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Q:
Identify and provide an example of an internal memory aid.
Q:
Identify and provide an example of an external memory aid.
Q:
What impact does memory self-efficacy have on older adults' memory performance?
Q:
Do negative stereotypes about aging have any impact on older adults' memory performance?
Q:
What are factors that preserve memory?
Q:
Describe false memories. Why might older adults be more susceptible to false memories?
Q:
What is autobiographical memory? What distinguishes events that are memorable from those that are not?
Q:
Describe normative age-related differences in working memory. What are the implications for daily functioning?
Q:
Summarize the findings concerning age-related changes in divided attention.
Q:
What is sensory memory? Describe its importance in information processing and identify age-related differences.
Q:
A brain autopsy following the suicide of former NFL player Dave Duerson revealed he suffered from chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) caused by repeated________.
Q:
Occasionally, people temporarily experience a complete loss of memory and are disoriented in time, a condition known as ________________.
Q:
_________, which often accompanies long-term alcoholism, involves major loss of recent memory and sometimes a total inability to form new memories.
Q:
One way to distinguish normal from abnormal memory changes is to ask whether the changes disrupt a person's ability to _________________.
Q:
Mentally retracing your steps in all the places you've been in order to find your missing car keys is an example of a(n) ________________ strategy.
Q:
_________involves remembering items or events that did not occur.
Q:
Older adults show________levels of brain activity in the parietal and frontal regions of the brain involved in the retrieval of information.
Q:
Remembering that you have a dentist appointment next Friday at noon requires________.
Q:
Researchers have generally concluded that most of the reason memory performance declines with age has to do with problems.
Q:
Brushing your teeth is not something you tend to think consciously about. Remembering how to do it is an example of ____________ memory.
Q:
_______is the active processes and structures involved in holding information in mind and simultaneously using that information to solve a problem or make a decision.
Q:
Most of the tasks involving deliberate memory, such as learning words on a list, require________.
Q:
________is how quickly and efficiently the early steps in information processing are completed.
Q:
The________ to cognition examines how people take in stimuli material from their environment and transform that information into memories.
Q:
The two groups of drugs that work to enhance memory, cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, work througha. neurotransmitters.b. changing the structure of the brain.c. reducing neural tangles.d. their effect on the corpus callosum.
Q:
One implicit internal memory aide has proven quite powerful, and those with Alzheimer's can learn new things using it. What is it?
a. EIEIO method
b. spaced retrieval
c. memory monitoring
d. memory drugs
Q:
Most memory improvement courses train people to become proficient at usinga. internal strategies.b. external strategies.c. exterior strategies.d. interior strategies.
Q:
Research suggests that all of the following external memory cues are most effective except those thata. require a pen or pencil.b. are active rather than passive.c. are given close to the time action is required.d. are specific to a particular action.
Q:
An example of an internal memory strategy isa. rehearsal.b. a list.c. an address book.d. a calendar.
Q:
Which of the following is an external memory aid?a. imageryb. rehearsalc. memory drugsd. a shopping list
Q:
Memory aids that rely on environmental resources, such as notebooks or calendars, are known asa. external aids.b. implicit aids.c. internal aids.d. mnemonics.
Q:
Research has shown that when older adults are asked to predict how well they will perform on a memory task, they are more accurate when
a. the task is novel.
b. they are told how other people have performed.
c. they have direct experience with the task.
d. they have no experience with the task.
Q:
What feature of memory reflects an individual's confidence in being able to complete a task?
a. metamemory
b. memory self-efficacy
c. online awareness
d. source awareness
Q:
Which of the following beliefs about memory is notcharacteristic of older adults?
a. Memory is not stable.
b. Memory will decline with age.
c. I have little control over my memory.
d. I know a great deal about how memory works.
Q:
You have an hour break between classes, and you decide to go to the library and study. Your awareness of the time while studying is an example of
a. metamemory.
b. memory monitoring.
c. online awareness.
d. memory awareness.
Q:
The awareness of what we are doing with our memory right now is known as
a. metamemory.
b. memory monitoring.
c. online awareness.
d. memory awareness.
Q:
You realize that you have an exam coming up for your biology course. Half of it is multiple choice and half of it is essay. You realize the essay section will be harder than the multiple-choice part of the exam. This is an example of
a. metamemory.
b. memory monitoring.
c. on-line awareness.
d. memory awareness.
