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Q:
Using the developmental forces perspective, changes in memory, intelligence, and personality are examples of
a. biological factors.
b. psychological factors.
c. sociocultural factors.
d. life-cycle factors.
Q:
Using the developmental forces perspective, the genetic component of Alzheimer's disease would be classified as
a. an interpersonal factor.
b. a psychological factor.
c. a biological factor.
d. a life-cycle factor.
Q:
In defining psychopathology in older adults, it is important to not only take into account the person's age and personal characteristics, but also the
a. testing situation.
b. intrapersonal factors.
c. context.
d. life-cycle factors.
Q:
Which of the following behaviors may be considered abnormal in younger adults but may be considered adaptive in older adults?
a. passivity
b. paranoia
c. autonomy
d. hostility
Q:
According to Birren and Renner's definition, which of the following does not characterize mentally healthy people?
a. personality balance
b. mastery of the environment
c. lack of touch with reality
d. growth and self-actualization
Q:
Older adults reported that turning problems over to God was a three-step process that included all of the following excepta. differentiating between things that can and cannot be changed.b. becoming more involved in religious activities.c. focusing one's effort on the parts of the problem that can be changed.d. emotionally disconnecting from the parts of the problem that cannot be changed.
Q:
In cross-cultural studies,__________is/are lowest in older adults who report little religious commitment.
a. neuroticism
b. chronic health conditions
c. feelings of self-worth
d. the number of hoped for selves
Q:
_________includes seeking pastoral care, participating in organized and nonorganized religious activities, and expressing faith in a God who cares for people.
a. Religiosity
b. Religious identity
c. Spiritual support
d. Religious generativity
Q:
For some older adults, especially_______, a strong attachment to God is what they believe helps them deal with life's challenges.
a. Hispanic Americans
b. African Americans
c. Native Americans
d. European Americans
Q:
There is considerable evidence linking spirituality and
a. mental and physical health.
b. greater longevity.
c. fewer feared selves.
d. a highly differentiated self-concept.
Q:
Older adults report using_______most frequently as a coping mechanism in daily life.
a. family
b. friends
c. religious faith
d. knowledge gathering
Q:
___________has/have created new opportunities for young adults to create possible selves.
a. Online social media
b. Higher involvement in the work force
c. More opportunities to travel both domestically and internationally
d. More comprehensive higher education programs
Q:
Older adults are more likely to believe that
a. they will become their hoped for self.
b. they will become their feared self.
c. the hoped for self is not under their personal control.
d. neither the hoped for nor the feared self is under their personal control.
Q:
Younger adults, compared with older adults, are more likely to have
a. more possible selves but to be less likely to believe they can attain them.
b. more possible selves and to be more likely to believe they can attain them.
c. fewer possible selves and be less likely to believe they can attain them.
d. fewer possible selves and be more likely to believe they can attain them.
Q:
When asked to describe their hoped for and feared possible selves, researchers found that adults over the age of 60 were more likely to be focused on concerns.
a. family
b. material
c. personal
d. occupational
Q:
Aspects of our personality pertaining to what we could become, what we would like to become, and what we are afraid of becoming are called
a. life story.
b. possible selves.
c. ego.
d. trait clusters.
Q:
LaBouvie-Vief and colleagues found that the degree of differentiation in the self was related to one's level of cognitive development. This finding provides support for
a. Piaget
b. Costa & McCrae
c. Kegan
d. Whitbourne
Q:
Which of the following is the last of Kegan's six stages of the development of self?
a. interindividual
b. institutional
c. interpersonal
d. imperial
Q:
In Kegan's theory of the self-concept, his first three stages are incorporative, impulsive, and imperial. These correspond to________first three stages.
a. Piaget's
b. Erikson's
c. Freud's
d. LaBouvie-Vief's
Q:
The organized, coherent, integrated pattern of self-perceptions is the
a. ego.
b. life story.
c. self-concept.
d. scenario.
