Q&A Hero

Q: Globally, tobacco products are thought to cause _________ premature deaths a year. a. 70 millionb. 8 million c. 5 million d. 17 million

Q: Between _______ of heavy alcohol drinkers also smoke. a. 50 and 55 percentb. 70 and 95 percent c. 30 and 40 percent d. 30 and 50 percent

Q: The biological half-life of nicotine is approximately a. 120 minutes.b. 60 minutes. c. 45 minutes. d. 180 minutes.

Q: The lethal dose of nicotine for the average adult is a. 25 mg.b. 15 mg. c. 50 mg. d. 60 mg.

Q: Nicotine reduces the effects of _____, which normally breaks down dopamine after it has been released.a. monoamine oxidase A b. monoamine oxidase ß c. monoamine oxidase Id. monoamine oxidase Ù

Q: Nicotine's chemical structure is very similar to that ofa. acetylcholine. b. glutamate.c. dopamine. d. GABA.

Q: There is good evidence that companies that produce the major brands of cigarettes have ____ nicotine found in cigarettes.a. increased the level of b. decreased the level of c. maintained the level ofd. introduced compounds to counteract the effects of

Q: In spite of its widespread popularity as a product for smoking, the tobacco plant contains nicotine because it is a a. way to attract bees for pollination in the spring.b. way to kill off neighboring plants so the tobacco plant has better access to sunshine. c. stimulant to the reproductive cycle of the tobacco plant.d. natural insecticide.

Q: Smokers of "light" cigarette brands _______ when compared with smokers of regular tobacco brands. a. have half the cardiovascular risk b. have twice the cardiovascular risk c. have about the same cardiovascular risk d. experience less of a "high" from the nicotine

Q: The typical profit margin for a pack of cigarettes sold in the U.S. is a. 19 percent.b. 55 percent. c. 44 percent. d. 32 percent.

Q: Up to ________of the typical cigarette is made up of stems, scraps and dust. a. 40 percentb. 14 percent c. 24 percent d. 64 percent

Q: Researchers have identified _______ different chemicals in tobacco smoke. a. 2,250b. 1,650 c. 4,700d. 100,000

Q: Unlike strains of tobacco currently in use, the original strains of tobacco used in the New World a. may have caused hallucinations.b. had analgesic properties, thus prompting physicians in Europe to recommend their use. c. did not contain nicotine at all.d. had higher levels of nicotine than found in strains used today.

Q: Evidence now exists suggesting that tobacco was actively cultivated as a crop as early as a. 4,000 years ago.b. 7,000 years ago.c. the year 8,000 B.C.E. d. 6,000 years ago.

Q: When tobacco smoking was first introduced in Europe, it was deemed a crime that could be punishable by the _______in Germany.a. castration of the smoker b. death of the smokerc. death of those who supplied tobacco to smokers d. loss of title to the family estates

Q: The average smoker requires _______ serious attempts to quit smoking before reaching success. a. 1-2b. 3-4 c. 5-10 d. 15-20

Q: In the U.S., between ________nonsmokers die each year from cancer induced by secondhand smoke. a. 250-400b. 500-1,000c. 15,000-20,000 d. 30,000-80,000

Q: People who use smokeless tobacco are at a lower risk for a fatal myocardial infarction than cigarette smokers.a. Trueb. False

Q: The most common form of death associated with cigarette smoking is a. heart disease.b. cancer.c. emphysema. d. stroke.

Q: Of those who smoke, as many as ______ are addicted to nicotine.a. 25-30 percentb. 50-55 percent c. 75-80 percent d. 90-95 percent

Q: Which of the following statements best explains why the first cigarette of the day for regular smokers has such a strong effect on them?a. Some tolerance to nicotine develops during the day, but it is rapidly lost at night while the smoker sleeps (and doesn"t smoke).b. Smokers build tolerance to nicotine overnight while they are sleeping.c. Smokers develop reverse tolerance for nicotine the more cigarettes they smoke during the day. d. Cigarettes help calm the smoker down after having bad dreams.

Q: The nicotine molecule is very similar to the neurotransmitter a. serotonin.b. GABA.c. dopamine.d. acetylcholine.

Q: "Light" cigarettes expose the user to fewer toxins than regular cigarettes. a. Trueb. False

Q: Establishment of the first European colonies in the New World was partially fueled by demand for tobacco. a. Trueb. False

Q: Discuss the possible effects of an overdose of acetaminophen.

Q: Describe some of the potential complications seen with OTC analgesic use.

Q: How does aspirin differ for narcotic analgesics in treating pain?

Q: How can aspirin be both good and bad for the circulatory system?

