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Q:
Your friend is interested in researching delinquency and gangs. Your professor suggested investigating the theory that combines the principles of strain and social disorganization theories into a portrayal of a gang-sustaining delinquent culture. Following the professor's advice, which of the following should your friend investigate?
a. Differential opportunity
b. Strain
c. Differential association
d. Social ecology
Q:
In constructing a questionnaire it is better to squeeze questions and response categories close together and have a shorter, cluttered questionnaire than it is to have a longer, uncluttered questionnaire.
Q:
What, according to Durkheim, undermines society's social control function?
a. Strain
b. Frustration
c. Retreatism
d. Anomie
Q:
A plan that is formulated after the assessment phase is a/n?
Q:
What are the 4 levels of case management?
Q:
Beyond assessment and planning, what are the 2 other steps of case management?
Q:
The following exemplifies an improper way to ask a question: "Are you satisfied with this textbook and with your research instructor's teaching style?
Q:
If you were to look for a theory of delinquency that links a youth's engagement in delinquent acts to the struggle of being locked out of the economic mainstream, thereby creating anger and frustration and ultimately leading to delinquency, which of the following theories would best fit this description?
a. Social process
b. Strain
c. Social structure
d. Social disorganization
Q:
The following answer categories about gender are exhaustive and mutually exclusive: Male ________ Female ________
Q:
If you were to look for a theory that views delinquency as a result of a youth's dysfunctional or destructive relationship with the critical elements of socialization in his or her lifefamily, peers, schools, communitywhere the dysfunctionality causes the youth to see delinquency as a feasible alternative, which of the following theories should you choose?
a. Social process
b. Deterrence
c. Social structure
d. Evolutionary
Q:
Give 3 examples of Informal and Folk supports that a case manager will refer a client to for help.
Q:
Jack and his family moved to a new town when Jack was 14 years old. Prior to moving, Jack and his family had lived in the same town since Jack was born and Jack never engaged in any type of delinquent acts. When school started, Jack had only been in town for a few weeks and had not made friends. Not really knowing anyone, Jack began hanging out with a group of kids who were into having a "good time." These kids, Jack noticed, always seemed to have money. They drank alcohol, sold their own or their siblings' ADHD medication, and stole from the local superstore. Jack also noticed that they never, as far as he could tell, got caught. If they did, they never suffered any negative consequences. After a while Jack, too, began to engage in the same activities as his new friends. Which of the following theories best explains Jack's behavior?
a. Social process
b. Social control
c. Social learning
d. Social ecology
Q:
Which of the following statements is true regarding the order in which items appear in a questionnaire?
a. The order should be random.
b. The order does not matter.
c. Researchers should attempt to estimate the effect of question order and use their judgment so as to minimize any order problems
d. The order can be random because it does not matter.
Q:
Respondents would not be competent to answer a question if they:
a. did not remember the relevant information.
b. did not know about the relevant information in the first place.
c. have psychological or biological impairments
d. all of these.
Q:
Communities That Care would be an example of social ecology theory in action.
a. True
b. False
Q:
What is the foundation for the development of a client plan for service or treatment?
Q:
In order to avoid measurement error in a questionnaire, it is a good idea to
a. use unbiased wording.
b. use terms that subjects will understand.
c. test out the instrument in a dry run with a few people in the target population
d. all of these.
Q:
According to early versions of control theory, poor self-esteem produces maladaptive social relations, which in turn opens the door for a youth to engage in delinquent behavior; in other words, poor self-esteem is the trigger.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The resiliency model of case management refers to:
a. The changing view of mental illness and substance abuse from one of gradual deterioration to one of recovery and a productive life
b. Emphasis on the client's personal choices and activities for the life that is most meaningful to that individual
c. A positive view of the child's life and circumstances in which the provider actively seeks the child's strengths on which to build
d. The movement toward services that are diverse enough to meet the client's needs, are well coordinated and easily accessible
Q:
As a case manager representing a client who is within a Managed Care Organization, you:
a. Owe it to the client to advocate for services that you feel are in the client's best interest
b. Keep your focus on controlling costs
c. Use a decision tree to help decide what treatments and services are appropriate
d. Defer to the MCO case manager when deciding on the client's treatment options
Q:
Professor Milne was preparing to do some unstructured qualitative interviewing. Milne knew that you were a research-methods student and asked for your advice. You told Milne
a. to try not to alter the specific wording of questions.
b. to try to use the same probes with the same wording for each respondent.
c. to try not to alter the sequence of questions.
d. all of these.
e. none of these.
Q:
To offset moral constraints, youth develop a distinct set of rationalizations for engaging in delinquent acts.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Regarding school effects on delinquency, research indicates that school climate does not negatively impact youth as much as academic failure.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Assume that the following would be reasonable conversational questions/statements based on a subject's previous statement. Which is the best probe?
a. "In what ways is that a better job?"
b. "How is that a better job?"
c. "Tell me more about why that's a better job."
d. "How do you mean that's a better job?"
e. All of these are equally good probes.
