Q&A Hero

Q: If you wanted to investigate a theory of delinquency that looks at the onset, continuity, and termination of a delinquent career, which of the following would best suit your investigation? a. Trajectory b. Life-course c. Developmental d. Age-graded

Q: Reflective listening is best used: a. After each individual probing question b. At the end of a series of probing questions c. When the client cues that he or she has something constructive to add d. Only when you sense it is vital for the client to "re-hear" what he or she has said

Q: When a client speaks openly about his or her ambivalence, it should be obvious that: a. You have hit a roadblock. b. Your path, until now, has been counterproductive. c. It is time for you as the counselor to take control and lead more effectively. d. Something positive and therapeutic has happened.

Q: The PRIMARY ethical research issue raised by the Milgram study was a. the willingness of people to harm others when "following orders" required it. b. the administering of electrical shocks. c. the effects of the methods on the experimental subjects. d. the effects of the methods on the learner. e. the examination of obedience as a topic for study.

Q: Manifest content refers to the meanings contained within communications.

Q: It is suggested that when people see or perceive discrepancies between their expectations and reality, the response is one of: a. Dissonance b. Ambivalence c. Anger d. Ostracism

Q: Which traits are life-course persistent offenders more likely to manifest as opposed to adolescent-limited offenders? a. Low verbal reasoning, hypoactivity b. High verbal reasoning, hypoactivity c. Hyperactivity, high verbal reasoning d. Low verbal reasoning, hyperactivity,

Q: Which of the following is the most prominent propensity theory today according to the text? a. Adolescent-limited and life-course persistent b. Life-course c. General theory of crime d. Age-graded

Q: Historical analysis can overlap with content analysis.

Q: Which of the following is not an appropriate example of "change-talk"? a. "How might we, together, achieve your goal of managing your anger?" b. "How might your life be different if you were able to defuse your anger more effectively?" c. "What do you think is preventing you from managing your anger?" d. "What have you tried in the past to reduce your anger that you"ve found to be beneficial?"

Q: One single factor, according to the general theory of crime, can explain all varieties of crime, from delinquency to insider trading to murder. What is that factor? a. Impaired social-emotional development b. Psychopathologies c. Deteriorated social bonds d. Low self-control

Q: A person may find that he cannot sustain the new behavior or way of being over a long period of time. This is known as: a. Shame b. Doubt c. Relapse d. Motivation

Q: Which of the following completes the sentence: The late bloomer's behavior becomes increasingly violent over time because the late bloomer combines risk-taking behavior, poor social skills, and a. psychopathology. b. low self-control. c. arrested emotional development. d. low full-scale IQ.

Q: The cost savings of secondary analysis enable researchers to study larger and representative samples.

Q: What theory modified social control theory by adding elements of trait and rational choice theories and shifting focus from social control to self-control? a. Differential association b. Age-graded c. Life-course d. General theory of crime

Q: Corroboration in historical research is best done using the same type of source, NOT different types of sources.

Q: Because change does not happen quickly, it is better viewed as: a. A stage b. A process c. The responsibility of the client d. An undertaking for higher functioning clients

Q: A danger in working exclusively with secondary sources in historical research is that you may merely repeat the mistakes contained in those sources.

Q: In at least 5 exchanges (that is, the client says 5 things and you say 5 things) disarm this angry client. He says: "I am so sick and tired of saying the same thing over and over again. Every time I come in here it's a new worker. One gets married, one gets a better job, one goes on vacation and never comes back. We start all over again." Write your answer as a process recording using the following format:

Q: The client is angry and shouting in a room full of other clients who are eating lunch. The worker ignores the client, loudly clears the room of all the other clients in a breathless manner, yells at the shouting client, "We know what we"re doing here! We know what is best for you! Don"t you dare come in here and yell at me!" List at least 4 things the worker did wrong

Q: To whom can the foundation of developmental theory be traced? a. Marvin Wolfgang b. David Farrington c. Terrence Thornberry d. Sheldon and Eleanor Gleuck

Q: Cluster sampling techniques should NOT be used in content analysis.

Q: Historical research can involve quantitative as well as qualitative methods.

Q: Because a transition from one stage of life to another can be a bumpy ride, the propensity to commit crimes is viewed as what type of process? a. Fluctuating b. Reactionary c. Nonstable d. Developmental

Q: Name 2 of the 4 steps in disarming anger effectively.