Q: Why would your textbook even include a chapter on overthecounter (OTC) analgesics?

Q: To be fully effective in an acetaminophen overdose, N-acetylysteine must be administered within _____of the time the overdose was ingested.a. 12 hours b. 24 hours c. 72 hours d. 96 hours

Q: According to your text, more than 50 percent of acetaminophen overdoses are a. unintended.b. attempts at suicide. c. intentional.d. made by males.

Q: Aspirin is thought to be a factor in ________ of bleeding ulcers.a. 10-20 percentb. 40-50 percent c. 20-41 percent d. 8-12 percent

Q: Cumulative dose toxicity from acetaminophen a. does not develop when used as directed.b. can develop after just 10 days of use at recommended dosage levels. c. does require that another protein bound substance be administered.d. requires 10 days of constant use at higher-than-recommended dosage levels.

Q: Naproxen's value in treating heart attacksa. is apparently either nonexistent or very limited.b. is slower to appear than are the effects of aspirin. c. is about the same as aspirin's.d. requires co-administration of morphine.

Q: The anti-inflammatory effects of ibuprofen a. appear just as rapidly as those of aspirin.b. are more rapidly achieved than those of aspirin. c. require 3 days to begin to appear.d. require 2-4 weeks of use to appear.

Q: Doses of acetaminophen higher than _________ are toxic to the liver. a. 2,000 mg in 24 hoursb. 6,000 mg in 24 hours c. 4,000 mg in 24 hours d. 1,000 mg in 24 hours

Q: Which form of cyclooxygenase is required for normal body regulation?a. COX-1 b. COX-2 c. COX-3d. None of the above

Q: At the dosage levels suggested for ibuprofen as an over-the-counter agent (200-400 mg every 4 hours), this compound's analgesic effects area. twice that of aspirin.b. equal to that of aspirin. c. a quarter that of aspirin.d. 50 percent higher than aspirin's analgesic potential.

Q: Acetaminophen's analgesic potential is approximatelya. twice that of aspirin.b. equal to that of aspirin. c. a quarter that of aspirin.d. 50 percent higher than that of aspirin.

Q: A single dose of aspirin (325 mg) provides the same level of analgesia as a. 5 milligrams of Demerol.b. 15 milligrams of Demerol.c. 100 mg of codeine.d. 50 milligrams of meperidine.

Q: The use of aspirin in the treatment of myocardial infarction is most effective a. if consumed in high doses.b. if consumed in low doses.c. when used with a diuretic agent.d. when initiated in the first 48 hours of the attack.

Q: The most commonly used agent for the control of fever around the world is a. naproxen.b. ibuprofen. c. aspirin.d. acetaminophen.

Q: It has been estimated that the annual worldwide consumption of aspirin is _______ doses. a. 500 millionb. 50 billion c. 500 billion d. 700 million

Q: Salicina. shares the harsh gastrointestinal side effects of its chemical cousin, salicylic acid. b. is less irritating to the stomach than acetylsalicylic acid.c. is about as irritating to the stomach than acetylsalicylic acid.d. was introduced in 1898 as an analgesic by Bayer Pharmaceuticals.

Q: Which of the following over-the-counter analgesics are responsible for more than 100,000 overdoses each year, the majority being unintentional?a. Acetaminophen b. Aspirinc. Ibuprofen d. Naproxen

Q: Which of the following analgesics are NOT advised for use by patients with a history of gastrointestinal bleeding, unless ordered by a physician?a. Acetaminophen b. Aspirinc. Ibuprofen d. Naproxen

Q: What over-the-counter analgesic is usually suggested for people with hypertension?a. Acetaminophen b. Aspirinc. Ibuprofen d. Naproxen

Q: Aspirin, in rare cases, can contribute to which of the following?a. Depression b. Hepatoxicityc. Reye's syndromed. All of these answers

Q: Which of the following does NOT have anti-inflammatory action?a. Acetaminophen b. Aspirinc. Ibuprofen d. Naproxen

Q: Aspirin interferes with blood clotting. a. True b. False

Q: An antipyretic would be most helpful in treating a. stomach pain.b. a headache. c. a fever.d. a swollen knee.

Q: There is evidence that regular low dose aspirin use is associated with possible prevention of all of the following EXCEPTa. myocardial infarctions. b. hemophilia.c. breast cancer. d. ovarian cancer.