Q:
Whitbourne and colleagues developed a measure to assess people's use of assimilation and accommodation in identity formation. This measure is called the
a. Assimilation Accommodation Test
b. Identity Formation Indicator-General
c. Identity and Experiences Scale-General
d. General Self-Perception Profile
Q:
Whitbourne's findings suggest that the two most important sources of identity come from
a. friends and work.
b. family and work.
c. friends and family.
d. work and children.
Q:
One's willingness to let the situation determine what he or she will do is known as in Whitbourne's identity theory.a. accommodation.b. assimilation.c. perspective hypothesis.d. scenario testing.
Q:
Whitbourne's identity theory combines assimilation and accommodation, concepts central to the cognitive theory of whom?a. Baltesb. Piagetc. Eriksond. Costa & McCrae
Q:
Giving events personal meaning and continuity, and in effect creating an autobiography, is the definition of Whitbourne's concept of aa. life-span construct.b. life story.c. perspective hypothesis.d. scenario.
Q:
Rachel plans to go to college, major in art history, obtain a master's degree, and then work in an art museum. In Whitbourne's theory, this is Rachel's
a. life story.
b. scenario.
c. self-concept.
d. identity.
Q:
In Whitbourne's approach, a person's unified sense of the past, present, and future is termed the
a. life-span construct.
b. life story.
c. perspective hypothesis.
d. scenario.
Q:
Changing your identity over time is a process of reframing your life story, which according to McAdams, is strongly influenced by
a. generativity.
b. personal control.
c. personal concerns.
d. culture.
Q:
One of the more popular methods for examining life stories is through
a. case studies whereby individuals are followed over the life span.
b. questionnaires regarding life events.
c. autobiographical memory.
d. recalling and analyzing one's dreams across the lifespan.
Q:
The two most common goal themes in life stories are
a. agency and communion.
b. primary and secondary control strategies.
c. intrinsic and extrinsic rewards.
d. external and internal locus of control.
Q:
________marks the attempt to create an appealing story "ending" that will generate new beginnings for future generations.
a. Autonomy
b. Creation
c. Generativity
d. Integrity
Q:
According to McAdams, the narrative that people create and revise throughout adulthood is a
a. life-span construct.
b. life story.
c. life narrative.
d. scenario.
Q:
The best conclusion to make about personal concerns is that
a. there is evidence for substantive change as people age.
b. there is no change.
c. there is some change, but it is related to a person's age.
d. a midlife crisis is inevitable.
Q:
Which of the following is false regarding culture and midlife crisis?
a. The midlife crisis is a cultural invention.
b. The concept of midlife itself is limited to adults studied in the United States.
c. In other cultures, transitions and crises are related to role relations such as marriage and relocation into the spouse's family.
d. In other countries, women experience midlife crises at higher rates than men.
Q:
The best way to view midlife is as a time of
a. inevitable losses.
b. unavoidable crises.
c. both gains and losses.
d. inevitable gains.
Q:
Stewart (1996) suggests that rather than a midlife crisis, we should think about
a. midlife changes.
b. unavoidable crises.
c. midlife corrections.
d. midlife complexity.
Q:
Some research suggests that the midlife crisis might be better conceptualized as
a. a time of fragmented identity.
b. a time of increased cognitive complexity.
c. a period of emotional reorganization.
d. a period of physical decline and depression.
Q:
Researchers point out that the idea of a midlife crisis became widely accepted as fact because of
a. the high rate of men experiencing them.
b. scientific data proving the existence of the midlife crisis.
c. the mass media.
d. the number of high profile people, such as sports figures, politicians, and actors, who showed evidence of such crises.
Q:
The best conclusion to draw from research concerning the midlife crisis is that
a. there is no question it exists.
b. there is little data to support its existence.
c. it clearly exists for women but not for men.
d. it clearly exists for men but not for women.
Q:
Research focusing on life transitions as the basis for personality development shows
a. clear evidence of a single sequence of qualitative changes.
b. supportive evidence based on large representative samples.
c. strong evidence of transitions at specific points (such as age 30).
d. little evidence of universal transitions tied to specific ages.
