

Q: Rather than use coercion and violence, with whom are Internet predators more likely to meet and develop relationships?

Q: Nationwide during the past decade, teenage birthrates have declined substantially with the sharpest decline found among what group?

Q: What is formed when youths develop a full sense of the self, combining how they see themselves and how they fit in with others?

Q: What living conditions put children at risk of becoming substance abusers as well as contracting sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS?

Q: Now referred to as status offenders, what was the early legal designation of youths who violated the law because of their minority status?

Q: By the beginning of the nineteenth century, what system replaced the apprenticeship programs?

Q: In colonial America what laws were passed that required children to obey their parents?

Q: What designation became popular at the onset of the twentieth century when the first separate juvenile courts were instituted?

Q: What focuses on unlocking the potential of youth and families using a variety of residential and nonresidential program models and settings by providing direct services through child welfare, mental health, juvenile justice, and educational systems?

Q: What is the process by which juvenile offenders continue in their delinquent careers rather than aging out of crime?

Q: As early as 1535, the English passed statutes that allowed the courts to appoint overseers to place destitute or neglected childrenas servants in the homes of the affluent. What were these laws known as?

Q: By what distinction are delinquents and status offenders considered?

Q: What had far-reaching effects on the position of women in society, forcing them into the role of second-class citizens dependent upon their fathers, brothers, and guardians?

Q: What limited ability of very young offenders is taken into consideration when assessing their legal culpability?

Q: What agency of the federal government was created to identify the needs of youths and fund policy initiatives in the juvenile justice system?

Q: What term is used to describe youths who have been arrested four or more times during their minority and perpetuate a striking majority of serious criminal acts?

Q: What is the third leading cause of death among young people ages 15 to 24 in the United States?

Q: In Western culture, what was not considered as a distinct period of life until the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

Q: What legal doctrine was enacted to alleviate the problems of child labor in the early nineteenth century by limiting the hours children were permitted to work as well as the age at which they could begin to work? a. Child Labor Act b. Education and Work Act c. Factory Act d. Child Labor and Education Act

Q: Which of the following terms refers to the practice of setting up a fictitious online profile, most often for the purpose of luring another into a fraudulent romantic relationship? a. Phishing b. Astroturfing c. Cyberstalking d. Catfishing

Q: The disparate findings in status offense research may be the result of the different types of status offenders. Which of the following recommendations were offered in regard to the issue of status offenses? a. Divide status offenders into two main groupsfirst time offenders and chronic offenders b. Divide status offenders into three groupsfirst time offenders, chronic offenders, and those with delinquent as well as status offense records c. Dissolve status offenses entirely because of inconsistent research findings d. Limit status offenses to first time offenders in order to receive early intervention

Q: Which of the following best defines the term "waiver"? a. The juvenile court equivalent of a guilty plea b. The dismissal of all charges that have been brought against a juvenile c. A judgment made by the juvenile court to imprison a delinquent d. The transferring of legal jurisdiction of juveniles from the juvenile to the adult court

Q: A number of states have experimented with what type of intervention to replace juvenile court jurisdiction over most status offenses? a. Increased social control mechanisms such as curfews b. Mandatory family counseling c. Limiting jurisdiction to third strike status offenders d. Community-based treatment programs

Q: What exception allows a judge to send a juvenile to a secure detention facility, in effect criminalizing a status offense? a. Waiver exception b. Violation of court order exception c. Redesgination exception d. Commitment exception

Q: In what court case did an appellate court hold that a young child whose developmental immaturity may result in trial incompetence despite the absence of any underlying mental or development abnormality, thus overrulingprior case law that held that children must have either a mental disorder or a developmental disability to be deemed incompetent to stand trial? a. Millerv.Alabama b. In re Gault c. Timothyv.Superior Court d. Timothyv.California

Q: Burke took a gun to school to show his friends and the gun went off, killing a classmate.Burke was not charged because of his age. Under early English jurisprudence how old was Burke? a. 6 b. 8 c. 7 d. 5

Q: What philosophical viewpoint encourages the state to take control of wayward children and provide care, custody, and treatment to remedy delinquent behavior? a. Best interests of the child b. Parens patriae c. Wayward Minors Act d. Child savers philosophy

