Q&A Hero

Q: Your aunt, who suffers from sleep apnea, likes to have a "wee shot of brandy" before going to bed to help her sleep better. Based on your textbook, thisa. can suppress or improve the symptoms of sleep apnea. b. can exacerbate the symptoms of sleep apnea.c. will have no effect on her sleep apnea symptoms.d. will have little effect on her sleep apnea if she waits 20 minutes before going to bed.

Q: According to your text, which of the following individuals would you normally expect to have the lowest blood alcohol level?a. A 160-pound man who consumed 14 standard drinks over a 3 hour span of time b. A 160-pound man who consumed 8 stand drinks over a 3 hour span of timec. A 160-pound man who consumed 4 standard drinks over a 3 hour span of time. d. A 180-pound man who consumed 16 standard drinks over a 3 hour span of time.

Q: According to your text, the alcoholrelated "hangover"a. is sufficient to cause the drinker's death.b. is self-limiting for those drinkers who ingested less than 8 cans of beer or mixed drinks. c. can be avoided if the drinker ingests food prior to drinking.d. is generally self-limiting, although very unpleasant.

Q: The disinhibition effect induced by alcohol is caused by its effects on the activity of the _______region of the drinker's brain.a. hippocampusb. reticular activating system (RAS)c. cortexd. occipital

Q: A friend of yours is a rare drinker, perhaps drinking one or two mixed drinks a month when out for dinner. You know this will a. increase that person's risk of a hemorrhagic stroke. b. improve muscle coordination as the alcohol removes doubts and inhibitions. c. improve respiration, allowing more oxygenated blood to reach the muscles and brain. d. improve visual peripheral field perception, allowing the person to see and then anticipate tactics used by defensive players.

Q: The sense of euphoria that many drinkers report is the result of a. the release of opioid peptides in the peripheral regions of the body, which eventually reach the brain's pleasure center and accounts for alcohol's slow onset of action. b. alcohol's ability to stimulate the release of alcohol dehydrogenase in the stomach. c. alcohol's ability to stimulate the brain's reward system. d. the release of glucose by the liver, directly causing the reward cascade in the brain.

Q: Which of the following is a good summary of the Mellanby effect, according to your text?a. A person feels more intoxicated when the alcohol levels are falling, after the neurons have been affected by the alcohol molecules.b. A person feels more intoxicated as the blood alcohol level is rising c. The alcohol ingested causes the body to become stimulated.d. The alcohol ingested causes the release of opioid peptides in the peripheral regions of the body.

Q: All of the following are end products of the alcohol biotransformation process EXCEPTa. aldehyde dehydrogenase. b. glucose.c. carbon dioxide. d. carbohydrates.

Q: As a general rule, the _____ can biotransform alcohol at the rate of one 12-ounce can of beer, one glass of wine, or one standard drink per hour. a. duodenumb. pancreas c. liverd. glutamate

Q: According to your text, all of the following are methods by which alcohol has been introduced into the body EXCEPTa. orally.b. transdermal administration. c. as a vapor.d. intravenously.

Q: One major consequence of distillation isa. many of the vitamins and minerals found in the mash prior to distillation are lost. b. you cannot achieve an alcohol level higher than 30 percent.c. the flavor is enhanced, but only for products made from certain species of grapes. d. it is necessary to warm the resulting fluid to body temperature to serve it.

Q: Historical evidence suggests that the process of distillation emerged a. in 800 A.D.b. in 8,000 B.C.E. c. 800 years ago.d. 1,800 years ago.

Q: According to your text, the highest concentration of alcohol that can be achieved from fermentation is about a. 22 percent.b. 28 percent. c. 15 percent. d. 8 percent.

Q: According to sources cited in your text, there is evidence that the consumption of mead can be traced back a. to the "stone ages."b. 18,000 years. c. 2,000 years.d. to the 8th century B.C.E.

Q: According to your text, many historians believea. alcohol was the cause of the Protestant reformation in Europe. b. alcohol was one reason for the expansion of the Roman empire. c. alcohol may have been one factor in the rise of civilization.d. the brewing of alcohol resulted in the widespread application of the new science of biochemistry that emerged during the mid-13th century.