Q:
Which of the following is not a criticism of theories based on life transitions?
a. sample selection
b. whether changes really happen
c. degree to which stages are universal
d. whether changes in extroversion occur
Q:
The books Passagesand Pathfindersreflect which group of personality theories?
a. ego theories
b. personal attributions
c. dispositional traits
d. life transitions
Q:
One of the main criticisms of theories based on life transitions is that
a. each person's life transitions are different.
b. the research methods used are questionable.
c. measuring life transitions is problematic.
d. most of the supporting data is correlational.
Q:
Theories based on life transitions propose that crises are followed by .
a. ego development.
b. interpersonal growth.
c. conscientiousness.
d. periods of relative stability.
Q:
Research regarding generativity concludes that the personal concerns of
a. men are fundamentally different from those of women.
b. older adults are not fundamentally different from those of younger adults.
c. older adults are identical to those of middle-aged adults.
d. middle-aged adults are fundamentally different from those of younger adults.
Q:
According to McAdams model, generative leads to life satisfaction and overall happiness, whereas generative does not.
a. concern; action
b. action; concern
c. productivity; stagnation
d. integrity; despair
Q:
Which of the following is not one of Kotre's (2005) types of generativity?
a. cultural generativity
b. agentic generativity
c. personal generativity
d. technical generativity
Q:
Critics argue that Erikson's stage of generativity is much too________to capture the essence of adulthood.
a. narrow
b. broad
c. culturally specific
d. based on a masculine perspective of development
Q:
Logan (1986) suggested that the concepts of trust, achievement, and wholeness in Erikson's theory
a. represent a cycle that repeats.
b. are only present in the first three of Erikson's stages.
c. are only achieved in Erikson's eighth stage.
d. are not goals for most people.
Q:
With the advent of middle age, the focus shifts from intimacy to concern for the next generation, expressed as
a. industry versus inferiority.
b. identity versus confusion.
c. generativity versus stagnation.
d. ego integrity versus despair.
Q:
Which of the following is the correct order of Erikson's stages during adulthood?
a. intimacy-isolation, generativity-stagnation, ego integrity-despair
b. identity-confusion, intimacy-isolation, generativity-stagnation
c. generativity-stagnation, ego integrity-despair, trust-mistrust
d. trust-mistrust, initiative-guilt, industry-inferiority
Q:
The most basic aspect of a healthy personality in Erikson's theory is
a. introversion.
b. autonomy.
c. integrity.
d. trust.
Q:
The epigenetic principle in Erikson's theory means that
a. ego development is determined by the environment.
b. each psychosocial strength has its own special time of importance.
c. the order of the stages of ego development is variable.
d. psychosocial development is due to assimilation-accommodation.
Q:
According to Erikson, the basis for personality growth is
a. achieving a balance of forces.
b. blending among traits.
c. resolving struggles between tendencies.
d. achieving formal operations.
Q:
According to Jung, which of the following age groups is most likely to act in accordance with the gender-role stereotypes of their culture?
a. young adults
b. middle-aged adults
c. young-old adults
d. old-old adults
Q:
According to Jung, which of the following increases with age as we develop a need to explore feelings of aging and mortality?
a. extroversion
b. introversion
c. masculinity
d. femininity
Q:
A key concept in Jung's theory of ego development is
a. conflict.
b. dialectic.
c. balance.
d. function.
Q:
Jung believed personality development________, but Freud believed personality development ended_____________.a. ended at age 5; in old ageb. continued across adulthood; in adolescencec. continued across adulthood; at age 65d. was stage-based; when one reached formal operational thought
Q:
An approach to personality that explicitly takes into account contextual factors is
a. dispositional traits.
b. personal concerns.
c. personality constructs.
d. situational specific.
Q:
What people want during a particular time in their lives and within specific domains, including their strategies, plans, and defenses used to get what they want, are termed
a. defense mechanisms.
b. life skills.
c. personal concerns.
d. contextual traits.
Q:
What can we conclude about the development of dispositional traits across adulthood?
a. Personality traits remain stable when the data are averaged across many different kinds of people.
b. Personality traits remain stable but only when examining specific personality traits in specific kinds of people.
c. When the data are averaged across many different kinds of people, the research overwhelmingly points to personality change over time.
d. It has become apparent that we do not have adequate measures to assess personality trait stability and change over time.
