Q&A Hero

Q: Your text suggests that approximately _______ of any unit of cocaine is really just adulterants. a. one-halfb. one-quarter c. one-thirdd. two-thirds

Q: A kilogram of cocaine produced in South America and sold for $1,000 would retail for about _____in the United States when packaged for sale to individual abusers. a. $10,000b. $500,000 c. $100,000 d. $250,000

Q: Adulterants are added to illicit drugs to a. lower costs for the producer.b. increase profits for the distributor.c. maintain constant drug purity levels.d. make the adulterated drugs less attractive to rival drug dealers who might attempt to steal them.

Q: The least likely scenario in the world of illicit drugs is that of a. finding drugs that are not adulterated.b. having others prey on the addict because they are vulnerable. c. having to worry about possible assault from dealers.d. overdosing on illicit drugs.

Q: Abuse of cocaine and the amphetamine compounds can lead to behaviors that are excellent examples of a. systemic violence.b. pharmacological violence. c. economic violence.d. revenge violence for unpaid drug debts.

Q: Approximately ______ of sexual assaults are carried out by men who have ingested alcohol prior to the assault. a. 30 percentb. 20 percent c. 50 percent d. 40 percent

Q: Pharmacological violence is a. inhibited by the drugs of abuse. b. initiated or exacerbated by the drug's effects. c. an example of how drugs are blamed for the individual's behavior. d. criminal activity committed to support the cost of one's addiction.

Q: The national prohibition against most of the drugs of abuse means that abusers are a. limited to inner-city minority group members.b. criminals if they abuse a prohibited substance.c. usually forgiven for any crimes committed if they are rural, older males. d. affirming their 8th amendment rights.

Q: Elliott suggested that both delinquency and illicit drug use a. reflect the breakdown of traditional social restraints.b. are a reaction to the strict enforcement of social restraints.c. are a way to assert independence in the face of strict social constraints. d. reflect a common genetic predisposition.

Q: Juvenile delinquency, which has long been thought to be a result of illicit drug use, usually a. develops at the same age that illicit drug use does.b. precedes the development of illicit drug use.c. does not appear to be related to illicit drug use at all. d. develops after the initiation of illicit drug use.

Q: The efforts to interdict supplies of illicit drugs around the world in the last part of the 20th century have resulted in a. the availability of such compounds remaining about the same as before.b. a slight decrease in the availability of illicit drugs in the last decade. c. an increase in the availability of illicit drugs in the past decade.d. no major change in methods of drug transport for high level drug dealers who provide illicit drugs for local consumption.

Q: Globally, an estimated ______farmers are devoted to the production of illegal substances on a full time basis. a. 1 millionb. 10 million c. 4 million d. 17 million

Q: Discuss some of the forms of viral hepatitis commonly encountered in the treatment of people with an SUD.

Q: Discuss the relation between AIDS and neurocognitive dysfunction, including the classification system based upon the range of deficit.

Q: Discuss the six stages of a typical HIV infection.

Q: Discuss the chain of HIV infection as it pertains to drug use.

Q: Why is infectious disease such a common complication for people with a SUD?

Q: In addition to being a blood-borne pathogen, the virus that causes HVB is also a a. sexually-transmitted disease.b. airborne pathogen.c. food-borne pathogen.d. co-infection that occurs with HVA 90 percent of the time.

Q: The virus that causes Hepatitis type "C" is thought to bea. as infectious as the virus that causes AIDS.b. one-tenth as infectious as the virus that causes AIDS. c. 10 times as infectious as the virus that causes AIDS.d. 10 times as infectious as the virus that causes Hepatitis type "B" infection.

Q: Research has shown that____of intravenous drug abusers will be exposed to the Hepatitis type "B" virus within a year of when they start injecting drugs. a. 10-30 percentb. 15-20 percent c. 50-60 percent d. 45-90 percent

Q: HVB is aa. chronic, remitting disease that bothers the person for 6-8 months before it clears. b. blood-borne disease.c. virus that can infect the mother, but never the fetus as placental barriers exist to block the virus from reaching the fetus.d. virus known to cross the blood-brain-barrier and in extreme cases induce dementia.

Q: One potential consequence of HVA infection is a. death in rare cases.b. acute liver failure in about 25 percent of cases. c. relapsing hepatitis in about 25 percent of cases. d. hepatitis-related dementia in rare cases.

