Q&A Hero

Q: D. Siegel postulated that a. we define who we are by the relationships we enter into. b. substances offer a direct means through which to learn about the "self." c. meditation is the best way to learn about the "self" for most people. d. relationships help to shape the flow of energy both within and between people.

Q: According to Roger Bacona. the most direct path to spiritus is one's acceptance of one's place in life.b. an effect must be measurable or be replicated to be worthy of study. c. the "divine right of kings" does not excuse abuses of power.d. one must accept, on authority, the natural order of the universe.

Q: In the face of uncertainty, ________offers the promise of peace, per your text. a. scientific materialismb. music trendsc. drugs of abused. withdrawal from society

Q: Everything can be understood, it is argued, if a. we eliminate diversity.b. we break things down into small enough units. c. we utilize behavioral psychology theory.d. pain is eradicated, order is enforced, and financial gain is limited.

Q: One of the forces attacking the belief in spiritus is a. the increasing crime rate.b. the growing emphasis on traditional means of familial communications. c. scientific materialism.d. the gnostic beliefs prevalent in some cultures.

Q: According to your text, the ____used by many cultures to help individuals identify with and feel a part of that culture have been lost. a. experiencesb. ritualsc. transitional phases d. scientific beliefs

Q: The Romans called the divine spark of light within us a. a gift of Mercury, the king of the gods.b. spiritus.c. something one could explore if they followed the philosophy of the agnostics.d. unlimited, bound only by the limits of the human body in life, and then immortal.

Q: The human spirit is best measured bya. psychological test data, biological factors and spiritual forces.b. the minor weight loss that has been identified when a person dies.c. the number and intensity of attempts the individual makes to avoid existential pain. d. none of these answers. Scientists do not try to measure the spirit, but ignore it.

Q: Scientists tend toa. embrace the scholarly works of the church as part of the foundation of modern science.b. seek to reinforce the work of Descartes now that the methods to do so are being developed. c. dismiss the wealth of knowledge accumulated by theologians.d. be best epitomized by the philosophy of Francis Bacon.

Q: The dichotomy between mind, body, and spirituality is a. artificial and no longer necessary.b. Still an inherent foundational stone of the medical model. c. a reflection of 20th-century scientific advances.d. the domain of theologians alone.

Q: The theologian and the scientista. are doomed to be forever at odds with each other.b. both seek the same answer, the truth, through different means.c. are so mutually exclusive that scientists do not go to church, and church leaders are not scientists. d. both adhere to Descartes' postulate that the mind and the body are separate.

Q: The best way to avoid being caught up in the manipulations of a loved one with a SUD is a. avoiding talking to them.b. helping protect their substance use disorder.c. maintaining an attitude of quiet watchfulness and honesty. d. all of these answers.

Q: The author stresses that a person with a SUD will engage in various ________ to support their addiction. a. gamesb. treatment approaches c. relationshipsd. lifestyles

Q: Spiritually, someone with an SUD may be using the substance to attempt to counter a. self-deception.b. the Evil One.c. ultimate isolation. d. science.

Q: One of the forces that helps to define happiness is a. self awareness.b. ultimate isolation.c. replication and measurement. d. the illusion of control.

Q: According to your text, spirituality allows fora. the discovery of meaning in the face of the absurdity of life. b. replication and measurement.c. empirical study.d. awareness of the chasm between "self" and "other."

Q: The author asserts that substance abuse disorders might be viewed as a church of a. rewards.b. oneself.c. a higher power. d. ultimate truth.

Q: Brain scans have provided researchers with a reliable way to prove that SUDs are brain diseases. a. Trueb. False

Q: Type I alcoholism has been found to have higher heritability than Type II alcoholism. a. Trueb. False

Q: According to research, there is no evidence that a variance in any particular gene can turn someone into an addict. a. Trueb. False

Q: Discuss the popular Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) program, including some of the criticisms of such psycho-educational programs.

Q: Describe the learning theory model of the development of SUDs.

Q: Discuss some of the flaws critics attribute to the bio/psycho/social model in general.

Q: Discuss the evidence in support of the dopamine D2 hypothesis.

Q: Describe the factors E. M. Jellinek used to support his argument that alcoholism was a disease. Describe the stages of untreated alcoholism according to him.

Q: It has been suggested that the concept of the "alcoholic personality"a. is well supported by clinical literature for men who drink, but not for women. b. is well supported by clinical literature for women who drink, but not for men. c. might reflect the illusion of correlation.d. only emerged from clinical research conducted in the 1990s.