Q: Defective intelligence, damaged or impulsive personality, genetic abnormalities, and environmental influences on brain function such as alcohol and drugs are all examples of what? a. Latent traits b. Brain patterns c. Antisocial traits d. Psychosis

Q: The number one mistake case managers often make when clients are angry with them?

Q: An ideal type is a conceptual model composed of the essential characteristics of social phenomena.

Q: What are 2 reasons why it is important to disarm anger?

Q: Greg's assignment is to research theories that incorporate social, personal, and developmental factors into complex explanations of human behavior. Which of the following theories should Greg research? a. Life-course b. General theory of crime c. Integrated d. Age-graded

Q: A researcher using official government documents need not be concerned about the reliability of those records.

Q: As a mode of observation, content analysis is essentially an operation of coding.

Q: Mandy has a successful and lucrative career with a supportive family and boyfriend. Sampson and Laub would say Mandy has which of the following? a. Strong support network b. Social capital c. Encouraging boss and family d. Positive reinforcement

Q: Name one reasonwhy a client might be angry.

Q: Secondary analysis refers to the analysis of data collected by another researcher for a purpose similar to your research interests.

Q: What refers to the propensity to commit crime that profoundly and permanently disrupts normal socialization over the life course? a. State dependence b. Cumulative disadvantages c. Latent trait d. Problem behavior syndrome

Q: By middle childhood, what sustains antisocial behavior? a. Social rejection by conventional peers b. Academic failure and socialization by unskilled parents c. Socialization by unskilled parents d. Social rejection by conventional peers and academic failure

Q: Latent coding has the advantage of tapping underlying meanings, while reliability is an advantage of manifest coding

Q: Which of the following statements is true about the strengths or weaknesses of content analysis? a. It is likely to be economical in terms of time and money. b. It is hard to correct mistakes. c. It cannot study processes that occur over time. d. It is obtrusive.

Q: According to Sampson and Laub, what refers to positive life experiences such as gaining employment or joining the military, which create informal social control mechanisms that limit delinquent behavior opportunities? a. Turning points b. Cumulative advantages c. Social capital d. Maturation

Q: What program is designed to prevent serious antisocial behavior and related adolescent problems in high-risk children entering first grade? a. Bright Beginnings b. SMART c. Fast Track d. PATHS

Q: In regard to the relationship between propensity and opportunity in the commission of delinquent acts, which of the following is correct? a. Both propensity and opportunity remain stable b. Both propensity and opportunity fluctuate c. Propensity remains stable, opportunity fluctuates d. Propensity fluctuates, opportunity remains stable

Q: Which of the following is true about negative case testing in qualitative content analysis? a. It does NOT apply to hypothesis testing. b. The data should be searched to find all cases that would contradict the original hypothesis. c. It is a deductive process. d. None of these.

Q: A client in a group setting is becoming more and more angry. You sense a palpable feeling that a violent outburst may be ready to occur, a situation that might present danger to others. The first and most critical step is: a. Calling security or the police b. Securing the safety of others c. Utilizing reflective listening d. Responding in a calm tone of voice

Q: Tom and Jerry were neighbors. Jerry would often go to Tom's house as a retreat from his own dysfunctional household. For a short period of time, Tom and Jerry hung out together when Tom was in his rebellious years. Jerry did not do as well as Tom in school as his cognitive abilities were lower, limiting Jerry's academic success. Additionally, Jerry engaged in far more antisocial behavior as compared to Tom. When Tom left for college, Jerry was becoming increasingly more entangled in drugs and criminality. Which of the following best describes Jerry? a. Latent trait criminality b. Life-course persister c. Escalator d. Adolescent-limited

Q: Which of the following is NOT a limitation of secondary analysis? a. Large chunks of data might be missing. b. There might be no variation in a variable that you want to analyze. c. Trends over time cannot be assessed. d. The variable might have been defined in a way that does not match your definition of that variable.

