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Q:
Which of the following statements is/are true about reliability and validity in qualitative research?
a. Standardized scales whose reliability and validity are known to be high would NOT be relied upon as the prime measures.
b. Akin to inter-observer reliability in quantitative studies, one might assess whether two independent raters arrive at the same interpretation from the same mass of written qualitative field notes.
c. Reliability might be assessed by asking subjects whether the researcher's interpretations ring true and are meaningful to them.
d. All of these are true about reliability and validity in qualitative research.
e. None of these is true about reliability and validity in qualitative research.
Q:
An instrument is developed with the intent to measure whether the parenting skills of parents referred for child abuse or neglect improve after participation in a parenting education treatment program. The instrument is found to be valid when untreated parents referred for child abuse or neglect score much worse on it than model parents who are child therapists. Which of the following statements is/are true about the instrument?
a. It appears to have known groups validity.
b. Because it is valid, it can be relied upon to detect whether small, subtle improvements occur in the parenting skills of the parents who participate in the program.
c. It appears to have predictive validity.
d. All of these.
e. None of these.
Q:
It is thought that some youths choose crime as a means of retaliation or to seek revenge for a real or perceived wrong. Richard Felson states that violence can be used to achieve a number of specific goals. List and describe the four goals presented by Felson. Critique Felson's goals. Do you believe the goals may be limited or all encompassing? Would you include additional goals? If so, what would they be? Provide a rationale for your views.
Q:
Discuss trait theory: When did this school of thought originate, when and why was the theory abandoned, and what is the status of trait theory today? Include in your discussion criminal atavism and its meaning. What are your views on trait theory? Include a rationale for your view.
Q:
Asking a group of experts whether the items on a scale appear to measure what they intend to measure is a way to assess the scale's:
a. predictive validity.
b. concurrent validity.
c. construct validity.
d. content validity.
Q:
Professor Myth asked respondents whether or not they had ever been divorced. One year later Professor Myth asked respondents the same question. Myth found that with repeated applications of the measure different responses were obtained for the same subject. This means that the measuring instrument was
a. unreliable.
b. invalid.
c. unreliable or the value on the variable had changed.
d. lacking in face validity.
Q:
According to direct association, social forces play a secondary role in the production of deviant behaviors; what then produces delinquency according to this concept?
Q:
Most social scientists would not accept the conceptualization of IQ as foot size because such a measurement would lacka. precision.b. reliability.c. accuracy.d. validity.
Q:
Some children acquire an association between their use of aggression against others and the physical punishment they receive at home by what life stage?
Q:
What syndrome has been suggested as resulting in chronic delinquency?
Q:
Professor Lum asked respondents, "How old are you?" Later in the interview Lum asked, "What is your date of birth?" This illustrates that Lum was interested in the ________ of the measurement.
a. face validity.
b. content validity.
c. criterion validity.
d. reliability.
Q:
Reliability involves
a. whether a particular technique applied repeatedly to the same object would yield the same results each time.
b. ensuring accuracy.
c. ensuring that your measure measures what you think it should measure.
d. ensuring precision,
e. all of the above.
Q:
Experts argue that the key linkage between IQ and delinquency is the ability to manipulate what type of concepts?
Q:
This is said to be at play when delinquency spreads as youth copy the behavior of peers and siblings.
Q:
Professor Smith gave an exam on Monday. On Wednesday Smith gave the same class the same exam. Professor Smith was clearly interested in assessing the exam's
a. reliability.
b. validity.
c. face validity.
d. conceptualization.
e. precision.
Q:
An interview with someone with a limited vocabulary who therefore does not understand the questions being asked is likely to produce
a. systematic error.
b. random error.
c. unreliable data.
d. both random error and unreliable data
Q:
Youths whose troubled family life leads them to seek immediate gratification without consideration of right and wrong or the feelings of others are referred to as what type of delinquents?
Q:
Violence-prone youth tend to see the world around them as filled with what type of people?
Q:
The tendency of people to answer questions through a filter that will convey a favorable impression is called
a. the acquiescent response set.
b. social desirability bias.
c. cultural bias.
d. random error.
Q:
Representing the conscience and moral rules shared by most adults, what develops through interactions with parents and other significant people in a youth's life?
Q:
On what type of crimes does the threat of informal sanctions have the greatest influence?
Q:
When someone who has sexually abused a child consistently denies having done so, it is an example of
a. systematic measurement error.
b. random measurement error.
c. unreliable data.
d. both b and c.
Q:
A relationship between two variables that are no longer related when a third variable is controlled is called a spurious relationship.
Q:
What three individual-level factors have been linked to antisocial behavior?
Q:
Prevention efforts should be directed at strengthening what two areas according to individual perspectives on delinquency?
Q:
The same concept can be a variable in one study and a constant in another study.
Q:
The terms attributes and categories mean the same thing when researchers are mentioning them in reference to their variables.
Q:
Number of children is an example of a variable at the ratio level of measurement.
Q:
Today, theorists focus attention on what two conditions that promote antisocial behavior?
Q:
What crime prevention practice makes it more difficult for a would-be delinquent to carry out the illegal act; for example, installing a security device in a home?