Q: Humans work toa. increase pleasure and decrease discomfort. b. decrease pleasure and increase discomfort.c. control sources of disruption and focus exclusively on their discomfort. d. use personality and increase discomfort.

Q: To a behavioralist, the concept of ________ is an illusion. a. reward paradigmb. punishment schedule c. personalityd. form that reward takes

Q: One flaw in the "addictive personality" theory is that a. psychoanalytic theory played too dominant a role in the development of this theory. b. it was based only on personality characteristics of those people who failed to successfully complete a rehabilitation program. c. it was based almost exclusively on research samples drawn from people in a rehabilitation facility of some kind. d. researchers have yet to find substantial flaws in this theory.

Q: It has been suggested that clinicians tend to a. overlook cases that do not fit their preconceptions. b. selectively remember cases that fit their preconceptions. c. review theoretical models to determine which model fits which client but are unable to use that information as a guide to treatment because of managed care constraints. d. have an unbiased recall of all cases they have worked with.

Q: Defense mechanisms are thought to protect the individual from immediate awareness of internal conflict, but they do so a. at the cost of long term adjustment. b. by helping parental interjects take root. c. by limiting the individual's awareness of somatic perception. d. by helping the ego engage in counter-phobic behaviors.

Q: All the variations of the psychoanalytic school of thought hold that there is an _____that paves the way for the development of an addiction.a. intense need to act outb. intense fear of hallucinatory perception c. internal conflictd. internalized superego

Q: Dr. Benjamin Rush defined a "disease" asa. the result of a bacterial or viral infection or the result of trauma. b. anything that could cause an imbalance in the nervous system.c. a condition that held the potential to cause the individual's death.d. a condition that resulted from evil spirits.

Q: One of the challenges to the defense mechanism theory is that research has found that a. substance abusing clients do not use denial more frequently than other groups.b. most substance abusing clients do not engage in defense mechanisms. c. only patients in rehabilitation programs utilize the defense of denial.d. substance abusing clients actually use defenses that have never been studied before.

Q: Reina, a heroin addict, states, "I only started using because of my boyfriend." Reina is most likely engaging in the defense mechanism of a. denial.b. projection.c. rationalization. d. minimization.

Q: The belief that addictions are viewed as a weakness in character of the addict reflects the _______model. a. medicalb. psychosocial c. morald. personality predisposition

Q: Areas of increased brain activity are not isolated events by themselves, but a. a reflection of an integrated whole brain pattern of activity.b. can be isolated by proper physiological imaging techniques. c. are best seem on fMRI images.d. can be identified through EEG tracings.

Q: The neural activity within various regions of the brain transpires within ____; fMRI or PET scan images require _______for data collection.a. 2-3 minutes; 30 minutes b. seconds; 30 minutesc. hundredths of a second; minutesd. a second; minutes

Q: Physicians often claim that, because of "neuroplasticity," addictions are brain diseases. In realitya. neuroplasticity can only take place under special circumstances.b. neuroplasticity only involves regions of the brain involved in involuntary behaviors.c. we do not yet know enough about neuroplasticity to claim that it is a factor in the SUDs. d. neuroplasticity is an evolutionary construct that is left over from the stone ages.

Q: When a female bee hatches but is not fed the "royal jelly," ita. becomes a queen and will eventually have to fight for the right to be queen by killing the current queen bee. b. becomes a sterile worker bee.c. starves while still in the egg and never hatches. d. starves to death while it is still a larvae.

Q: An embarrassing outcome of the Jellinek model is thata. in spite of expectations, it fails to predict individual drinking patterns or disease progression. b. the original survey returns have been lost and are thus unavailable to researchers.c. it does identify which drinkers will or will not be able to abstain from further alcohol use, but only during the first 5 years following treatment.d. it clearly identifies the mechanism by which loss of control takes place.

Q: The Dopamine D2 hypothesis suggests this receptor subtype a. is involved in the termination of drug-induced euphoria.b. is found mainly in regions of the brain involved in planning and risk assessment, but not in the reward cascade. c. is found mainly in regions of the brain involved in the reward cascade.d. was once considered a possible contributor to the development of SUDs, but this theory has since been proven false.

Q: Characteristics of Type II alcohol dependency include a. submission to rules and behavioral demands.b. involvement in high risk-taking behaviors.c. minimal involvement in antisocial behaviors in young adulthood. d. virtually never developing an AUD prior to age 25.