Q: Reacting with an authoritative tone to a situation in which a client's anger appears on the verge of escalating can: a. Demonstrate to the client that you are in charge b. Show that you are not going to allow the anger/outburst to continue c. Fuel an already volatile situation d. Unwittingly demonstrate to the client that you are helpless

Q: In his early teenage years, Tom would get into minor tussles, engaging in what his parents referred to as "rebellious teenage behaviors." As he reached his mid-teens, Tom started to mimic the behaviors of gang of kids at school who were always in trouble. As he reached his senior year, Tom began to seriously consider his future. He was concerned that his "rebellious years" might have dramatically affected his chances of getting into a good college and he seriously curtailed his delinquent behaviors. Which of the following describes Tom's voyage into delinquency? a. Conflicted offender b. Life-course persister c. Escalator d. Adolescent-limited

Q: Which of the following statements is true about analyzing existing statistics? a. Existing statistics in official government documents can be presumed to be highly valid. b. Existing statistics in official government documents can be presumed to be highly reliable. c. In government agencies existing statistics always can be presumed to have been collected in a careful, systematic fashion. d. None of these

Q: Professor Jenner was interested in using Census Bureau data to examine the trend in unemployment rates in the United States. However, Jenner's definition of unemployment did not match the one used by the Census Bureau. Jenner was dealing with the issue of a. reliability. b. validity. c. the ecological fallacy. d. ideal types. e. verstehen.

Q: Which of the following is not considered an appropriate means of disarming an angry client and defusing his or her angry outburst? a. Maintaining a calm even tone of voice b. Relaxed movement c. Reflective listening d. Calling a time outa period of cooling off

Q: Which of the following is considered to be one of the most important longitudinal studies tracking persistent offenders? a. Chicago Delinquency Project b. Wolfgang's Philadelphia Study c. Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development d. Glueck's Harvard Study

Q: A recommended tool for disarming anger associated with discharged agency clients is: a. A follow-up phone call b. A follow-up questionnaire c. An open-door policy d. Better communication from the outset

Q: When a client is angry, the counselor must delineate between fact finding and "grilling." Grilling has the potential to be construed as: a. An attempt to prove the client wrong b. An attempt to confuse the client c. A me-vs.-you approach d. An attempt to demean the client

Q: The adage that you must walk a mile in another person's shoes before judging the person is similar to which of the following concepts? a. verstehen. b. foot sense. c. ideal types. d. all of these.

Q: Which of the following statements is/are true about historical/comparative analysis? a. It is comparative in that it seeks to discover common patterns that recur in different times and places. b. Primary sources for raw data might include old letters, diaries, or lectures. c. Flaws might exist in both primary as well as secondary sources. d. Even official government records might be biased. e. All of these.

Q: Mary, Peter and Paul's friend, started shoplifting in middle school. She frequently lied to her parents about how she acquired the new clothes. One day her mother found her stash of makeup and when questioned, Mary said she found the makeup in the pocket of a coat she purchased at Good Will. Mary was enraged that another girl at school was flirting with someone Mary liked. She vowed revenge and got Peter and Paul to help her vandalize the girl's house and set fire to the girl's locker at school. In high school, Mary was caught trying to forge her mother's signature on a check for a large amount of cash. When that did not work, Mary broke into a few of the neighbors' homes. Which of the pathways correctly identifies Mary's escalating behaviors? a. Covert pathway b. Overt pathway c. Authority conflict pathway d. Trajectory pathway

Q: Paul's friend Peter bullied his classmates in elementary school. He started with name-calling, then moved to physical aggression including head-slapping, tripping, and shoving. His parents did not consider this as physical aggression, really. More like "boys will be boys." As he got older, Paul began to engage in physical altercations. The physical fighting grew more intense when Paul joined a gang. As a teenager, Paul was convicted in adult court of a strong-arm attack and rape. Which pathway aligns to Paul's behavior? a. Covert pathway b. Overt pathway c. Authority conflict pathway d. Trajectory pathway

Q: Focusing on a solution in order to disarm anger is best described as being: a. Conciliatory b. Reciprocal c. Collaborative d. Negotiated

Q: After examining the FBI Crime Reports for a 30-year period, Professor Hall claimed that the incidence of rape has increased. After examining the same reports, Professor Shine claimed that the reporting of rape, not the incidence of rape, has increased. This illustrates a. the problem of reliability in using existing statistics. b. the problem of validity in using existing statistics. c. the need to replicate existing statistics. d. the ecological fallacy.