Q:
Although there are important differences in conceptualization between qualitative and quantitative studies, both approaches are apt to operationally define variables in advance and in the same way.
Q:
What crime prevention method relies on reducing the opportunity to commit criminal acts by making them more difficult to perform, reducing their reward, and increasing their risks?
Q:
The first attempts to discover why criminal tendencies developed focused upon what characteristic(s)?
Q:
There is only one acceptable operational definition for any given variable in social work research.
Q:
Moderating variables influence the strength or direction of relationships between independent and dependent variables.
Q:
Violence can be used to achieve a number of specific goals; what type of goal would align with youths who take the law into their own hands if they do not trust the law?
Q:
What is the name of the condition in which the prevailing emotional disposition is distorted or inappropriate to the circumstances?
Q:
If we hypothesize that a school social work intervention will prevent students from dropping out of school through the mechanism of increasing their level of self esteem, then level of self esteem would be viewed as a mediating variable.
Q:
What theory links delinquency to biological and psychological characteristics that control human development?
Q:
Concepts are mental images that summarize collections of seemingly related observations and experiences.
Q:
If marital discord increases when socio-environmental stress increases, that would be an example of a positive relationship.
Q:
What view holds that youths are in charge of their own destinies and are able to make personal behavior choices unencumbered by environmental factors?
Q:
Itsey, a kindergarten student, watches her father tower over her mother, glaring at her; she then hears her father yelling at her mother. At school, the teacher tells the students to sit on the carpet for story time. Itsey does not want to sit down just yet; she is busy at one of the centers in the classroom. Her teacher again asks everyone to sit down and everyone does, except for Itsey. The teacher then directly asks Itsey to sit down. Itsey looks at her teacher and says she doesn"t want to sit down and she better stop asking her to sit down; the next time she does, Itsey will bring a knife to school and cut her. What theory aligns to the exchange between Itsey and her teacher?
a. Psychodynamic theory
b. Cognitive learning theory
c. Personality theory
d. Social learning theory
Q:
The following is an example of a good hypothesis: "Social work practitioners who work in mental health agencies do not care adequately for the chronically mentally ill."
Q:
Concepts that make up a variable are called attributes of that variable.
Q:
What, according to Freud, develops through the reality of living in the world and helps manage and restrain the individual's need for immediate gratification?
a. Superego
b. Ego
c. Id
d. Personality
Q:
One operational definition is usually as good as any other operational definition.
Q:
What theory explains the existence of aggression and violent behavior as positive adaptive behaviors in humans?
a. Neurological theory
b. Biochemical theory
c. Genetic theory
d. Evolutionary theory
Q:
What theory holds that the more severely youthful offenders are punished the less likely they are to repeat their illegal acts?
a. Specific deterrence theory
b. Classical theory
c. General deterrence theory
d. Rational choice theory
Q:
One possible operational definition of patient morale in a nursing home is how happy or optimistic patients feel.
Q:
Which of the following statements is NOT true if you include only women in a study of a hypothesis:
a. You rule out any effect that gender might have on the two variables under study.
b. Gender is a third variable in the study.
c. Female is a constant in the study.
d. You are controlling for the effects of gender.
Q:
According to marketing research, youths in one particular age group watch violent horror movies at a higher rate than any other age group. What is the age demographic to whom the marketing research is referring?a. 9-11b. 11-14c. 14-16d. 15-17
Q:
Jack and Joe are significantly similar in their personal characteristics such as intelligence, levels of aggression, and verbal skills. Which of the following best describes Jack and Joe?
a. Monozygotic twins
b. Dizygotic twins
c. Polyzygotic multiples
d. Brothers close in age
Q:
If a relationship between two variables is spurious:
a. it is curvilinear.
b. it can disappear when a third variable is controlled for.
c. it will remain unchanged when a third variable is controlled for.
d. it involves a mediating variable.
Q:
Which of the following completes this sentence? According to Hirschi and Hindelang, there is a clear link between criminality and
a. low intelligence.
b. school attendance.
c. high intelligence.
d. number of suspensions.
Q:
At what level of measurement is the variable ethnicity?
a. Nominal.
b. Ordinal.
c. Ratio.
d. Interval.
Q:
At what level of measurement is the variable number of future incidents of child neglect?
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Ratio
d. Interval
Q:
A youth who often feels threatened, overreacts to perceived slights, blames others for fights he initiates, and is overly defensive demonstrates which of the following?
a. Neurological trauma
b. Reactive aggression
c. Bad behavior
d. Hormonal imbalance
Q:
Leo and Lila, high school students, were bored and wanted some excitement; they abducted an 8-year-old child from the playground, later killing the child. When Leo and Lila were arrested a few days later, they testified that killing the child was an "awesome thrill." What theory best describes their actions?
a. Biosocial theory
b. Arousal theory
c. Environmental theory
d. Learning theory
Q:
Which of the following statements is/are true about the qualitative perspective on operational definitions?a. We may not know the most salient variables before we implement the study.b. We may not understand the variables well enough in advance to anticipate the best way to operationally define them.c. Specifying variables only in terms of observable indicators is superficial.d. All of these are true about the qualitative perspective.e. None of these is true about the qualitative perspective.