Q: Which of the following is true of hepatitis type A?a. It is never transmitted by sharing intravenous needles.b. Exposure to blood or other body fluids from an infected person is not a danger. c. Five percent of cases in the U.S. involve the sharing of intravenous needles.d. It can only infect the victim if he or she is also simultaneously exposed to the Hepatitis type D virus.

Q: It has been estimated that 5 percent of new cases of tuberculosis a. are the result of intravenous drug use.b. are resistant to at least one antibiotic used to treat this disease. c. are resistant to all antibiotics used to treat this disease.d. are found in persons with circulatory problems.

Q: Tuberculosis is transmitted bya. bacteria of the species M. tuberculosis that hitch a ride on microscopic droplets of moisture expelled from the body of the infected person and inhaled by another person.b. clothing once worn by an infected person, even after it is routinely cleaned.c. exposure to residual fluids such as water or soda consumed by the infected person. d. M. tuberculosis bacteria exposed to the ultraviolet light found in sunshine.

Q: In the infected person, tuberculosis is found a. in the lungs.b. in oxygen-poor tissues since oxygen is a poison to bacteria.c. most often in the lungs, but can be found virtually anywhere in the body. d. in the central nervous system.

Q: It has been estimated that _______of the world's population is currently infected with tuberculosis.a. 10 percentb. 33 percent c. 5 percent d. 40 percent

Q: Each person infected with TB will expose ______additional people to the infection. a. 1-5b. 5-10 c. 10-15 d. 15-20

Q: In the past 500,000 years, tuberculosis is thought to have caused ______ premature deaths. a. 50,000b. 5 millionc. 100 million d. 1 billion

Q: HIV infection results in an estimated ________ in yearly earning potential. a. $22,000 reductionb. $12,000 reduction c. $30,000 reduction d. $15,000 reduction

Q: The person infected with HIV willa. live a normal lifespan if they adhere to prescribed antiviral medications.b. lose about 15 years of potential life because of the infection, even with existing antiviral medications. c. lose about 5 years of potential life because of the infection, even with existing antiviral medications.d. have to take at least 80-90 percent of the prescribed antiviral drugs to achieve optimal viral suppression.

Q: Tuberculosis (TB) is ________more common in persons infected with HIV than in the general public. a. 20 timesb. 100 times c. 50 times d. 10 times

Q: AIDS is defined when the CD4 cell count falls below a. 1,200 cells per cubic milliliter of blood.b. 400 cells per cubic milliliter of blood. c. 300 cells per cubic milliliter of blood. d. 200 cells per cubic milliliter of blood.

Q: In the stage of "asymptomatic infection"a. it is impossible for the infected person to transmit the infection to another person. b. viral transmission is only possible if intravenous needles are shared.c. the infection is there, but can only be detected by appropriate blood tests.d. it is still possible for the person's body to fight off the infection if his or her immune status is good.

Q: In the U.S., what percentage of women who become infected with HIV contracted the virus from heterosexual relations with an infected partner?a. 22 percent b. 85 percent c. 55 percent d. 75 percent

Q: In the United States, ________ of new HIV infections for men result from homosexual relations. a. 17 percentb. 80 percent c. 50 percent d. 70 percent

Q: It is believed that _______of those who are infected with HIV in the U.S. are unaware of this fact. a. 5 percentb. 30 percent c. 15 percent d. 60 percent

Q: The "AIDS latency period" has been found a. not to exist. b. to last longer in those who do not abuse intravenous drugs. c. to last longer in those who acquired the infection from a sexual partner who was infected, since intravenous drug injection was not involved. d. to be a gender-specific phenomenon.

Q: Within the course of 50 years, AIDS went from an obscure disease found only in isolated parts of Africa to a. the 4th most common cause of death in Africa.b. the 9th most common cause of death globally.c. the most common infectious disease encountered by physicians today. d. the 4th most common cause of death globally.

Q: Researchers believe that _______ of the HIV particles found in a person's body are in the CD4 cells.a. 50-60 percent b. 93-99 percent c. 30-50 percent d. virtually none

Q: In the United States ________people become infected with HIV-1 each year . a. 7,000b. 50,000c. 2.4 million d. 11,000

Q: Of the approximately 34 million people infected with the AIDS virus a. about half are unaware.b. two-thirds are dead.c. two-thirds are homosexual males. d. only one-third live in Africa.

