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Q:
In which type of facility do residents receive skilled nursing care, medical treatment, rehabilitation, supervision, and activities?
a. nursing home
b. assisted-living facility
c. adult family home
d. hospice
Q:
In 2013, was about $90,500 per year and was by far the leading catastrophic health care expense.
a. life insurance
b. medication cost for elderly persons
c. the average cost for a private room in a long-term care facility
d. the medical expenses for heart-related illnesses
Q:
______levels of care in nursing homes are defined by U.S. federal regulations.
a. Two
b. Three
c. Four
d. There are no regulations in the United States regarding nursing home care.
Q:
The percentage of adults ages 65-74 who are enrolled in Medicare and live in a long-term care facility is approximately
a. 2%.
b. 8%.
c. 14%.
d. 22%.
Q:
On any given day, only about of older adults live in a nursing home.
a. 0.5%
b. 5%
c. 15%
d. 35%
Q:
A recent study (Street & Burge, 2012) found that assisted-living residents' well-being was related to whether the decision to live there was under their control and
a. the length of time they had lived in the facility.
b. whether the facility was located within walking distance of businesses and shopping.
c. the quality of relationships they developed with other facility residents.
d. the quality of extracurricular activities offered at the facility.
Q:
Residents generally pay the cost of care in assisted-living facilities. This cost ranged from in 2012.
a. $5,000 to $10,000 per year
b. $25,000 to $50,000 per year
c. $75,000 to $100,000 per year
d. $100,000 to $150,000 per year
Q:
Majorie enjoys where she lives because she has her own private room and bathroom, yet she shares meals with friends and is able to get any additional help she might need. She most likely lives in
a. a nursing home.
b. an assisted-living facility.
c. an adult family home.
d. a hospice.
Q:
A facility that provides assistance with personal care such as help with medication, housekeeping, laundry service, and meals but does not provide major medical care is called
a. a nursing home.
b. an assisted-living facility.
c. an adult family home.
d. adult day care.
Q:
Housing options for older adults that provide a supportive living arrangement for people who need assistance with personal care, but who are not so impaired they need 24-hour care, describes which of the following:
a. nursing home
b. assisted living
c. congregate housing
d. adult day care
Q:
An apartment complex of older individuals that provides some level of services, such as shared meals, to clients is best described as
a. adult day care.
b. congregate housing.
c. auxillary dwelling units.
d. assisted living.
Q:
Although the evidence suggests that there are many benefits to adult day care, such as reducing caregiver burden, one key factor in adult day care success is
a. how many hours per week the services are offered.
b. the quality of food served.
c. whether the programs and services are culturally sensitive.
d. whether there are separate areas and activities for men and women.
Q:
Most adult day care clients are over the age of_____.
a. men; 65
b. women; 65
c. women; 70
d. men; 85
Q:
________is designed to provide support, companionship, and certain services during the day. It is used most often when a primary caretaker is employed or has other daytime obligations.
a. Adult day care
b. Cluster housing
c. Nursing home care
d. Assisted living
Q:
Modifications to one's home typically reduce difficulty in accomplishing ADLs and disabilityrelated
outcomes.
a. reduce
b. increase
c. have no impact on
d. exacerbate
Q:
Which of the following is true regarding home modifications?
a. Minor structural changes (installing handrails) are common strategies.
b. Many people simply cannot afford home modifications, even though this option may be cheaper than placement in a residential facility.
c. Home modifications typically reduce difficulty with ADLs.
d. All of these.
Q:
Home modification is an example of
a. increasing one's competence.
b. lowering environmental press.
c. maladaptive coping.
d. decreasing corrective adaptation.
