Q&A Hero

Q: American students consistently outperform Chinese students on standardized students. a. True b. False

Q: Poverty and economic marginality may directly impact learning and consequently a child's future chances of success. a. True b. False

Q: Training students to resist peer pressure is a cognitive approach to preventing delinquency. a. True b. False

Q: In general, students have the right to expect that their records will be kept private. a. True b. False

Q: In regard to drug testing of student athletes, the only consequence of a failed drug test is to limit the student's privilege of participating in extracurricular activities. a. True b. False

Q: Police need probable cause before they can conduct a search, but educators can legally search students when there are reasonable grounds to believe the students have violated the law or broken school rules. a. True b. False

Q: Student alienation has also been identified as a link between school failure and delinquency. a. True b. False

Q: Safe Harbor is a bullying intervention program first developed in Norway. a. True b. False

Q: The relationship between school failure and persistent offending is unclear. a. True b. False

Q: The school experience is not a significant factor in shaping the direction of an adolescent's life course. a. True b. False

Q: The Court has ruled that school officials have the right to censor "active speech" when that speech is disruptive of the learning environment. a. True b. False

Q: Explain the development of gangs from the 1600s in London, from the 1920s in the United States, to the development of contemporary gangs.

Q: Explain the elements of Spergel's Community Gang Control Program.

Q: Gang members are getting older and the majority of them are now legal adults. Explain why gang members are aging and how this affects gang activity.

Q: Discuss the anomie/alienation view of why youths join gangs. Do you agree or disagree with this theory? Explain.

Q: Discuss the anthropological view of why youths join gangs.

Q: According to some researchers, gangs can be categorized by their dominant activity. Explain Fagan's four categories of gangs.

Q: Explain Hagedorn's belief that changing social and economic conditions in the post-globalization world has supported the spread of gang activity. Do you agree or disagree? Why or why not?

Q: Discuss why gangs have reemerged. Do you agree that economic and social conditions are factors in gang formation? Explain.

Q: Explain Thrasher's, Klein's, and Miller's definitions of gangs. Discuss their similarities or differences.

Q: Discuss the relationship between peer relations and delinquency.

Q: _____ is inscriptions or drawings on walls and structures that convey gang messages and define turf.

Q: A system of positions, facial expressions, and body language used by gang members to convey a message is called _____.

Q: A ______ strategy assigns police officers to keep peace in local neighborhoods.

Q: A treatment-oriented ______ approach seeks to rehabilitate youths as opposed to simply incarcerating them.

Q: A _____ is a method of enforcement in which police, armed with arrest warrants, enter a neighborhood in force in an operation to make as many arrests as possible.

Q: According to the _____ view, youths join gangs to satisfy a desire to be needed and to be a part of something.

Q: Traditionally, gangs have operated in _____ experiencing rapid population change.

Q: _____ is now regarded by law enforcement agencies as the nation's most dangerous gang.

Q: Small groups of friends who share intimate knowledge and confidences are called ____.

Q: According to the text, it is possible that _____ love discourages offending by strengthening the social bond.

Q: Today, about _____ law enforcement agencies with a gang problem operate a gang unit, including more than half of larger cities.

Q: In Latino gang writings, the term "rifa" means _____.

Q: A ____ is a member of a white supremacist gang, usually with Nazi of Ku Klux Klan markings.

Q: _____ is a system of positions, facial expression, and body language used to convey a message.

Q: The three largest African American gangs are _____, _____, and _____.

Q: Female gang members begin to drift away from gangs when _____.

Q: According to the _____ view of gang membership, youths join gangs for protection, fun, survival, and to enhance their lifestyle.

Q: _____ was a problem-oriented policing approach that was developed as part of the Youth Violence Strike Force in Boston.

Q: _____ is/are a method of enforcement in which police, armed with arrest and search warrants, enter a neighborhood in an operation to make as many arrests as possible.

Q: In _____ , the California Court of Appeal ruled that prosecutors must first prove through clear and convincing evidence that a person is a gang member before using an antigang injunction to restrict his or her right to engage in everyday activities.

Q: _____ pairs one probation officer with two police officers to make surprise visits to the homes, schools, and worksites of high-risk youth probationers during the nontraditional hours of 7 PM to midnight. a. Operation Ceasefire b. Operation Peacekeeper c. Operation Night Light d. Operation S.A.V.E.