Q: One frustrating problem is that most peoplea. view genetics with a jaundiced eye because the science is so inexact. b. view genetic predisposition as unalterable fate.c. think the genetic inheritance theory will excuse the individual for behaviors such as committing a homicide. d. believe the strongest determinant of behavior is totally beyond our control.

Q: A cornerstone of the Jellinek model of alcoholism is that the individual a. has a physical disease over which he or she has no control.b. is frightened by signs of a loss of control, causing him or her to seek help.c. must show none of the designated symptoms to be worthy of a diagnosis of alcoholism. d. will follow one of multiple paths to an alcohol use disorder.

Q: Which of the following is most true about E.M. Jellinek?a. He argued that alcoholism is a disease in a manner similar to hypertension, heart disease or infectious diseases.b. He agreed with many of his critics that alcoholism reflected moral failings on the part of the patient in certain ways, but at its core it was a disease.c. He argued that the disease model of alcoholism allowed the person to focus on recovery without having to defend themselves from criticism that they lacked moral fiber.d. He argued that the substance use disorders presented many patterns of symptoms that progressed through predictable stages, and might possibly end in the individual's death.

Q: A cornerstone of the medical model is that disease states are a reflection of a. biological dysfunction at the cellular or molecular level.b. a corruption of "free will."c. a disruption in the balance of the four humors of the body.d. the unavoidable consequence of commerce, which has brought us things such as the bubonic plague in the 1300s, when flea infested rats were carried from areas where the plague was endemic to areas where it had never been seen before.

Q: Which of the following theories/hypotheses purports that the brain's neural pathways are constantly rewiring themselves in response to environmental changes?a. Biological vulnerability hypothesis b. Individual responsibility theoryc. Dopamine D2 receptor site hypothesis d. Theory of neuroplasticity

Q: Norm has always been a risk taker. He has gotten into some trouble with the law and developed an AUD in his early 20s. Based on this information, Norm is most likely a ______alcoholic.a. Type I b. Type II c. Type III d. Type IV

Q: Which of the following are advantages created by Jellinek's disease model over the moral model of AUDs? a. Jellinek's model removed judging the person with an AUD as "weak" or lacking willpower. b. Jellinek's model made AUDs worthy of scientific study. c. Jellinek's model provided physicians a framework to classify patterns of alcohol abuse. d. All of these are advantages of Jellinek's model.

Q: Greta feels anxious and frustrated. She is beginning to see that if she has a number of alcoholic drinks, she feels better. Greta is most likely in which stage of alcohol addiction?a. Pre-alcoholic stage b. Prodromal stagec. Physical dependency stage d. Chronic stage

Q: Clear relationships have been found between specific forms of mental illness and a correlating drug of choice. a. Trueb. False

Q: ER physicians commonly attribute symptoms in dual diagnosis patients to their SUDs with the exclusion of psychiatric disorders. a. True b. False

Q: Describe the stages of treatment when working with a client with a dualdiagnosis that includes a SUD.

Q: Describe the complicated relationship between schizophrenia and SUDs regarding dualdiagnosis.

Q: Describe the reasons why clinicians once believed a relationship existed between a patient's disorder and his or her drug of choice.

Q: Describe the theoretical models attempting to explain dualdiagnosis conditions.

Q: Describe the evolution of the idea dualdiagnoses may also include persons with substance abuse disorders.

Q: The most commonly encountered personality disorder found in persons with an SUD is a. antisocial personality.b. borderline personality. c. histrionic personality.d. schizoaffective personality.

Q: Adolescent girls with anorexia might use a. alcohol to suppress their appetites.b. CNS depressants to allow them to avoid becoming manic from the lack of adequate caloric intake.c. alcohol to maintain a minimal degree of caloric intake to avoid loss of consciousness from lack of eating. d. marijuana to stimulate their appetites.

Q: Twenty-one percent of those persons who are depressed also meet the criteria for having had a _____________in the past 12 months.a. amphetamine use disorder b. hallucinogen use disorderc. benzodiazepine use disorder d. alcohol use disorder

Q: Persons with a bipolar disorder tend to abuse drugs during a. the depressed phase of their disorder.b. the period of stability before the next phase of their disorder. c. the manic phase of their disorder.d. all phases of their disorder equally.

Q: Persons with a bipolar disorder might find that marijuana _______their disorder. a. might exacerbateb. eliminates all signs ofc. causes/exacerbates hallucinations d. has no effect on

Q: Which of the following statements about persons who suffer from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is most true? a. They apparently have no preference for a specific compound. b. They tend to prefer CNS depressants such as the benzodiazepines. c. They tend to prefer CNS stimulants such as methylphenidate or ephedrine. d. They tend not to abuse chemicals at all because they fear the loss of control that substance abuse might bring, and persons with OCD are heavily invested in control.