Q:
Which of the following is important when considering the best living options for older adults?
a. whether there is significant cognitive or physical impairment requiring intervention or support
b. whether the current home situation can be modified
c. the ability of family and friends to provide support
d. all of the above
Q:
Before making a decision on where an older family member should live, it's wise to consult the person's
___________.
a. physician
b. neighbors
c. friends
d. clergy
Q:
In deciding what the optimal housing arrangement might be for an older person (at home, in cluster housing, in assisted living, etc.) one particularly critical component in making this decision is
a. the physician's assessment of what is best.
b. the cost of the various options.
c. the involvement of the person in question, to the extent possible.
d. the range of services provided at each facility.
Q:
A high degree of in communication with oneself and one's family is essential when deciding the best
place for an older adult to live.
a. understanding
b. trust
c. funds
d. honesty
Q:
Deciding on the best option for an elderly person entails assessing the ability of family members or friends to provide or care.
a. finances
b. support
c. safety
d. love
Q:
Having a provides a strong source of self-identity.
a. home
b. doctor
c. friend
d. pet
Q:
A first step to take when deciding on an optimal environment is to decide whether the individual has significant cognitive or impairment requiring intervention.
a. physiology
b. social
c. mental
d. physical
Q:
Many older adults compensate in their environments in order to effectively cope. Or, they select a different place to live. This description fits with the
a. proactive versus docility theory.
b. congruence-environment model.
c. independent versus dependent living model.
d. competence-environment press model.
Q:
Which statement best describes cluster housing?
a. It focuses on home modifications to enable individuals to age in place at home.
b. It is free to all those over 70-years-old.
c. It focuses on intensive, round-the-clock nursing care.
d. It emphasizes individual choice on the part of residents in terms of what services they use.
Q:
What is the major aspect of aging in place?
a. feeling safe
b. feeling comfortable
c. feeling balanced
d. feeling at home
Q:
Ecology of aging, or , seeks to understand the dynamic relations between older adults and the environments they inhabit.
a. psychology of adaptation
b. aging in place
c. gerontology
d. environmental psychology
Q:
Willis' model proposes that the primary outcomes of everyday competence are
a. independent living and absence of chronic disease.
b. emotional and cognitive well-being.
c. low environmental press and high competence.
d. psychological and physical well-being.
Q:
Whether someone believes that he or she is in control of a situation influences how competent that person is. In
Willis' model of everyday competence, this is termed
a. an antecedent.
b. a mechanism.
c. a component.
d. an outcome.
Q:
According to Willis' model of everyday competence, one's health and the availability of health insurance would be
considered
a. antecedents.
b. mechanisms.
c. components.
d. outcomes.
Q:
Everyday competence is a person's
a. actual ability to perform a wide range of tasks.
b. potential ability to perform a wide range of tasks.
c. ability to get along with others in a community-based setting.
d. ability to satisfactorily perform ADLs.
Q:
The competence and environmental press approach, the preventive and corrective proactivity model (PCP), and the stress and coping framework all agree that
a. the person is the most critical factor.
b. the environment is the most critical factor.
c. one type of environment can serve all older peoples' needs adequately.
d. no one environment meets everyone's needs.
Q:
Schooler (1982) showed that the presence of affected the likelihood that a particular situation would be defined as threatening.
a. stressors
b. coping mechanisms
c. lack of mobility
d. social support
Q:
Schooler's stress and coping paradigm is based upon which theory?
a. the life-span perspective
b. the neuroscience approach
c. programmed-cell-death theory
d. Lazarus and Folkman's cognitive theory
Q:
Older adults tend to engage in more than .
a. corrective adaptations; preventive adaptations
b. preventive adaptations; corrective adaptations
c. proactivity; docility
d. increasing adaptation; decreasing press
Q:
In Kahana's model, an example of a preventive adaptation would be
a. changing one's diet after having a heart attack.
b. taking medication to reduce high blood pressure.
c. beginning an exercise regiment to reduce the chances of developing health problems.
d. moving into a nursing home after suffering a fall.
Q:
In Kahana and Kahana's model (2006), helpful factors, such as having friends and having a positive outlook on life, are called
a. Component B.
b. life factors.
c. Component F.
d. buffers.