Q: According to the _____ view, youths are encouraged to join gangs during periods of social, economic, and cultural turmoil. a. socialization b. rational choice c. anomie/alienation d. psychological

Q: In regard to gang control, _____ refers to one or more police officers, usually from youth or detective units who are assigned exclusively to gang-control work. a. gang details b. youth services programs c. gang units d. gang breakers

Q: The _____ view of gang membership suggests that gangs appeal to adolescents' longing for the tribal process that sustained their ancestors. a. social b. psychological c. cultural d. anthropological

Q: According to the _____ view, ganging can provide girls with a sense of security, at least from non-gang members. a. social injury b. sisterhood c. rational choice d. opportunistic

Q: _____ gangs tend to victimize members of their own ethnic group, are more organized than other types of gangs, have recognizable leaders, and tend to be secretive. a. Hispanic b. African American c. Anglo d. Asian

Q: Tossing or flashing gang signs in the presence of rivals, often escalating into a verbal or physical confrontation, is called ____. a. posting b. representing c. signifying d. identifying

Q: The first mention of youth gangs in America occurred in the _____. a. early 1900s b. late 1780s c. late 1860s d. early 1820s

Q: According to the text, adolescent sexual activity _____ increases the likelihood of offending. a. without the promise of love b. with multiple partners c. with unknown partners d. without protection

Q: Gang drawings or inscriptions written on a wall or structure and used for gang messages and turf definition are called _____. a. message boards b. codes c. signaling d. graffiti

Q: _____are subgroups of same-aged youths in Hispanic gangs that remain together and have separate names and a unique identity in the gang. a. Placasos b. Controllos c. Klikas d. Locos

Q: The federal government sponsors the _____ to measure gang activity within the United Sates. a. Gang Victimization Survey b. Delinquent Youth Report c. National Youth Gang Survey d. Gang and Delinquency Survey

Q: Data gathered from the National Youth Gang Survey indicates that less than _____ of gang members are female. a. 4% b. 6% c. 8% d. 10%

Q: Research conducted by the National Gang Crime Research Center indicates that most youths join their first gang at age _____. a. 7 b. 9 c. 12 d. 16

Q: _____ neighborhoods are inner-city areas of extreme poverty where the critical social control mechanisms have broken down. a. Inefficient b. Developmental c. Disorganized d. Alienated

Q: _____ are the individuals who control the drug distribution in hard-core drug gangs. a. Homeboys b. Hustlers c. Slangers d. Ballers

Q: Clusters of youth who seem unified but actually have limited cohesion are called _____. a. near-groups b. hustlers c. Slangers d. ballers

Q: According to Jeffrey Fagan, the _____ gang is heavily involved in criminality; drug use and sales are related to other criminal acts. a. social b. party c. serious delinquent d. organized

Q: According to Jeffrey Fagan, this type of gang concentrates on drug use and sales, forgoing most delinquent behavior except vandalism. a. Social gang b. Party gang c. Serious delinquent gang d. Organized gang

Q: According to _____ theory, delinquent youths are loners who do not form attachments to others. a. rational choice b. anomie/alienation c. social disorganization d. strain

Q: According to the National Youth Gang Survey, the most recent survey of gang membership estimates that there are _____ gang members in the United States. a. 110,000 b. 250,000 c. 400,000 d. 774,000

Q: Frederick Thrasher did most of his research on gangs in the city of _____. a. Pittsburgh b. London c. Los Angeles d. Chicago

Q: In a process called _____, close friends reinforce deviant behavior through talk and interaction. a. deviancy training b. social bonding c. clique control d. sports

Q: Frederick Thrasher coined the term _____, to describe a group that fills a crack in the social fabric and maintains standard group practices. a. criminal gang b. interstitial group c. gang banger d. profit gang

Q: It is possible that ____ love can fill a void of lessening parental attachment, and therefore result in less delinquent behavior. a. romantic b. adolescent c. conflictual d. puppy

Q: Reviews of research show that juvenile delinquent acts tend to be committed in small groups, rather than by youths acting alone. This is called _____. a. gang banging b. wilding c. co-offending d. group participation

Q: Groups of youth who collectively engage in delinquent behaviors are called _____. a. controversial status youth b. gangs c. Cliques d. status groups

Q: _____ refers to loosely organized groups of children who share interests and activities. a. Cohorts b. Crowds c. Dyads d. Cliques

Q: Small groups of friends who share intimate knowledge and activities with each other are referred to as _____. a. families b. crowds c. groups d. cliques

Q: A friendship _____ is considered an association with a single "best friend." a. clique b. partnership c. dyad d. duo

Q: Policymakers are encouraged to expand the use of evidence-based policies that are scientifically proven to reduce juvenile recidivism. a. True b. False

Q: Detached Street Workers was a program from the 1950s designed to remove prostitutes from their beats. a. True b. False

Q: Gang members are increasingly getting older, due in part to a worsening economy. a. True b. False

Q: An organized gang is involved in few delinquent activities and heavily involved in drug use and sales. a. True b. False

Q: A social gang is involved in few delinquent activities and little drug use other than alcohol and marijuana use. a. True b. False

Q: The impact of globalization has been to create large economically depressed urban areas where gangs can flourish and export their influence. a. True b. False

Q: Most gangs are located in urban areas, and most large urban areas have reported the presence of gangs. a. True b. False

Q: Gangs are a recent phenomenon limited to the United States. a. True b. False

Q: The definition of a gang is a group of adolescents involved in delinquent behavior. a. True b. False