Q:
Staudinger argues that openness to experience is highly correlated with ego development, wisdom, and emotional complexity and that all of these characteristics in people as they age.
a. increase
b. remain the same
c. decline
d. become increasingly difficult to measure
Q:
Although there is an impressive collection of research supporting personality stability using the five-factor model, there is also research indicating personality change. Ursula Staudinger and colleagues' perspective reconciles these differences by suggesting personality takes on two forms:
a. implicit and explicit development.
b. adjustment and growth.
c. stability and change.
d. qualitative and quantitative development.
Q:
According to large-scale studies done on subjects ages 16 to the 80s in the United States and Great Britain, one personality trait disappears or is much less apparent in later life. Which is it?
a. openness
b. conscientiousness
c. neuroticism
d. extraversion
Q:
Since the findings by Costa and McCrae indicating stability in personality over time, more recent research indicates change is also possible. For example, in one study it was found that extraversion and openness decreased with age while______increased over time.
a. impulsiveness
b. conscientiousness
c. neuroticism
d. agreeableness
Q:
Costa and McCrae suggest that personality traits stop changing by age 30, after which they appear to be "set in plaster." Which of the following gives validity to their claim?
a. Their studies were cross-sectional.
b. Their correlations were high.
c. Many additional research studies have been conducted that support their claim.
d. Laypeople's observations of the personality traits of others supports their claim.
Q:
Costa and colleagues reported that traits remained highly stable with correlations ranging from .68 to .85 over a______year period.a. 5b. 7c. 10d. 12
Q:
Research on Costa and McCrae's model of personality traits shows
a. little evidence of stability.
b. stability for only a few years.
c. no support for trait theories.
d. strong support for long-term stability.
Q:
Being lazy, careless, late, unenergetic, and aimless are characteristics that fall on the low end of Costa and
McCrae's dimension.
a. neuroticism
b. openness to experience
c. agreeableness
d. conscientiousness
Q:
Thinking theoretically or philosophically, with little emphasis on economic values, is most characteristic of people who score high on Costa and McCrae's dimension of
a. neuroticism.
b. extroversion.
c. openness to experience.
d. agreeableness.
Q:
Melissa is high in warmth, gregariousness, activity, and positive emotions. In Costa and McCrae's theory, Melissa would be considered high on the dimension of
a. neuroticism.
b. extraversion.
c. openness to experience.
d. agreeableness.
Q:
Which of the following is not a facet of neuroticism according to Costa and McCrae?
a. assertiveness
b. depression
c. impulsiveness
d. anxiety
Q:
Which of the following is not a dimension of Costa and McCrae's theory?
a. neuroticism
b. psychoticism
c. agreeableness
d. conscientiousness
Q:
Everyone describes Jamie as a nice person who is always helpful. This description best represents the personality concept of
a. behaviors.
b. traits.
c. stereotypes.
d. generativity.
Q:
Which of the following is not an assumption about traits?
a. Behaviors represented by traits must be distinctive.
b. Traits are stable characteristics.
c. Absolute quantitative standards are used to define traits.
d. Traits are based on relative comparisons across people.
Q:
In Hooker's theory, state processes are to dispositional traits as______are to personal concerns.
a. cognitive processes
b. self-regulatory processes
c. life narratives
d. all of the above
Q:
According to Hooker (2002), the three processes that act in tandem with the three structural components of McAdams personality levels are
a. state processes, self-regulatory processes, and cognitive processes.
b. self-concept processes, personal concerns, and cognitive processes.
c. state processes, self-concept processes, and personal concerns.
d. personal concerns, dispositional traits, and life narrative
Q:
The creation of an identity or a sense of self is the goal of this type of personality theory.
a. dispositional traits
b. life narrative
c. self-concept
d. personal concerns
Q:
One view of personality incorporates_______, which consist of things important to people.
a. dispositional traits
b. life narrative
c. self-concept
d. personal concerns
Q:
__________is/are (an) aspect(s) of personality that is/are consistent across different contexts.
a. Dispositional traits
b. Life narrative
c. Self-concept
d. Personal concerns