Q:
Kahana and Kahana (2006) built a model of successful aging based on the core concept of
a. the zone of maximum comfort.
b. aging in place.
c. environmental press.
d. proactivity.
Q:
Sophie, an 80-year-old woman with several chronic medical conditions, was placed in a nursing home. At first, she was cheerful and active, but now she is withdrawn and depressed. This nursing home is for people with severe cognitive deficits. How would this situation be analyzed in the competence model of Lawton and Nahemow?
a. This behavior is due to high personal competence and low environmental press.
b. Although she feels competent, she is stressed because the nursing home is structured.
c. Her ability to cope has been reduced because she is no longer mentally competent.
d. Because her physical abilities are reduced, she can't get involved in activities.
Q:
When people encounter changes in their particular combinations of environmental press and competence, they respond with
a. depression or anger.
b. proactivity or anger.
c. proactivity or docility.
d. tend or befriend.
Q:
In Lawton and Nahemow's model, the less competent the person is, the greater the
a. adaptation level.
b. use of preventive adaptations.
c. impact of environmental factors.
d. proactivity.
Q:
Laura lives in an area in which women are frequently victims of violent crimes, but she was the top student in her
selfdefense class. In terms of Lawton and Nahemow's model, she has
a. low environmental press.
b. high alienation.
c. high competence.
d. unrealistic expectations.
Q:
According to the competence and environmental press model, slight increases in press tend to________, whereas slight decreases in press create the_____.
a. improve performance; zone of maximal comfort
b. b. decrease performance, zone of maximal comfort
c. improve performance; zone of maximum performance potential
d. decrease performance; zone of maximum performance potential.
Q:
According to Lawton and Nahemow, the area where press level is average for a given level of competence and where behavior and affect are normal is called
a. adaptation level.
b. psychosocial adjustment.
c. congruence points.
d. balance points.
Q:
The theoretical upper limit of an individual's capacity to function in areas such as physical skills, cognitive skills, and ego strength is called
a. performance.
b. adjustment.
c. adaptation.
d. competence.
Q:
Environmental press refers to the physical, interpersonal, or demands that environments put on people.
a. cognitive
b. behavioral
c. social
d. intellectual
Q:
Which person conceptualized person-environment interactions as the equation B = f (P, E)?
a. Bandura
b. Lewin
c. Kahana
d. Schooler
Q:
The basic assumption of person-environment interactions is that
a. the person is a function of behavior and the environment.
b. behavior is a function of the person and the environment.
c. environment is a function of the person and behavior.
d. the person, behavior, and environment are unrelated.
Q:
The disease_________ occurs when the pancreas produces insufficient insulin.
Q:
The perceived ability to cope with harm, threat, or challenge is_________.
Q:
Researchers speculate that when stressed, men opt for a fight or flight response, whereas women opt for a
____________ approach.
Q:
The incidence rate of________disease decreases with age, while the incidence rate of ________ disease increases with age.
Q:
Older adults may be more susceptible to_______infection because of changes in the immune system.
Q:
Much about the immune system is unknown. For example, a great mystery is how the immune system differentiates between one's own cells and__________.
Q:
__________is the presence of a physical or mental disease or impairment.
Q:
Populations around the world vary as to how long they live on average, from_______in Sierra Leone in Africa to ________ in Japan.
Q:
For people in the United States, the current average longevity from birth is about__________.
Q:
A longitudinal study by Strawbridge and colleagues (1998) found that poorly perceived health, smoking, heaving drinking, and_______predicted who would become disabled.
a. depression
b. social islolation
c. physical inactivity
d. all of these
Q:
Bess is having problems keeping track of her bills and checking account. These problems are known as
a. functional activities of daily living.
b. activities of daily living.
c. activities of daily living.
d. disabilities of daily living.