Q: In colonial America what legal avenue would permit a youth to be put to death if he or she could not be controlled by his or her parents? a. Chancery Court Act b. Wayward Minors Act c. Parens PatriaeDoctrine d. Massachusetts Stubborn Child Law

Q: Which of the following refers to nineteenth-century reformers who developed programs for troubled youth? a. Red Cross b. Child savers c. Juvenile reform officers d. Moral reformers

Q: Which of the following is more likely to be killed by firearms than are law enforcement officers killed in the line of duty? a. Gang member b. Preschooler c. High school student d. Elementary school student

Q: How was the concept of parens patriaewas first used by English kings? a. To intervene in the lives of children whose parents were peasants and unable to care for them b. To intervene in the lives of children who engaged in criminal acts c. To intervene in the lives of children whose position and property were of direct concern to the monarch d. To intervene in the lives of children who were intellectually challenged and could not care for themselves

Q: Becoming a significant branch of the British legal system, what was created during the fifteenth century to oversee the lives of minor children of the wealthy who were orphaned or unable to care for themselves? a. Parens patriae b. Chancery courts c. Poor Laws d. Dower system

Q: What is the single most effective preventive strategy against adult poverty? a. Avoid gangs b. Earn a college degree c. Avoid substance abuse d. Graduate from high school

Q: Which of the following refers to youths who are spread too thin, experience personal uncertainty, and place themselves at the mercy of people who promise to give them a sense of identity they cannot develop for themselves? a. Ego confusion b. Role diffusion c. Conduct disorder d. Identity crisis

Q: What was the name of the period that ushered in a new age for childhood and family? a. Democratic era b. Modern age c. Enlightenment d. Intellectual period

Q: During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, what was the primary method of discipline used by teachers to discipline students for academic mistakes and moral lapses? a. Wearing a dunce hat b. Harsh looks c. Dispensed by the father d. Flogging

Q: Joan is 16 years old and has a habit of staying out past curfew drinking with her friends; she was restricted to her room several times over the summer by her parents as punishment for her behavior. Joan asked her parents if she could go to a back-to-school party with her friends, promising that she would not drink and would be home before curfew. As it was the end of the summer (and even though she was restricted to her room for staying out past her curfew and coming home somewhat drunk the week before) her parents relented, knowing Joan may not keep her promise. Joan, after drinking with her friends, drove home shortly after curfew. When she was almost home, there was an accident. While Joan suffered very minor injuries, the neighbor's home was not as lucky. Substantial property damage occurred as Joan drove across the neighbor's yard and through their garage door. In addition to demolishing the garage door, there was structural damage to the house and the vehicle parked inside the garage was damaged, as well as the extensive landscaping in the front yard. The airbag in Joan's car deployed, causing the insurance company to consider the car a total loss.The neighbor brought a suit against Joan's parents for damages to their property. Considering parental liability statutes, under which general category would the neighbor's actions fall? a. General involvement b. Criminal liability c. Delinquency liability d. Civil liability

Q: How does the government define poverty? a. $32,000 a year for a family of four b. $23,000 a year for a family of three c. $23,000 a year for a family of four d. $20,000 a year for a family of three

Q: It was reported that nationwide teenage birthrates have declined substantially during the past decade. Which of the following groups has seen the largest decline? a. African American b. Asian c. Hispanic d. White

Q: What family style is described by a father who rules with complete authority? a. Paternalistic b. Parens patriae c. Matriarchal d. Socialistic

Q: Which generation is described as technology savvy, patriotic as a result of the 9/11 attacks, self-centered, and irresponsible, as well as having an unrealistic view of how the work world functions? a. Generation Alpha b. Generation X c. Generation Y d. Generation Z

Q: English Poor Laws, the apprenticeship movement, and the role of the chancery court are credited with eventually impacting what area involving the rights of children? a. Delivery of public education b. Emerging juvenile legal system in the United States c. Formation of child protection agencies d. Family structure and cohesion

Q: Which of the following cases provided the possibility of parole for a youth under the age of 18? a. Mapp v. Ohio b. Miller v. Alabama c. Roper v. Simmons d. In re Gault

Q: Which of the following refers to English statutes that allowed the courts to appoint overseers over destitute and neglected children, allowing placement of these children as servants in the homes of the affluent? a. Chancery courts b. Welfare houses c. Juvenile laws d. Poor laws