Q: Which of the following drugs are dangerous to mix with alcohol?a. Nitroglycerine b. Barbituratesc. Opiatesd. All of these answers

Q: Currently, scientists believe that alcohol is a "dirty" compound. This meansa. alcohol shows a preference for a specific receptor site. b. alcohol decreases the effects of GABA.c. alcohol gets contaminated during the fermentation process.d. alcohol alters the action of various neurotransmitters and interferes with the action of messenger molecules within the neuron.

Q: In general, peak blood alcohol levels after the ingestion of single alcoholic drink are achieved in ______minutes.a. 5-10 b. 15-25 c. 30-60 d. 70-90

Q: The most popular alcohol-containing beverage in the United States is a. beer.b. wine.c. whiskey. d. rum.

Q: Jamal will have an occasional glass of wine with dinner, does not require daily use of alcohol to function, has never had any negative consequences due to his drinking, and does not use alcohol for continuous periods of time. Jamal would most likely be considereda. someone with an alcohol addiction.b. someone with an alcohol abuse problem. c. a binge drinker.d. a rare or social drinker.

Q: Presently, ______percent of the human population is intoxicated at any given moment. a. 0.25b. 0.5 c. 0.7 d. 1.2

Q: Prohibition in the United States could be described as a ______social experiment. a. failedb. successful c. primitived. neutral

Q: Evidence suggests that beer made from ingredients other than fermented honey might date back to a. 3,000 B.C.E.b. 5,000 B.C.E. c. 7,000 B.C.E. d. 9,000 B.C.E.

Q: The earliest written record of wine-making is found in and dates back to 3,000 B.C.E. a. Sumeriab. Rome c. Egyptd. Greece

Q: Discuss, with examples, the terms prime and side effects of chemical compounds.

Q: Describe the actions and effects of agonists and antagonists on a receptor sites.

Q: Define the terms effective dose and lethal dose. Explain how these might be used to calculate the therapeutic index of a drug.

Q: Describe the term distribution halflife, including its two subforms.

Q: Describe the process of biotransformation.

Q: The dosage level that would kill 5 percent of those people who took an overdose of medication "X" (medication from last question) is 400 mg. This would mean thata. this compound has a large therapeutic window.b. this compound has a narrow therapeutic window. c. the compound is highly toxic.d. the elimination of medication "X" from their body at this dosage level will be difficult for most people.

Q: If 99 percent of test subjects have the desired response to the same medication identified in the last question at a dosage level of 20 mg, this would be called:a. the LD99. b. the ED99.c. the minimal effective dose.d. the therapeutic half-life of that compound at the 99th percentile.

Q: If 95 percent of test subjects have the desired response to medication "X" at a dosage level of 15 mg, this would be calleda. the LD95. b. the ED95.c. the minimal effective dose.d. the therapeutic half-life of that compound at the 95th percentile.

Q: The biotransformation process for pharmaceuticals was once called a. metabolism.b. vascularization. c. absorption.d. distribution.

Q: Which of the following is NOT part of the absorption process of drug molecules in the human body?a. Detoxificationb. Cellular transport mechanisms c. Method of administrationd. Molecular binding characteristics of that compound

Q: A compound that is 98 percent lipid-bound means a. 98 percent of that compound's molecules have formed chemical bonds with lipids found in the blood. b. 98 percent of that compound's molecules are available for the body to use immediately. c. 98 percent of the molecules for that compound are subject to elimination more rapidly because of being in this state. d. 2 percent of the drug molecules are not available to have any biological effect.

Q: Which of the following is most accurate in regards to bioavailability?a. It is concerned with the biotransformation process after a compound is administered into the human body. b. It forces the body to absorb a compound more rapidly.c. It is only 1/100,000th of an inch from drug molecules and the circulatory system. d. It reflects the amount of a compound in the body that can exert an effect.

Q: Which of the following statements is true concerning the bioavailability of chemical compounds related to drug misuse abuse?a. There is little known about drug distribution patterns in overdose situations. b. The main site of biotransformation is the pancreas.c. The effects of any compound are the same in animals as in humans.d. The method of administration for a compound does not matter in pharmacokinetics.

Q: All of the following are involved in the process of removing compounds from the body EXCEPT:a. intravenous administration. b. absorption.c. distribution.d. method of transport.

Q: The subcutaneous method of drug administrationa. results in a more rapid onset of action than other methods of drug administration. b. involves the injection of the compound just under the skin.c. is the most common method by which narcotic analgesics are abused.d. results in a more rapid response to the compound being injected than intramuscular injections.