Q:
Activities that require some intellectual competence and planning, such as paying bills and taking medications appropriately, are called
a. functional activities of daily living.
b. instrumental activities of daily living.
c. activities of daily living.
d. disabilities of daily living.
Q:
Robert is having problems with bathing and feeding himself since his stroke. These problems are known as
a. functional activities of daily living.
b. instrumental activities of daily living.
c. activities of daily living.
d. disabilities of daily living.
Q:
The self-care tasks of eating, bathing, dressing, and walking are termed
a. functional activities of daily living.
b. instrumental activities of daily living.
c. activities of daily living.
d. disabilities of daily living.
Q:
Factors that make the situation worse than it originally was are called
a. exacerbators.
b. amplifiers.
c. risk factors.
d. functional impairments.
Q:
Sixty-five-year-old Maggie has joined an exercise program and is trying to keep a positive outlook since her diagnosis of arthritis. These activities are examples of
a. risk factors.
b. personal factors.
c. extraindividual factors.
d. intraindividual factors.
Q:
An example of an extraindividual intervention is
a. beginning an exercise program.
b. keeping a positive outlook.
c. taking advantage of transportation programs to increase mobility.
d. surgery.
Q:
_______are longstanding behaviors that increase one's chances of a disability.
a. Risk factors
b. Personal factors
c. Extraindividual factors
d. Intraindividual factors
Q:
Which of the following are not part of the disablement process proposed by Verbrugge and Jette (1994)?
a. risk factors
b. personal factors
c. extraindividual factors
d. intraindividual factors
Q:
The pathology component of the main pathway of disability consists of
a. diagnosis of disease.
b. dysfunctions and structural abnormalities.
c. restrictions in basic physical and mental actions.
d. difficulty performing daily tasks.
Q:
Mrs. Smythe became first disabled when she was elderly, at 88-years-old. She then died two years later. This example illustrates
a. comorbidity.
b. compression of morbidity.
c. average longevity.
d. frail older adults.
Q:
Having difficulty completing daily activities of living due to a chronic condition is known as
a. a long-term illness.
b. medical pathology.
c. a disability.
d. psychoneuroimmunology.
Q:
Mrs. Granich takes seven medications for a variety of problems. Most of these medications must be taken every day and at specified times during the day. Trying to remember all this makes it hard for Mrs. Granich to take her medication correctly. She could increase her medication compliance by
a. only seeing her favorite doctor.
b. taking all her medications together first thing in the morning.
c. self-medicating.
d. reducing the number of medications she takes.
Q:
Older adults are more likely to engage in________, the taking of multiple medications, than younger adults.
a. multiple pharmacy
b. polypharmacy
c. self-medication
d. medication abuse
Q:
Due to physiological changes, older adults are at risk for all of the following except
a. increased side effects from medication.
b. increased risk of toxic effects from medication.
c. slower absorption of medication.
d. faster excretion of medication.
Q:
Compared with younger adults, older adults' metabolism of medication
a. takes more time.
b. takes less time.
c. takes the same amount of time.
d. requires more medication to achieve the same levels in the blood stream.
Q:
The time needed for medication to make it into the blood stream is called
a. absorption.
b. distribution.
c. metabolism.
d. excretion.
Q:
Older adults take more medications on average than any other age group. When over-the-counter drugs are included, this averages to about medications per older adult.
a. one to two
b. three to four
c. six to seven
d. ten to twelve
Q:
Which of the following statements is not true?
a. Pain is a common complaint among older adults.
b. Pain is a normal part of aging.
c. Pain can be controlled.
d. Chronic diseases are often accompanied by pain.
Q:
__________is one of the most common complaints of older adults, affecting more than 40% of community- dwelling adults on a regular basis.
a. Pain
b. Depression
c. Sleep apnea
d. Decreased mobility
Q:
The condition of urinary incontinence in older adults
a. is found in more than 90% of the population.
b. can often be treated through behavioral methods.
c. is the result of an increase in stress.
d. can be treated successfully with growth hormones.