Q:
Metamemory refers to what one knows about
a. the memory system and how it works.
b. the accuracy of the knowledge base.
c. current ongoing memory processes.
d. one's own past experiences.
Q:
Negative stereotypes about aging_______ the memory performance of older adults.
a. increase
b. decrease
c. are unrelated to
d. confuse
Q:
Because it remains relatively unimpaired,_______ may have an enhancement effect on_______for older adults.
a. implicit; explicit
b. semantic memory; episodic memory
c. sensory memory; working memory
d. encoding; retrieval
Q:
Which of the following was found to be a protective factor for maintaining one's cognitive state over time?
a. having relatives who lived to very old age
b. having parents with high IQs
c. having a large number of friends to socialize with
d. speaking multiple languages
Q:
Older adults from 75 to 95 years of age who spoke_______ languages or more showed the best cognitive state.
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. number of languages was not related to cognitive functioning
Q:
Neuroscience research clearly demonstrates that_______ has a wide range of effects on the brain, including increased neural plasticity, and can be an intervention alternative for diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.
a. a diet high in Omega-3 fatty acids
b. reading
c. exercise
d. working past retirement age
Q:
Physical fitness training improves cognitive performance in older adults regardless of
a. the training method.
b. the intensity of the training.
c. the length of the training.
d. the initial fitness level of the adult.
Q:
Older adults have more difficulty correctly identifying information as false because they have trouble linking content information to
a. its context.
b. its outcome.
c. other information in long-term memory.
d. sensory memory.
Q:
Older adults are more susceptible to scams and con artists because they are more susceptible to
a. false memories.
b. source memories.
c. flashbulb memories.
d. implicit memories.
Q:
Remembering something that did not really occur is known as
a. false memory.
b. source memory.
c. flashbulb memory.
d. implicit memory.
Q:
Claiming that one had performed an activity that one had actually only observed is more common among
a. younger adults.
b. older adults.
c. children.
d. adolescents.
Q:
Melena is having trouble remembering whether she took her medication or if she just thinks she did. This is an example of a(n)
a. false memory.
b. source memory.
c. flashbulb memory.
d. implicit memory.
Q:
Older adults are likely to have difficulties with_______, which involves remembering where a piece of information was acquired.
a. false memory
b. source memory
c. flashbulb memory
d. implicit memory
Q:
Benjamin (2010) proposed that older adults have a(n)_______that causes problems in source memory and the inability to exclude irrelevant information.
a. global deficit
b. specific deficit
c. occipital deficit
d. hormonal deficit
Q:
In a large cross-sectional study of source memory, adults between the ages of 21 and 80 years of age showed
a. an increase over time.
b. a gradual increase until age 60, a decrease between age 60 and 65, and then a leveling off.
c. a linear decrease over time.
d. a precipitous drop after age 75.
Q:
Making connections between new information and already known information is called
a. encoding.
b. imagery.
c. elaborative rehearsal.
d. recognition.
Q:
Flashbulb memories feel very real, and people think they can remember them down to the smallest detail. Research on the accuracy of flashbulb memories indicates that
a. this is true. Flashbulb memories are highly accurate and are not likely to be forgotten over time.
b. this is false. Due to the highly emotional nature of flashbulb memories, they are usually forgotten quickly.
c. this is false. When comparing people's memories with independent records of actual events, people's memories are often wrong.
d. this is true for younger adults but not for older adults.
Q:
Remembering where you were when 9/11 occurred is an example of
a. explicit memory.
b. semantic memory.
c. an implicit memory.
d. a flashbulb memory.
Q:
When asked to remember life events, vivid memories from which age range are most likely to be reported?
a. 0-10 years of age
b. 10-30 years of age
c. 30-50 years of age
d. vivid memories are recalled from all time periods of life in equal numbers
Q:
Research on memories concerning personal health conducted by Coleman and colleagues, based on the Harvard Longitudinal Studies, showed that
a. memories improved between ages 40-50.
b. people at all ages performed poorly.
c. memories about eating were more accurate.
d. specific episodes were remembered best.
Q:
Autobiographical memory is primarily a form of
a. sensory memory.
b. recognition memory.
c. semantic memory.
d. episodic memory.