Q: Which of the following is true regarding drugs of abuse?a. The speed at which the compound begins to take effect varies as a result of the drug-specific site of action. b. The heart and cardiovascular system are of minimal importance to the process of biotransformation.c. The site of action is the central nervous system.d. Rectal administration is quite common, although it is relatively inefficient.

Q: For virtually all drugs of abuse, the site of action usually a. is the central nervous system.b. is on the contralateral side of the body from where it was administered. c. involves the kidneys during the biotransformation process.d. depends on how the substance was administered.

Q: According to your text, in order for the user to experience the main effects of a pharmaceutical agent, he or she must a. be willing to pay the fee for the prescription. b. be willing to endure possible side effects from that compound. c. not plan to use that compound to treat neurological deficiencies or trauma. d. interpret the effects within the framework of his or her life at the time the compound was ingested.

Q: Virtually all drugs of abuse known at this timea. either once were or now are being investigated as potential pharmaceutical agents.b. are not very different in chemical structure from earlier generations of recreational chemicals. c. tend to enhance the function of the central nervous system.d. are found to have their main effects outside of the central nervous system.

Q: According to your text, drugs of abuse and pharmaceuticals both a. destroy emerging potentials within the body.b. cause a disruption in protein absorption for most persons. c. destroy most of the essential enzymes found in the brain. d. modify a potential that already exists in the body or brain.

Q: Jared is experiencing an overdose of heroin. He is rushed to the hospital and given another drug that blocks his opioid receptor sites, thus preventing the effects of the overdose from stopping his respiration. Jared was most likely given an opioida. agonist. b. barrier.c. antagonist. d. regulator.

Q: Isabel had been taking Valium, a benzodiazepine, for a few years to calm her nerves and help her sleep. She had her dosage increased by her doctor because her previous dosage wasn"t helping her sleep at night anymore. One night, she went out with her husband for his company's annual Christmas party. She had never been much of a drinker, but that evening she wanted to enjoy a few cocktails. She was very careful not to mix her Valium with alcohol, as her doctor had warned her. Towards the end of the evening, Isabel realized that she had had at least 5 cocktails and didn"t feel drunk at all. Which term may best describe why this happened?a. Cross dependence b. Cross tolerancec. Up-regulationd. Co-transmission

Q: Which process helps explains how a drug may change a neuron through shortening the duration of drug effects after repeated administration?a. Tolerance/neuroadaptation b. Reuptakec. Co-transmission d. Down regulation

Q: A drug that has a narrow therapeutic window would a. be easy to overdose.b. be difficult to overdose.c. never reach its peak effect. d. reach its peak effect slowly.

Q: Which process is affected by factors such as the individual's sex, state of hydration, genetic heritage, general health, and muscle/adipose tissue ratio?a. Peak effectb. Drug interaction c. Diffusiond. Distribution

Q: The term "skin popping" used by some drug addicts refers to the _______ route of drug administration.a. subcutaneous b. intravenousc. transdermal d. enteral

Q: An advantage of administering a drug parenterally isa. the drug is not delayed by the stomach emptying process.b. it avoids the danger of the drug being mixed with food in the GI tract. c. the drug is not exposed to gastric juices.d. all of these answers.

Q: The _______effect of a drug is an unwanted side effect.a. compoundb. placeboc. secondary d. primary

Q: The _______effect of a drug is the desired effect.a. compoundb. placeboc. secondary d. primary

Q: Drugs that are abused comprise a special class of chemicals that are different from drugs that are used pharmaceutically. a. True b. False

Q: Approximately ____ of all adults will demonstrate at least one sign of an alcohol use disorder (AUD).a. 5­-10 percentb. 50 percentc. 30-­40 percentd. 25 percent

Q: Tammy says drinking alcohol makes her "feel" better, even though many of her close friends see a general deterioration in her ability to take care of various aspects of her life. Her decision to begin and continue to use alcohol is possibly being influenced by a. social learning. b. blindness to the chemical's effects. c. cultural/social influences. d. alcohol's reward potential.

Q: An alcohol user's position on the continuum of chemical usea. may rise or fall depending on their current situation.b. is legally reset when they are admitted to rehabilitation.c. begins with the onset of the user's first legal problem.d. can, by design, only move upwards, with periods of reduced drinking merely halting the movement on the scale.