Q:
In choosing an existing scale as an operational definition of self-esteem before and after an intervention, researchers should consider
a. its length.
b. how difficult it will be for subjects to complete.
c. its sensitivity to change over time.
d. its reliability and validity.
e. all of these.
Q:
A nominal definition:
a. Tells us what indicators to use in observing a concept.
b. Is a statement detailing what will be involved in measuring some entity.
c. Is like a dictionary definition.
d. All of these.
Q:
Drew was certified LD in reading; she is often frustrated with her studies and will often engage in inappropriate behaviors in school. What rationale assumes that Drew's frustration leads to a negative self-image and acting out problems?
a. Susceptibility rationale
b. Environmental rationale
c. School failure rationale
d. Cognitive learning rationale
Q:
What research is representative of the view that certain characteristics of delinquent youths increase the probability that they will be aggressive and antisocial and that their actions will involve them with agents of social control?
a. Personality research
b. Cognitive research
c. Nature and nurture research
d. Social learning research
Q:
Concepts are:
a. empirical measurements.
b. variables.
c. mental images.
d. hypotheses.
e. definitions.
Q:
Jill runs a group session for youth who demonstrate chronic behavioral problems, antisocial behaviors, impulsivity, and substance abuse. For whom does Jill run a group?
a. Youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder
b. Youth with attention deficit disorder
c. Youth with conduct disorder
d. Youth with a learning disability
Q:
A youth has difficulties with forming emotional bonds, trusting others, and demonstrating respectful behavior. Which theory applies here?
a. Attachment theory
b. Learning theory
c. Mood disorder theory
d. Psychodynamic theory
Q:
Which of the following IS NOT an operational definition of marital satisfaction?
a. a score on a scale measuring marital satisfaction.
b. whether or not identified by a therapist as having marital problems.
c. amount of marital unhappiness.
d. number of derogatory statements made by spouses to each other.
Q:
5. If we find that test performance improves as level of anxiety increases from low to moderate amounts and then worsens as level of anxiety increases beyond moderate amounts, then we have found what type of relationship?
a. positive.
b. negative.
c. curvilinear.
d. causal.
Q:
If we find that rates of behavioral disorder are lower among children who are more active in sports, then we have found what type of relationship?
a. positive.
b. negative.
c. curvilinear.
d. causal.
Q:
Jack is susceptible to environmental influences; consequently, whenever Jack encounters adverse social environments he becomes aggressive. Conversely, when Jack encounters supportive environments he is less aggressive than someone who is not susceptible to environmental influences. Which of the following models best describes Jack?
a. Atavistic model
b. Vulnerability model
c. Biochemical model
d. Differential susceptibility model
Q:
In social work studies testing hypotheses involving the variable "level of social functioning" that variable is:
a. always the dependent variable.
b. always either the dependent or control variable.
c. always the independent variable.
d. an independent, dependent, or control variable, depending on what is being conceptualized and postulated in any given study.
Q:
The idea that delinquents manifest physical anomalies that make them biologically and physiologically similar to throwbacks of an earlier state in human evolution was formulated by Lombroso. What is the name of this concept?
a. Evolutionary theory
b. Criminal atavism
c. Eugenic movement
d. Morphism
Q:
Jill installed a camera at the front door of her boutique to dissuade shoplifting; after a month, she also found less loitering and graffiti on her storefront walls. Which of the following describes the phenomenon Jill discoveredthat a prevention method to cut back on one type of criminal activity also lowered the number of incidents of a different criminal behavior?
a. Target hardening
b. Specific deterrence
c. Community policing
d. Diffusion of benefits
Q:
The city council wants suggestions for crime prevention techniques such as installing unbreakable glass on storefronts to present to the businesses on Main Street. What is the name of this crime prevention technique?
a. Community policing
b. Situation prevention
c. Target hardening
d. Benefits diffusion
Q:
A study tests the hypothesis that the provision of social work intervention will reduce the school dropout rate. It finds that social work intervention reduces the dropout rate only of children whose families are experiencing high levels of family stress. In this study, what type of variable is "level of family stress"?
a. independent variable.
b. dependent variable.
c. moderating variable.
d. mediating variable.
Q:
Which of the following statements, as currently stated and without the need for rewording, comes closest to being a useful hypothesis?
a. The provision of case management services reduces the number of days spent in institutions.
b. The provision of case management services should be increased.
c. The number of days spent in institutions can be decreased.
d. The greater the number of days spent in institutions, the fewer the number of days spent outside of institutions.
Q:
A meta-analysis is a systematic review that employs and emphasizes sophisticated statistical procedures that amalgamate the separate statistical findings of the individual studies.
Q:
The city council wants a crime prevention method that will reduce opportunities to commit criminal acts; the method should make opportunities more difficult to take advantage of, with rewards reduced and risk increased. Which of the following would be most appropriate to present to the council?
a. Problem-solving police procedures
b. Situational crime prevention
c. Conflict resolution
d. Community policing
Q:
Every detail in the literature should be covered when writing up the literature review section of a research report, even if that requires making the write up quite lengthy.