Q:
A case manager's interventions can be considered therapeutic in that:
a. The case manager is a trained psychotherapist
b. The case manager can provide medications that help the client deal with emotional disorders
c. The case manager can help the client learn life skills that will make the client more effective in his or her daily life
d. The case manager can treat the client's problems without making a referral to a clinical therapist
Q:
Disjunction between expectations and achievements occurs when youths aspire to wealth and fame but lack the financial and educational resources to achieve their goals.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which of the following statements is/are true about informal conversational interviews?
a. They are often unplanned and unanticipated.
b. They are the most close-ended form of interviewing.
c. They require the use of a structured measurement instrument.
d. Because they are informal, there is less need to be concerned about how questions are worded.
e. All of these.
Q:
In considering the level of assistance a client needs, the agency will:
a. Always assign the most intensive level case manager so that the client can have the most individual attention
b. Assess the client's situation during the intake interview, and assign a case manager based on determined need
c. Simply assign an administrative case manager at first to assess the level of need
d. Assign a resource coordinator to assist the client in handling the details of the treatment plan
Q:
Which of the following statements is/are true about comparing quantitative and qualitative instrument construction?
a. Both approaches should avoid biased wording.
b. Both approaches should avoid questions that are very complex.
c. Quantitative measures are likely to be more highly structured.
d. Quantitative measures are likely to use close-ended questions.
e. Qualitative measures are likely to rely primarily on interviews.
f. All of these.
Q:
Criminal behavior is considered more a rebellion against conventional society than as an expression of conformity to lower-class subcultural values and traditions according to social disorganization theory.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Once the client has been linked to the services he or she needs, the case worker must:
a. Continue monitoring the client's progress and advocating for his or her needs
b. File a report and close the client's case
c. Allow the client's other social service workers' requirements to take precedence
d. Avoid contacting the client's other service professionals to coordinate care, in the interest of protecting the client's privacy
Q:
The case manager links the client to a specific social service that:
a. Is open-ended so that the client can continue with the program indefinitely
b. Will work on the identified issues to the exclusion of other issues that may come up during treatment
c. Will help the client to implement the goals and work on the issues that both the case manager and the client deemed important
d. Is looking for patients to fill their available slots
Q:
An inner-city playground is covered in graffiti, the playground equipment is broken, and there are known drug dealers who traverse the playground; these factors suggest that community conditions contribute to the high delinquency rate found in the area.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which of the following statements is/are true about constructing qualitative measures?
a. You should rely primarily on close-ended questions.
b. Highly structured self-administered questionnaires are more desirable than interview guides.
c. Interviews can range from completely unstructured, informal conversational interviews that use no measurement instruments to highly structured, standardized interviews in which interviewers must ask questions in the exact order and with the exact wording in which they are written out in advance.
d. All of these.
Q:
The individualized treatment plan would avoid taking into consideration:
a. The person's individual strengths and interests
b. The person's personal goals
c. Recruiting community support for donations of services and resources
d. Streamlining the plan for efficiency of managing the group's care
Q:
The work of Cohen aids in explaining the factors that promote and sustain a delinquent subculture in that social forces, not individual traits, promote and sustain a delinquent career.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which of the following statements is/are true about questionnaires?
a. Researchers can avoid the need for pretesting if they are very careful in the way they word questions.
b. Because it is virtually impossible to avoid some mistakes in wording, questionnaires should be pretested in a dry run.
c. When pretesting, the pretest sample should be very large.
d. When pretesting your questionnaire, it's better to ask people to read through it looking for errors rather than to complete the questionnaire.
Q:
Research has found that crimes appear to be intergenerational, suggesting that parental deviance influences delinquent behavior.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Contingency questions:
a. Are used to increase the likelihood of responses from those for whom the questions are relevant.
b. Should not be used because they frustrate respondents.
c. Enable the researcher to ask several questions that have the same set of answer categories.
d. All of these.
Q:
The case manager should avoid using the following resource(s) in the planning stage of the client's care:
a. A family member suspected of abusing the client
b. Peer support
c. Social service agencies
d. Community resources
Q:
The purpose of the intake assessment is to:
a. Pinpoint the person's specific disorder
b. Develop an accurate profile of the client's problem
c. Avoid delving into the person's social life
d. Keep the person focused on presenting problem
Q:
The questionnaire item "Did you file federal and state income tax reports last year?" with a response set of yes, no, can"t remember, other, is an example of
a. an open-ended question.
b. an ordinal variable.
c. a double-barreled question.
d. a negative item.
Q:
Social theories have guided policy making since the 1960s; for instance, learning theories have influenced the way criminal offenders are dealt with and treated.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Differential association theory maintains that delinquency is motivated by political or legal processes.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The responsibility of the case manager includes:
a. Diagnosing the patient
b. Finding payment sources for the patient's care
c. Creating a treatment plan for the patient's diagnosis type
d. Assessing the individual's total situation and addressing the needs and problems found in that assessment
Q:
The questionnaire item "Which is not a serious problem in the U.S. today, anomie or the socialization of the young?" violates which of the following guidelines?
a. Avoid double-barreled questions.
b. Avoid short items.
c. Avoid leading the respondent.
d. Avoid negative items.