Q: What is the most frequently used compound in the world?a. Antihistamineb. Acetaminophen c. Ibuprofend. Aspirin

Q: The perception that over-the counter drugs are safe can potentially result in serious consequences. a. Trueb. False

Q: _____is a practice seen in some steroid abusers of steadily increasing their dose to a highpoint in the middle of their training regimen. a. "Piling"b. "Stacking" c. "Binging" d. "Roiling"

Q: Which of the following is NOT a steroidrelated effect?a. Reduced heart size b. Severe acnec. Tendon degeneration d. Foul breath

Q: Anabolic steroid users are at risk for experiencing a druginduced psychosis referred to as a. "freak out." b. "ripping anger." c. "formication." d. "roid rage."

Q: Describe the known adverse effects of anabolic steroids on the reproductive system.

Q: Explain how users are still able to obtain steroids for illegal use even though they are strictly controlled.

Q: What are some of the mechanisms through which anabolic steroids may exert their effects?

Q: Discuss some of the effects of testosterone on males, both prenatally and with the onset of puberty.

Q: The most recent research suggests adolescent girls use of anabolic steroids is a. surprisingly higher in female athletes than in male athletes.b. as high as that of boys.c. probably lower than adolescent boys.d. nonexistent.

Q: Anabolic steroids are classified as category ________ controlled substances.a. Ib. II c. III d. IV

Q: What are some of the accepted medical uses of anabolic steroids?

Q: Which of the following is NOT associated with steroid abuse?a. Lower cholesterol levels b. Higher cholesterol levels c. Lower body fat levelsd. Higher body fat levels

Q: Steroids are derivatives of the testosterone molecule, which is found in adolescent boys, men, and (to a lesser degree) in adolescent girls and women. Which of the following statements is also true?a. Steroid abuse has no effect on the reproductive system when abused.b. Steroid abuse can cause increased fertility in female abusers, but not male abusers.c. Steroid abuse can contribute to suppression of abnormal liver tissue in abusers of either sex. d. Steroid abuse can contribute to increased breast tissue growth in men.

Q: The process of "blending" steroids refers to thea. practice of taking steroids on an inconsistent basis. b. taking only steroids intended for oral administration.c. intermixing steroids intended for both oral and intramuscular injection. d. mixing drug-free holidays with periods of active substance abuse.

Q: The compound THGa. appears to have been developed to avoid detection in the standard urine tests used in athletics. b. was suppressed by the German government because of its unwanted side effects.c. was later found to detract from athletic performance.d. is only effective if co-administered with huge doses of vitamin B compounds.

Q: There are more than _______known derivatives of the testosterone molecule.a. 5,000b. 50 c. 900d. 1,000

Q: According to your text, one unwanted side-effect of anabolic steroid abuse is the a. decrease in low density lipoproteins.b. alteration of the body's ability to form blood clots in an emergency.c. increase in low density lipoproteins.d. increased blood flow to the dermal regions of the body.

Q: Which of the following complications of steroid abuse may NOT automatically reverse after use is discontinued?a. Enhanced fertility in male abusers b. Infertility in womenc. Cessation of bone growthd. Blood flow patterns within the hypothalamus in the brain

Q: The median age for anabolic steroid abusers is thought to be _______, according to your text.a. 27b. 13 c. 18 d. 22

Q: In 1990, Congressa. totally banned the use of anabolic steroids.b. outlawed the use of anabolic steroids except by law enforcement personnel. c. outlawed the non-medical use of anabolic steroids.d. classified anabolic steroids as an hallucinogenic, and possession was thus punishable under statutes that pertain to hallucinogen abuse.

Q: The anabolic steroids are similar in structure to a. testosterone, the primary male sex hormone.b. inhibitory neurotransmitters found in the body to terminate muscle movements. c. the tumor suppression factor produced by the body.d. toxins produced when muscle tissue is overworked.

Q: When compared with non-abusers, it has been estimated that habitual anabolic steroid abusers have a 4-6 times higher risk of which of the following conditions?a. Male fertility problemsb. Increased high density lipoprotein production c. Sudden cardiac deathd. Male pattern baldness

Q: Steroid abusers do not experience withdrawal when they discontinue use. a. Trueb. False

Q: Which of the following is NOT one of the psychiatric symptoms of steroids abuse?a. Aggression b. Irritabilityc. Antisocial behavior d. Hyperactivity

Q: Steroid abusers have a ______ higher incident of sudden cardiac death than non-users. a. 1.5 timesb. 2-3 times c. 4-6 times d. 8-10 times

Q: Which of the following symptoms of steroids abuse is only seen in males?a. Priapismb. Unnatural hair growth or loss c. Infertility or sterilityd. Acne

Q: Which of the following does NOT seem to be a source for abusers to obtain steroids?a. Internet pharmaciesb. Over-the-counter steroidsc. Steroids intended for veterinary or pharmaceutical use diverted to the black market d. Steroids smuggled into the U.S. from other countries