Q: What is the term used to describe the reduction in frequency of a youth's offending? a. Period of intellectual growth b. Maturation cycle c. Learning curve d. Aging-out process

Q: Which of the following would you say best exemplifies a youth who has been retained in school, is involved with deviant peers, and experiments with drugs? a. Economically challenged youth b. Latchkey child c. At-risk youth d. Juvenile delinquent

Q: According to Erik Erikson, what is formed when a person develops a firm sense of self? a. Personality b. Id formation c. Ego identity d. Role diffusion

Q: As an adolescent, Mandy is undergoing dramatic changes in her height, weight, and sexual characteristics; these changes are occurring at a rate much faster than she will ever again experience in her lifetime. Through what type of change is Mandy going? a. Biological b. Educational c. Psychological d. Spiritual

Q: Ego identity and role diffusion are essentially the same concept. a. True b. False

Q: The study of juvenile delinquency involves a variety of social problems faced by youth; it does not extend to the analysis of the various components of the justice system such as law enforcement. a. True b. False

Q: Involuntary apprenticeship, indenture, and binding out of children did not become responses to the problems of indigent, delinquent, or orphaned children until the late eighteenth century. a. True b. False

Q: The Factory Act limited the number of hours children were permitted to work, but did nothing to address school attendance. a. True b. False

Q: During the Middle Ages high infant mortality rates kept parents from emotionally bonding with their children. a. True b. False

Q: Minors apprehended for a criminal act are charged with the crime and then adjudicated delinquent. a. True b. False

Q: Physical distance is still a barrier to the frequency and degree of harm perpetrated by a bully on his or her victim. a. True b. False

Q: Fewer children are born today with health risks as compared to 1990. a. True b. False

Q: By age 18, many American youths have spent more time watching television shows than they have spent in the classroom. a. True b. False

Q: Voluntary apprentices were bound out by parents or guardians who wished to secure training for their children. a. True b. False

Q: Early English jurisprudence held that children under the age of 6 were legally incapable of committing crimes. a. True b. False

Q: The chances of an adolescent with weak academic skills and living in poverty obtaining a college degree is close to 10%. a. True b. False

Q: As soon as they were physically able to do so, children of peasants were expected to engage in adult roles. a. True b. False

Q: The courts have struck down most juvenile curfew laws as unconstitutional. a. True b. False

Q: Under parens patriaedelinquent acts are not considered criminal violations. a. True b. False

Q: Research has indicated that as a result of deinstitutionalization, children who can no longer be detained are being recycled or relabeled as delinquent offenders in order to house the youth in secure facilities. a. True b. False

Q: Some states grant the juvenile court judge discretion to substitute a status offense for a delinquency charge. a. True b. False

Q: Mechanisms to care for children who are destitute or orphaned have only been in existence for approximately 150 years. a. True b. False

Q: Research indicates that the daily stress of modern life has little significant impact on American youth as they progress through their teenage years. a. True b. False

Q: The effects on children's cognitive achievement, educational attainment, nutrition, physical and mental health, and social behavior due to poverty are limited. a. True b. False

Q: After having read all of the chapters by these authors and having acquired a great deal of knowledge about the correctional system, decide if you see yourself working within this field. Regardless of whether you were to choose not to have a career in this field, what one or more contributions do you feel you could make toward corrections as a whole?

Q: List and explain the four substantial forces that are now shaping the U.S. corrections system. Of the four, which do you feel may have the most impact? In contrast, which do you feel will have the least impact? Be sure to explain your responses for both questions.

Q: Determine in accordance with the authors what "good leadership" means in terms of the current corrections system. Determine what it will take for leaders to more widely implement "what works" in corrections. What changes will need to be made for the future of corrections?

Q: Discuss what is meant when it is said that corrections has an ambiguous mission. What role does a mission play? How does this ambiguity affect the system? What does the public want from the system? What do offenders want? What do victims want? Communities? Discuss whether or how these desires can be reconciled.

Q: Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below. a. Interacting with clients to change their behavior b. Corrections is divided against itself c. Problem of attraction and motivation d.Choice between unsatisfactory alternatives e. Focusing on prisons f. Looking for patterns and consistencies in study findings g. Expectations and goals h.Assigning a group to a valid program and one group to a non-valid program i.Achieves correctional goals through technology j.Disproportionately affected minority group members Random field trial