Q&A Hero

Q: Which of the following is not one of the parallel levels of personality and function as defined by McAdams (1999)? a. dispositional traits b. life narrative c. self-concept d. personal concerns

Q: Which theorist(s) described three parallel levels of personality structure and function? a. McAdams b. Hooker c. Costa and McCrae d. Jung

Q: What are the research findings concerning religiosity and ethnicity?

Q: Why does subjective well-being tend to increase with age?

Q: According to McAdams, how does a life story develop over time?

Q: What evidence is there that midlife crises do or do not exist?

Q: What does Logan mean by saying that Erikson's theory is a cycle that is repeated?

Q: Describe Erikson's last stage of development.

Q: Describe Jung's dimensions of extraversion-introversion and masculinity-femininity.

Q: What three assumptions are made about traits?

Q: Describe Karen Hooker's (2003, 2012) extension of McAdams's model of personality.

Q: Identify and briefly describe the main terms in McAdams theory.

Q: Seeking pastoral care, participating in organized and nonorganized religious activities, and expressing faith in a God is the coping strategy called .

Q: _____are more likely to rely on God for support than are European Americans.

Q: Placing trust in God and praying are coping strategies associated with______.

Q: When we imagine what we might be like in the future, we are creating a______.

Q: A brain structure called the helps regulate emotion.

Q: An evaluation of one's life that is associated with positive feelings is called____.

Q: _________includes the notions of self-esteem and self-image.

Q: In Whitbourne's theory, over-reliance on________makes a person resistant to change.

Q: A universal assumption of theories is that people go through predictable age-related crises.

Q: The________principle hypothesizes that development is driven by problems that occur at particular times of life.

Q: Erik Erikson proposed that the life cycle has_________stages of development and that the sequence of these stages is biologically fixed.

Q: Jung's theory incorporates elements of both Freudian theory and_______.

Q: A person who is the "life of the party" would score high on the________dimension in Costa and McCrae's model.

Q: ________assume that little change in personality will occur across adulthood.

Q: can be compared across a group along a continuum representing high and low degrees of the characteristic.

Q: Neuroscience research shows that people who have practiced meditation a. are more spiritual. b. show greater utilization of more areas of the brain. c. show more organized attention systems. d. show fewer white matter hyperintensities.

Q: The risk of dying in a given year among the old-old in China was found to be lower among frequent religious participants when compared with nonparticipants. a. 10% b. 21% c. 36% d. 54%

Q: Reliance on spiritual beliefs helps people to a. ignore their problems. b. be distracted from their problems. c. focus on the parts of the problem that may be under their control. d. share their problems with others who are also religious.

Q: What does it mean to say that social context facilitates cognitive performance?

Q: What is collaborative cognition?

Q: How does our use of primary and secondary control strategies change across the life span?

Q: Do personal goals change across the life span? Provide an example to support your argument.

Q: Describe the various types of attributions people use to make inferences about the behaviors of others. Do attributions vary by age?

Q: What happens to people's first impressions as a function of age?

Q: Are negative views of aging assimilated into adults' views of themselves?

Q: What three factors must be considered when understanding social belief systems?

Q: Why do people engage in patronizing speech?

Q: What is the age-based double standard of perceived competence in young and older adults?

Q: When two or more people work together to solve a problem, they are said to be engaging in ____________________.

Q: Much like Brandtstadter's assimilative activities,_______ involve bringing the environment into line with one's desires and goals.

Q: ____________refers to the degree to which you believe that the outcome of a task depends on your personal characteristics.

Q: How you solve problems is known as your_______.

Q: There is a(n)_________when young adults rely more on dispositional information in explaining behavior and ignore compelling situational information.

Q: When a person ignores evidence of decline or blames it on something else he or she is said to be engaging in ___________________.

Q: Explanations that people construct about behavior in which the cause resides outside the actor are called ________________.

Q: Explanations that people construct about the causes of behavior that are based on a person's traits are called ____________________.

Q: Explanations that people construct about the causes of behavior are referred to as___________.

Q: ________includes scripts regarding social activities, our knowledge of social rules, and our ideas about how to behave in social situations.

Q: When older adults do not correct their initial impression because negative information is more striking and affects them more strongly, they are exhibiting a___________.

Q: Confronting a negative stereotype and rejecting that view in favor of a more positive self-perception is called _________________.

Q: Older adults are more likely to change their initial impressions when_______information follows initially information.

Q: A(n) double standard is operating when memory failures in older adults are seen as worse than memory failures in younger adults.

Q: Research in the United States and Brazil reveals that________ have a more positive view of aging when compared with younger adults.

Q: The results of Adams and colleagues' study of adults' storytelling illustrate the importance of considering a. social context when examining age-related performance. b. processing demands when examining age-related performance. c. causal attributions when examining age-related performance. d. gender when examining age-related performance.

Q: When older adults were asked to learn a story so they could retell it later to a group of young children, their stories a. were less detailed than younger adults. b. were similar to that of younger adults. c. contained a number of errors. d. were more detailed than younger adults.