Q: Paul was always a "hand full"; as a toddler and then preschooler he was stubborn, refusing to speak to people who spoke to him or comply with simple requests. In elementary school, Paul's stubborn behaviors morphed into open defiance. He would not comply with school personnel requests he go to his classroom or with his teacher when she asked him to read or complete an assignment. At home, when asked by his parents to complete a chore or to do his homework, Paul would stare at them and simply say, "No." When Paul entered middle school, he started staying out late and not going to school. Eventually he started to run away whenever the mood struck him. Which of the pathways appropriately describes Paul's delinquent behaviors? a. Covert pathway b. Overt pathway c. Authority conflict pathway d. Trajectory pathway

Q: In David Burns' Feeling Good, which of the following is not one of the recommended four steps in disarming anger? a. Being appreciative b. Finding common ground c. Cutting off the counselee and redirecting him or her to a more relevant or relaxed topic d. Asking for more information

Q: Counselors who start out with the assumption that they will receive no trouble from a client are setting themselves up for: a. Failure b. A trap c. Disappointment d. Exhaustion

Q: Professor Perlman from question 4 found that textbook A contained the word "he" 80 times, whereas textbook B contained it 20 times. In addition, textbook A used the word "chairman" 16 times, whereas textbook B used it only 4 times. Perlman was correct in concluding that a. textbook A was four times as sexist as textbook B. b. textbook B was one-fourth as sexist as textbook A. c. the words "he" and "chairman" appeared four times more in textbook A than in textbook B. d. all of these.

Q: What is a cluster of antisocial behaviors that may include family dysfunction, substance abuse, smoking, precocious sexuality and early pregnancy, educational underachievement, suicide attempts, sensation seeking, and unemployment, as well as delinquency called? a. Problem behavior syndrome b. Emotional and behavioral disturbance c. Antisocial personality disorder d. Oppositional defiance disorder

Q: Jill knows there are three independent yet interrelated developmental views of delinquencypropensity theory, life-course theory, and some other theory she cannot remember. Of the following, which is the third theory? a. Persister theory b. Limited engagement theory c. Transitional theory d. Trajectory theory

Q: Disarming anger is a vital component in establishing ____________ and in allowing the practice of ____________. a. Rapport | empathy b. Dialogue | sympathy c. Understanding | communication d. Rapport | anger management

Q: Professor Perlman was interested in comparing two textbooks to determine whether one used more sexist language than the other. Perlman counted the number of times a gender reference appeared in each book. Perlman was doing a. latent content coding. b. manifest content coding. c. quota sampling. d. theoretical sampling.

Q: For social scientists, an advantage to utilizing available records for data is a. the reliability and validity of the data am guaranteed. b. the reliability and validity of the data can easily be assessed and connected, if necessary. c. the reports are very accurate. d. the data can be obtained with limited financial cost. e. the data is already in ideal types.

Q: With a focus on the forerunner of delinquency, what area did the Gluecks research? a. Economic conditions b. Early onset of delinquency c. School failure d. Abuse and neglect

Q: Which of the following is not generally regarded as a "common" reason why clients become angered? a. They have a history of feeling marginalized b. Confusion c. Psychopathology d. The need for attention

Q: In comparison to coding the manifest content of communication, coding the latent content a. has a disadvantage in terms of validity. b. has an advantage in terms of reliability. c. is better designed for tapping the underlying meaning of communications. d. has an advantage in terms of specificity.

Q: The Gluecks identified a number of personal and social factors related to persistent offending. The most important of those factors was family relations. What were the terms considered in the family relations? a. Quality of time parents spent with their children b. Number of children in familydivision of parental time among children c. Family compositionintact nuclear family d. Quality of discipline and emotional ties with parents

Q: What is wrong with the following statement: "You are not listening to me. I feel that you would be better off if you went to rehab."

Q: What part of the following statement is the case manager's opinion: "I will honor your request but I feel you are avoiding a real source of help."

Q: Jack wants to investigate the developmental theory that focuses on changes in criminality over the life span. Which of the following theories would Jack investigate? a. Life-course b. Propensity c. Behavior d. Trajectory

Q: When a case manager needs to express a firmer message, there are 4 steps to the process. Describe them.

Q: In which of the following analyses is content analysis least likely to be useful? a. themes in newspaper editorials. b. the wording of this exam. c. topics covered in class lectures. d. the theme of love as discussed in song. e. dating patterns among high school seniors.

Q: The standards for appraising the trustworthiness of qualitative research are the same regardless of one's epistemological paradigm.

Q: Rebekah has a below-average IQ, a low amount of self-control, and a high degree of impulsivity. What would these individual characteristics be considered? a. General b. Trajectory c. Propensity d. Latent traits