Q: Paul considers himself a typical drinker. He may occasionally exceed the legal limits, but he doesn't display symptoms of alcoholism. He could be considered a(n)a. "at risk" drinker.b. teetotaler.c. "normal" drinker.d. low level alcoholic.

Q: Which of the following is the phase used to describe a period where the abuse of a certain compound is infrequent within a society, although more prevalent in certain small segments of society? a. Decline b. Expansion c. Plateau d. Incubation

Q: The abuse of a substance over a specified period of time is known as a. shortterm abuse. b. activation phase. c. period prevalence. d. lifetime prevalence.

Q: The set of symptoms experienced when a user stops or curtails the intake of a substance is called a. psychological dependence. b. withdrawal syndrome. c. loss of control. d. addiction.

Q: Much of what we "know" about SUDs is based upona. limited anecdotal data.b. clinical myth. c. assumptions. d. all of these.

Q: Describe the idea of a "drug abuse cycle" with phases analogous to those seen in epidemics of infectious diseases.

Q: Describe the term behavioral "addictions." How might these differ from substance abuse or dependence?

Q: Discuss the unanswered questions facing researchers in the field of addictions.

Q: Discuss some of the influences that may affect the decision to initiate and continue substance abuse.

Q: Discuss some of the similarities between the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10).

Q: Tolerance to a compound is seen whena. the individual cannot predict in advance how much of that compound will be used. b. the compound induces a state of well-being when used.c. the individual is motivated to avoid compounds similar to that usually abused.d. the individual must use more of a compound to achieve the effects once achieved at a lower dose.

Q: The withdrawal syndrome seen when a compound _____characteristic of physical dependence on that compound.a. is discontinued is ab. is discontinued is not ac. is not used in excess is ad. is used with decreasing frequency is not a

Q: Which of the following is one of the diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of a substance use disorder, according to your text?a. Increased use over timeb. No avoidance of activities not centered on substance use c. Enhancement of normal functioningd. Adherence to religious dictates against substance use

Q: The person who has a substance abuse disorder will always have that disorder. Which of the following reactions is most appropriate, according to your text? a. Not true! Once the person stops using the substance the condition is no longer diagnosable. b. True, but only if the person stops abusing the chemical before the age of 25, when s/he becomes an adult with full neurological capacity. c. This issue has not been resolved yet. d. Possibly, although this is only true for alcoholism and not illicit drugs.

Q: Which of the following statements is supported by research cited in your text? a. The term substance abuse has been clearly defined. b. There is little agreement about how to define use, abuse, and addiction. c. The limits of normal use have been defined, but abuse and addiction are still ill-defined. d. The limits of both use and abuse have been clearly defined, but the term addiction is still poorly defined.

Q: Sociocultural influences on an individual's substance use behaviors a. are hardly relevant to the individual's choice of drugs of abuse. b. push individuals towards alcohol but not drug abuse.c. help to shape the individual's decision to engage in substance use.d. are negative influences on the individual's life goals.

Q: The basic laws of behavioral psychology hold that the main motivating force for humans is the a. increase in comfort or decrease in discomfort.b. pleasure principle.c. disapproval of fringe social groups.d. intrusive nature of sensory experiences deemed unacceptable to that person's social group.

Q: Modern society is so infused with alcohol and drug use that we do not:a. encourage access to sources for those compounds.b. need much help in finding a source for these compounds.c. expect minimal legal sanctions against those who sell and distribute drugs. d. punish persons for their involuntary addiction-based behaviors.

Q: According to your text, which of the following rationales is NOT associated with substance use or abuse? a. The person's love relationships at the moment b. To provide an excuse for the expression of forbidden impulses c. To allow the person to explore hidden realities (or at least what they interpret as hidden realities) d. To help the user cope with physical and emotional pain

Q: According to your text, the social use of a chemicala. is clearly inconsistent with the expectations of the person's cultural group.b. has an inverse relationship with the person's state of health.c. usually involves a period of intense substance abuse that is not acceptable to the leaders of the social group. d. involves rare experimental use or its occasional use in social settings.

Q: Current research has been able to identify the causes and treatment of substance abuse disorders. a. Trueb. False

Q: Tolerance is defined asa. needing to use more of a drug to achieve the desired effect.b. continued drug abuse by an individual despite significantly negative consequences.c. the negative physical effects the user experiences when the drug is no longer in their system. d. when an individual uses a compound that is not medically necessary.

Q: The universally accepted definition of addiction is outlined in the DSM-5. a. Trueb. False