Q: Available evidence suggests that the virus that causes AIDSa. was introduced into the population of homosexual males in the 1980s. b. is a virus that "jumped" from an animal species into humans.c. was a genetic mutation that resulted from germ warfare experiments. d. is a single strain of virus.

Q: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was first identified as a disease a. in the early 1980s.b. in the mid-1990s. c. in the 1920s.d. none of these answers. AIDS is not a disease.

Q: The most common cause of community acquired pneumonia, Streptococcus pneumoniae, is spread by a. the body's weakened immune system.b. microscopic droplets of fluid from the lungs that spread when a person sneezes or coughs. c. a failure to wash one's hands after shaking hands with a person who has been infected.d. cigarette smoking by the patient who contracts the infection.

Q: In the general population, _______develop endocarditis. a. 1 in 5,000b. 1 in 6,000 c. 1 in 20,000 d. 1 in 18,000

Q: If an intravenous drug abuser should attempt to clean the "rig" by rinsing it out with tap water a. this can result in bacterial contamination of the needle since tap water is not sterile. b. this will move the bacterial contaminants to the tip of the needle, making the next person to use that needle more likely to become infected. c. this will cause the most vulnerable bacteria to die by exposing them to the chlorine in the tap water, leaving the more virulent strains behind to infect the next user. d. the water itself will encourage the growth of microorganisms.

Q: Intravenous drug abusersa. rarely follow sterile injection procedures. b. usually do not share needles with others. c. rarely have a viral infection in their blood.d. have different bacterial types on their skin than non-addicts.

Q: As a group, individuals with substance use disorders ______ hospital stays. a. usually have longerb. usually do not require very long c. are 16 times as likely to require d. are 9 times as likely to require

Q: One of the three factors that have been found to determine the success of AA is a. the average number of people who come to each meeting in a chapter. b. the amount of friends one makes in the chapter. c. the location of the meeting being in a house of worship. d. the frequency with which the individual attends meetings.

Q: AA members are limited to donating no more than ______to the organization annually. a. an unlimited amount b. $10,000 c. $1,000 d. 10 percent of their annual income

Q: What percent of substance abuse rehabilitation programs utilize some kind of 12step group model similar to AA?a. Around 95 percentb. Less than 50 percent c. About 10 percentd. 33 percent

Q: Describe the relationship between Alcoholics Anonymous and religion.

Q: Discuss some of the outcomes of studies evaluating the effectiveness of Alcoholics Anonymous.

Q: Explain the rationale for the establishment of Women for Sobriety (WFS). How does it differ from the standard 12- step program?

Q: What are the four central goals for adults with SUDs according to the Self-Management and Recovery Training (SMART) program?

Q: Which program rejects the 12step style, instead maintaining there are multiple paths to recovery? a. AA b. LifeRing c. Faithbased recovery d. Women for Sobriety (WFS)

Q: What percentage of those who join AA will abstain from alcohol for the rest of their lives?a. 20 percent b. 5 percent c. 75 percent d. 50 percent

Q: Discuss some of the criticisms and challenges to the traditional 12-step movement.

Q: The court system in various states has ruled thata. there is no violation of the person's religious freedom since 12-step groups do not mention a God by name. b. that enforced attendance is illegal because AA is a religious movement.c. that the ends justify the means, and if there is a violation of the individual's rights, they are outweighed by the benefits to the individual and society by the person's recovery from alcohol and drugs.d. as long as there is appropriate emphasis on anonymity, there is no problem.

Q: One of the challenges to the traditional 12-step program holds thata. these programs place too much emphasis on the individual's psychosocial growth.b. the Big Book repeatedly references people who have "recovered" from alcohol dependence, in spite of what group members often say.c. making a lifelong committment to 12-step involvement is appropriate for all recovering persons. d. its emphasis on anonymity is appropriate but too strongly enforced.

Q: Which of the following is true of Shirley Kishline, the person who founded Moderation Management?a. She killed two people in an alcohol-related accident prior to starting MM. b. She killed two people in an alcohol-related accident after founding MM. c. She now advocates a computer-based treatment process.d. She suggested that involvement in Alcoholics Anonymous was useless.

Q: The Secular Organization for Sobriety holds that each of the following is true EXCEPTa. it is possible for many people to learn to be social drinkers again. b. tolerance causes the individual to crave chemicals.c. chemical use is a learned habit.d. SUDs rest on the denial of use as a learned habit and tolerance causing cravings.