Q: The results of Dixon and Gould (1998) on married couples and collaborative cognition illustrates a. older couples perform better than singles but not as well as young married couples. b. older couples perform worse than younger couples. c. older couples perform as well as younger couples. d. older couples performed as well as younger singles.

Q: Dixon and colleagues found that when older adults worked together to recall a story a. they confused each other. b. their performance was better than as individuals working alone. c. they each remembered different aspects of the story. d. they only remembered certain aspects of the story and completely forgot other aspects.

Q: Sixty-eight-year-old twins Mary and Tina are trying to solve a crossword puzzle by working together. This is an example of a. metacognition. b. mnemonics. c. collaborative cognition. d. external strategy.

Q: When two or more people work together to solve a problem or task, they are engaging in a. primary control. b. collaborative cognition. c. metacognition. d. problem-focused coping.

Q: Given the research, the most apt conclusion to draw regarding personal control is that a. personal control increases with age. b. personal control decreases with age. c. personal control is multidimensional and complex. d. personal control is highly stable across domains.

Q: The theory of personal control developed by Heckhausen, Wrosch, and Schulz proposes that as people get older, they are more likely to exert control in their lives by using a. primary control strategies in which they change their environment. b. secondary control strategies in which they change their goals. c. possible selves in which they try to remember their past behaviors. d. problem-focused coping mechanisms.

Q: An 82-year-old woman decides she is not able to safely drive on the highways anymore. She decides highway driving is not necessary because she can get to most locations by taking smaller back roads. According to Heckhausen, Wrosch, and Schulz, this is an example of a. primary control. b. secondary control. c. possible selves. d. problem-focused coping mechanisms.

Q: In the theory of personal control developed by Heckhausen, Wrosch, and Schulz, changing one's goals is referred to as a. primary control. b. secondary control. c. possible selves. d. problem-focused coping mechanism.

Q: A 35-year-old man loses his job and is now actively searching for a new job. According to Heckhausen, Wrosch, and Schulz, this is an example of a. primary control. b. secondary control. c. possible selves. d. problem-focused coping mechanisms.

Q: In the theory of personal control developed by Heckhausen, Wrosch, and Schulz, changing the environment to achieve one's goals is referred to as a. primary control. b. secondary control. c. possible selves. d. problem-focused coping mechanisms.

Q: In the theory of personal control developed by Heckhausen, Wrosch, and Schulz, control is viewed as a. a motivational system that regulates human behavior. b. the give and take of mechanisms that regulate human behavior. c. minimizing the impact of failures in performance. d. none of these.

Q: The preservation and stabilization of a positive view of the self in later life involves a. immunizing activities. b. accommodations. c. assimilative activities. d. all of these.

Q: Katharine has forgotten a few appointments. However, she doesn"t think it's her fault, and she blames her assistant for forgetting to remind her. According to Brandtstdter, Katharine is engaging in a. immunizing mechanisms. b. secondary control. c. assimilative activities. d. accommodations

Q: According to Brandtstdter, a person who ignores evidence of declines or blames it on something else is said to be engaging in a. immunizing mechanisms. b. secondary control. c. assimilative activities. d. accommodative activities.

Q: John has added five minutes to his goal running time after he began noticing it is taking him longer to finish his morning run. According to Brandtstdter, John is said to be engaging in a. primary control. b. secondary control. c. assimilative activities. d. accommodative activities.

Q: According to Brandtstdter, a person who readjusts his/her goals to lessen the impact of declines is said to be engaging in a. primary control. b. secondary control. c. assimilative activities. d. accommodations.

Q: According to Brandtstdter, a person who uses all sorts of memory aids (such as an iPhone calendar) because they pride themselves on not forgetting appointments is said to be engaging in a. primary control. b. secondary control. c. assimilative activities. d. emotion-focused coping.

Q: According to Brandtstdter, a person who engages in activities to alleviate declines is said to be engaging in a. primary control. b. accommodations. c. assimilative activities. d. emotion-focused coping.

Q: Brandtstdter proposes that a positive view of self in later life requires a. accomodations. b. immunizing mechanisms. c. assimilative activities. d. all of these.

Q: Taken together, the body of research on personal control indicates it may serve as a_________for one's well- being in the face of declining health and other losses associated with the oldest adults. a. proxy or measure b. protective factor c. stress factor d. motivator

Q: How do perceptions of control over health change over time? a. Sense of control over one's health increases over the life span. b. Sense of control over health increased for women and decreased for men across the life span. c. There were no changes in sense of control over one's health up until the 70s. As one transitions into the mid 70s and 80s, sense of control declines. d. Sense of control varies considerably by individual and is not tied to age.

Q: Personal control is thought to play a role in a. memory tasks. b. stress. c. health. d. all of these.

Q: Which of the following psychological constructs refers to the belief that one's performance in a situation depends on something that one personally does? a. personal control b. locus of control c. personal locus of control d. external locus of control