Q:
Remembering to call your friend on her birthday requires you to use
a. retrospective memory.
b. correlative memory.
c. anterograde memory.
d. prospective memory.
Q:
The process of prospective memory begins with the intention to remember something in the future and depends on monitoring
a. event and time cues.
b. encoding and retrieval.
c. automatic and effortful processing.
d. implicit and explicit memory.
Q:
Neuroscience research shows that during encoding, the prefrontal cortex in older adults shows
a. no activity.
b. lower activity.
c. overactivity.
d. pathological functioning.
Q:
The use of______makes tasks easier and increases the efficiency of encoding and retrieval.
a. strategies b. metamemory
c. the information processing model d. memory monitoring
Q:
You are at a cocktail party when you see a friend from college, but you can"t seem to recall her name. You know it
begins with an S. This is an example of
a. recapitulation.
b. familiar information being remembered more poorly.
c. a tip-of-the-tongue experience.
d. compensatory failure.
Q:
Older adults perform better on episodic memory tests when instructed to use
a. automatic processing.
b. divided attention.
c. internal study strategies such as rehearsal.
d. metamemory.
Q:
Overall, older adults do less well than younger adults on______, but on________this difference between the age groups is reduced.
a. recognition tests; recall tests
b. recall tests; recognition tests
c. tests of semantic memory; test of episodic memory
d. tests of short-term memory; tests of long-term memory
Q:
Answering short-answer or essay questions on your final exam requires the use of
a. inference.
b. recall.
c. recognition.
d. recapitulation.
Q:
Answering a multiple choice question on an exam like this one is an example of
a. recall memory.
b. recognition memory.
c. cued recall memory.
d. semantic memory.
Q:
Identifying the correct information from a larger list of information is an example of
a. recall memory.
b. recognition memory.
c. inference.
d. semantic memory.
Q:
When a friend asks you to tell them everything about your weekend, this is an example of what type of memory task?
a. recall
b. recognition
c. cued recall
d. probed recognition
Q:
A TOT (tip-of-the-tongue) experience is
a. a simple momentary retrieval failure for information that is otherwise accessible.
b. a sign of decline in episodic memory.
c. more common in younger than in older adults.
d. evidence of a failing long-term memory.
Q:
Evidence suggests there are no age-related deficits in memory processes such as language comprehension, the structure of language, and the activation of general knowledge. This is because_______is relatively spared in normal aging.
a. long-term memory
b. working memory
c. episodic memory
d. semantic memory
Q:
Which best describes normative age-related changes in semantic memory?
a. It increases across the life span.
b. It increases until age 55-60 and then shows a precipitous decline after age 65.
c. It increases from 35-55 years of age, levels off, and then declines after age 65.
d. It shows stability until age 65, after which it increases.
Q:
Semantic memory can be described as involving which type of ability?
a. being able to recall a stimuli viewed for a few seconds
b. remembering to do something in the future
c. remembering where something was heard or seen
d. recalling the definition of a word or a historical fact
Q:
This type of memory stays fairly stable until 55-60 years of age and then shows a precipitous decline after age 65.
a. sensory memory
b. episodic memory
c. semantic memory
d. remote memory
Q:
If 47yearold Matt can remember the poem he memorized in Mrs. Smith's 2nd grade class, Matt is using what
type of memory for this task?
a. sensory memory
b. episodic memory
c. semantic memory
d. remote memory
Q:
Which type of memory is concerned with learning and remembering the meanings of words and concepts that are not tied to specific occurrences of events in time?
a. sensory memory
b. working memory
c. episodic memory
d. semantic memory
Q:
The memories of what you did last summer and the speech you gave last semester in your public speaking class are stored in
a. sensory memory.
b. working memory.
c. long-term memory.
d. remote memory.
Q:
The ability to remember extensive amounts of information from a few seconds to a few hours to decades is known as
a. sensory memory.
b. working memory.
c. long-term memory.
d. remote memory.
Q:
Memory for implicit material reveals that, in general, age differences are
a. greater for explicit memory relative to implicit memory.
b. smaller for explicit memory relative to implicit memory.
c. are similar to that for explicit memory.
d. only found on perceptual tasks.
Q:
Improvements in your memory as the result of being previously exposed to the information without actively trying to remember it is known as
a. implicit memory.
b. recognition memory.
c. remote memory.
d. explicit memory.