Q: Which class of pharmaceuticals are now viewed as the most appropriate agents to treat anxiety disorders?a. Adderallb. Benzodiazepinesc. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors d. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Q: Your text suggests that _____of persons with a generalized anxiety disorder will also have a substance use disorder.a. 30 percent b. 15 percent c. 40 percentd. 50 percent

Q: Which of the following is NOT true of dual diagnosis clients?a. They appear to experience a different cocaine withdrawal syndrome than other people.b. Cocaine abusing patients with schizophrenia are at higher risk for the development of a movement disorder known as tardive dyskinesia.c. They tend to seek out specific drugs, depending on their exact form of mental illness. d. They use alcohol to self-medicate anxiety.

Q: Available evidence suggests that, at best, only ______ of persons with schizophrenia do not smoke cigarettes. a. 10 percentb. 90 percent c. 40 percent d. 25 percent

Q: Available evidence would suggest which of the following about persons with ADHD?a. They are more prone to alcohol-related disinhibition than normal persons. b. They are less prone to alcohol-related disinhibition than normal persons.c. The issue of impulsiveness and ADHD are entirely separate conditions and cannot be assumed to be connected.d. They tend to remain intoxicated for a longer period of time after consuming a given amount of alcohol when compared with a normal person.

Q: Dual diagnosis clientsa. are less impulsive than normal persons. b. are more impulsive than normal persons. c. are about as impulsive as normal persons.d. struggle with the side effects of prescribed medications so impulsiveness is not an issue.

Q: For years it has wrongly been assumed that dual diagnosis clientsa. who are addicted share the same motivational traits as persons without a psychiatric problem who are addicted.b. who abuse chemicals have the same motivational traits as persons who are addicted to chemicals. c. who have a job are less motivated to quit than those without a job, since their stress level is higher. d. do not abuse chemicals for the same reason(s) over the years.

Q: The more serious the individual's mental illness, the morea. likely he or she is to fear losing entitlement payments such as Social Security.b. receptive he or she will be to an opportunity to supplement their income from entitlement payments by working "under the table."c. difficult it will be to abstain from alcohol or illicit drugs.d. likely it is he or she will be able to return to society and resume their role as a productive citizen.

Q: If a person suffers from some form of mental illness, he or she is also a. 50 percent more likely to have a concurrent substance use disorder. b. 100 percent more likely to have a concurrent substance use disorder. c. as likely as the average person to have a substance use disorder.d. 270 percent more likely to have a concurrent substance use disorder.

Q: The majority of individuals who would have been referred to a state hospital in the 1950s are nowa. able to be referred to community treatment centers.b. able to call upon large numbers of social support agencies in the community following treatment. c. more likely to be homeless or incarcerated.d. able to budget their funds without help from representative payees.

Q: Dual diagnosis clients are 300 percent more likely to contract the virus that causes a. AIDS.b. Hepatitis B. c. Hepatitis C. d. Hepatitis D.

Q: The theory that the SUD reflects another primary, psychiatric disorder that will resolve once the mental illness is effectively treateda. has few adherents at this time.b. is the assumption on which most treatment for dual diagnosis patients is based at this time.c. tends to be true only for criminal offenders, but not for the majority of mentally ill substance abusers. d. helps the client better understand his or her plight.

Q: Although the abuse of a chemical might not have caused the development of a mental illness a. it might be intertwined with the mental illness.b. it will not influence the course of that disorder, either.c. it will easily be identified as a separate disorder from the mental illness.d. the mental illness will always resolve once the substance use disorder is treated.

Q: About the only sign of a mental illness a substance use disorder (or withdrawal from a drug of abuse) cannot simulate isa. depression (possibly of suicidal proportions). b. psychosis.c. mania.d. none of these. Substance abuse or withdrawal might present as virtually any form of mental illness.

Q: Mental health professionals have ____understanding of the forces that initiate, or maintain, a substance use disorder in a person with mental illness.a. a single, comprehensive theory that assists in the b. a rather completec. virtually nod. a frustratingly complex

Q: The term "dual diagnosis" refers to individuals who have a. an addiction to two or more chemicals at the same time. b. a person with both a mental health disorder and a substance use disorder at the same time. c. a person who had a substance use disorder, recovered from that condition, then developed a mental health disorder. d. a clearly defined psychiatric condition with proven treatment modalities.