Q:
Asking subjects "Did your children go to high school and college?" after they told you that they have no children violates which of the following criteria in question construction?
a. Avoid double-barreled questions.
b. Questions should be relevant.
c. Avoid biased items.
d. Avoid double-barreled questions and questions should be relevant.
Q:
Social process theory takes the view that where one lives is more important than how one lives.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which of the following statements is(are) INCORRECT?
a. Closed-ended questions should limit respondents to three or four choices.
b. Closed-ended questions should have response categories that are mutually exclusive and exhaustive.
c. Closed-ended questions should cover the range of likely responses.
d. None of these; they are all correct.
Q:
According to Cohen, the development of the delinquent subculture is a consequence of socialization practices found in the ghetto or inner-city environment.
a. True
b. False
Q:
When the variable "religious affiliation" is classified as Protestant, Catholic, or Jewish, this variable has the important quality of being
a. mutually exclusive.
b. exhaustive.
c. interchangeable.
d. ratio scale.
Q:
According to strain theory there are two cultural forces running through the neighborhood that shape the delinquent's actions decent values and street values.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The view of general strain theory is that multiple sources of strain interact with an individual's emotional traits and responses to produce criminality.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Social desirability bias is a form of random measurement error.
Q:
Merton argues that retreatists reject both the goals and the means of society.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Measurement error can be systematic or random.
Q:
Coefficient alpha measures internal consistency reliability.
Q:
Social disorganization theory holds that delinquency is tied to the personal characteristics or culture of the residents as opposed to the neighborhood characteristics.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Street efficacy refers to the ability of communities to regulate the behavior of their residents through the influence of community institutions, such as the family and school.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Each alternative form of measurement (written self-reports, interviews, direct behavioral observation and examining available records) is vulnerable to measurement error.
Q:
Reliability and validity are handled precisely in the same ways in qualitative inquiry as they are in quantitative inquiry.
Q:
Social disorganization theory links delinquency to middle-class measuring rods.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The theory of the working poor is the view that lower-class people form a separate culture with their own values and norms somewhat similar to conventional society.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Predictive validity is one form of criterion-related validity.
Q:
Biosocial theories focus attention on biological and psychological conditions that promote antisocial behavior. Identify and describe the four major biosocial theories, including the strengths of each of the four theories. What is your opinion of biosocial theories? Do you agree or disagree with the premise? Explain your position.
Q:
If a measure has face validity, we can be quite confident that it really measures what it intends to measure.
Q:
If a measure is reliable, it must also be valid.
Q:
Summarize contemporary research regarding the IQ and delinquency relationship. What is your view of the relationship between intelligence and delinquency? Support your view.
Q:
On the surface, incapacitation may appear as a logical means to reduce juvenile offending. However, strict incapacitation policies do not always produce the desired effects. List four of the six arguments presented in the text that incapacitation may not actually reduce juvenile crime rates. What is your position in regard to the arguments? Do you agree or disagree? Explain your position.
Q:
The tendency to give a favorable impression of oneself reduces the reliability of a measure.
Q:
While there is evidence suggesting an association between mental disturbance and delinquency, there are intervening variables that may account for the association. List and describe these factors. Do you think these factors are enough to question the validity of the psychodynamic theory? Support your position.
Q:
The use of several different research methods to test the same finding is called triangulation.
Q:
The weakest form of validities::
a. face validity.
b. criterion validity.
c. construct validity.
d. content validity.
Q:
Identify and describe the delinquency control strategies based on rational choice; be sure to include applications and problems associated with prevention. Of these strategies, which one would you identify as producing the best outcomes for decreasing delinquency? Would you use the prevention as described or would you modify it in some manner? If so, how would you modify the strategy? If not, why not? Provide a rationale for your view.
Q:
Trait theorists recognize that delinquency involves two distinct traits; associated with these traits are two views or models that impact the interaction between the trait and delinquency. Identify and describe these two views/models. What are your thoughts on these models? Does one stand out as more or less relevant, or are they equally compelling? Support your position.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a type of reliability?
a. inter-rater.
b. test-retest.
c. internal consistency.
d. known groups.
Q:
Identify and define the two branches of individual-level theories of delinquency. It is said these two theories, while independent of each other, do share some common ground. What are these commonalities? It is reported that people must change as opposed to society changing. Do you agree with this pronouncement? Provide a rationale for your answer.
Q:
A measure has discriminant validity when:
a. it discriminates between groups.
b. its results do not correspond as highly with measures of other constructs as they do with other measures of the same construct.
c. its results correspond to the results of other methods of measuring the same construct.
d. its content validity is less than its criterion validity.
Q:
If an instrument has both convergent and discriminant validity, it then has:
a. predictive validity.
b. concurrent validity.
c. construct validity.
d. content validity.
Q:
Cohen and Felson posit that the interaction of three variables reflective of routine American lifestyles affects the volume and distribution of predatory crime. Cohen and Felson refer to this as routine activities theory. Define this theory and list the three variables, providing at least three examples for each variable. Would you agree or disagree with the premise of this theory? Provide a rationale for your view.