Q: The Rational Recovery movementa. draws heavily on psychoanalytic theory in their attempt to assist the person. b. draws heavily on family systems theory in its attempt to assist the member. c. draws heavily upon the cognitive-behavioral schools of therapy.d. work toward helping the individual learn to control his or her drinking.

Q: Narcotics Anonymousa. provides exactly the same program as Alcoholics Anonymous.b. differs from Alcoholics Anonymous in one major area: the allinclusive term "addict."c. is a subgroup of Alcoholics Anonymous that reports to the same home office.d. does not place the same message on "carrying the message" to those who still are addicted as does Alcoholics Anonymous.

Q: One core belief of Alcoholics Anonymous is that a. the individual is hopelessly addicted to alcohol. b. the person is powerless over alcohol.c. their perception of their substance use is more accurate than others'.d. members not make attending meetings an important goal in their first year of recovery.

Q: Kaskutas, et. al., found that in the first year of participation in AA a. there was an inverse relationship between number of meetings attended and length of abstinence. b. there was no relationship between the number of meetings attended and the length of the person's abstinence. c. those who attended more meetings were more likely to abstain. d. there was a positive correlation between financial contributions and abstinence.

Q: The research pool addressing Alcoholics Anonymous and its success a. consistently supports the claim that it is effective.b. is rather limited.c. is based on mandatory participation in research studies.d. suggests that those ordered to attend by the courts tend to take longer to benefit from the group than voluntary members.

Q: Which of the following is true regarding the spokesperson for Alcoholics Anonymous?a. He or she is elected by the group at a meeting.b. He or she is appointed by the president of that specific group. c. There is no designated spokesperson for all of AA.d. He or she must have a well established history of recovery.

Q: The financial contribution of each member of Alcoholics Anonymous a. cannot exceed $1,000 per year.b. is established on the basis of his or her annual income.c. is small compared with the contributions from local businesses. d. is a tithe (10 percent of annual income).

Q: One factor that seems to predict a successful outcomea. is the group leader taking responsibility for identifying group members who require special assistance when they are in danger of relapsing.b. is maintaining an exclusive focus on material in the Big Book and not discussing personal problems. c. is the open discussion of group meetings with coworkers, etc.d. is active participation in meetings.

Q: At the "open" meetinga. the individual is encouraged to discuss his or her progress in the 12-step program.b. one or two volunteers will speak about the program and visitors are encouraged to ask questions. c. each group member is expected to stand up and confess his or her shortcomings.d. a designated topic is discussed in detail, with members joining the discussion as they desire.

Q: Another premise of Alcoholics Anonymous is that a. there is only one "Higher Power."b. once you have finished step five, you no longer have to examine your personal failings. c. everybody has a desire to establish a relationship with a "Higher Power."d. the stress of modern living contributes to feelings of inadequacy on the part of the individual, who then turns to alcohol.

Q: The Alcoholics Anonymous program is based on the premise that a. alcoholism is a spiritual disease.b. once the person is abstinent, it is necessary to identify the cause of the person's alcoholism.c. alcoholics as a group tend to be focused on pleasing others too much.d. it is a time-limited program, and the individual should expect to outgrow the need to attend the group meetings.

Q: Steps four through nine of the AA 12-step program have been identified asa. a period in which the person searches for the root causes of his or her addiction. b. stages of change.c. the period in which the individual is allowed to take pride in his or her accomplishments.d. a period of special pain for the recovering person as he or she faces problems without alcohol.

Q: It has been estimated that _______people attend a 12-step group at least once each year in the U.S. a. 500,000b. 1 million c. 5 million d. 8 million

Q: Which of the following statements is true in regards to the first 3 years of AA's founding?a. There were so many success stories from members that the movement exploded onto the therapeutic scene. b. It was widely embraced by therapists, but success stories could not be made public because of the emphasis on anonymity.c. There were only a few success stories.d. Physicians rushed to refer their alcohol-dependent patients to the new movement.

Q: McPherson, et. al., have described Alcoholics Anonymous as a. being over-rated in its effectiveness.b. an essential element of treatment.c. a program that causes many people to reject it because of the length of time it would take to work through all 12 steps.d. a form of mind control.

Q: Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) has been described as having a. a near exclusive dominance in the addictions field.b. virtually no detractors.c. a clear advantage over other treatment groups, as proven by research. d. been approved by the courts as having no religious bias.

Q: Describe some of the ways clients may attempt to deceive urine toxicology testing.