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Communication
Q:
Which barrier to intercultural communication competence is considered to be the most severe because it involves deep-seated feelings of unkindness and ill will toward particular groups?
A) stereotyping
B) prejudice
C) narrow perspective
D) cultural myopia
Q:
Ivy Ledbetter Lee believed that facts ______.
A) should not be manipulated or interpreted in any way
B) should be avoided at all costs and it was better to deceive the public
C) were elusive and malleable, begging to be forged and shaped
D) were completely uninteresting to a public that just wanted to be entertained
E) None of the above options is correct.
Q:
"Politicians lie" and "young people are lazy" are both examples of
A) mindless assumptions.
B) stereotypes.
C) narrow perspectives.
D) deconstructed schemas.
Q:
Ivy Ledbetter Lee told John D. Rockefeller Sr. to hand out ______ to children whenever he was in public; this positively transformed his image in the wake of the ______ disaster.
A) candy/Standard Oil
B) nickels/Standard Oil
C) dimes/Ludlow
D) quarters/Standard Oil
E) pennies/Fordham
Q:
Assuming that individuals, because they belong to certain groups, have a particular set of attitudes, behaviors, skills, morals, or beliefs is called
A) prejudice.
B) cultural myopia.
C) ignorance.
D) stereotyping.
Q:
Which company's lobbying efforts were so effective that they eliminated all telephone competition until the 1980s?
A) Chicago Edison
B) AT&T
C) General Electric
D) Bell Atlantic
E) None of the options is correct.
Q:
Which of the following is not one of the reasons large companies such as railroads and utility companies engaged in public relations efforts in the 1800s?
A) A desire to get government subsidies for construction projects
B) A desire to see good things written about them in history books
C) A deep concern about public sentiment toward their companies
D) A desire to run government-approved monopolies
E) All of the options are reasons.
Q:
Failing to consider other cultural perspectives because of a belief that one's own culture is appropriate and relevant in all situations and to all people is associated with which term?
A) stereotyping
B) prejudice
C) cultural myopia
D) undue influence
Q:
In the 1800s, America's largest railroads used press agents to ______.
A) drum up passenger business
B) sell shares of stock
C) campaign for government funding
D) obtain the right to ship coal
E) help them drop fares and shipping rates
Q:
What three recommendations have been made for improving perception?
A) Be thoughtful when you seek explanations, look beyond first impressions, and question your assumptions.
B) Narrow your perspective, verify your perceptions, and be careful of stereotyping.
C) Remove barriers to your perception, be mindful of others' feelings, and consider your first impressions.
D) Stick to the facts, ask questions, and adjust your perspective when needed.
Q:
When Joe shows up late to meet his friends for dinner, he explains that he is late because he was held up in traffic. His friend Maggie reminds him, though, that they all drove in the same traffic but that everyone else left early to accommodate the rush hour. Maggie's dismissal of Joe's situational excuse for being late may be the result of which common perceptual error?
A) mindlessness
B) interaction appearance theory
C) mindfulness
D) fundamental attribution error
Q:
Buffalo Bill's publicity agent, John Burke, used ______ to promote Bill's Wild West show.
A) newspaper stories
B) dime novels
C) movies
D) poster art
E) All of the options are correct.
Q:
Which of the following was William F. Cody's top publicity agent?
A) "Poison Ivy" Lee
B) P. T. Barnum
C) Edward Bernays
D) Pierre Salinger
E) None of the above options is correct.
Q:
Brianna is planning a vacation, and even though she really wants to go some place quiet and relaxing, she has settled on a trip to Miami because her older sister told her she should go some place with a great night life. Which of the following seems to be challenging Brianna's perception?
A) interaction appearance
B) narrow perspective
C) undue influence
D) selective perception
Q:
In the 2012 presidential campaign, president Obama made several PR gaffes that nearly cost him the election.
A) True
B) False
Q:
Edgar, who is a communication major, finds himself frustrated by the number of times his professors say "umm," mispronounce words, and use awkward gesturesso much so that he often misses the point of their lectures. Edgar's perceptions are best attributed to which of the following?
A) interaction appearance theory
B) selective perception
C) mindlessness
D) fundamental attribution theory
Q:
Reduced cognitive activity, inaccurate recall, and uncritical evaluation are all signs that a state of _________ is challenging one's perception.
A) selective attention
B) undue influence
C) narrow perspective
D) mindlessness
Q:
Former president Richard Nixon used PR techniques to restore his tarnished image after he left the White House.
A) True
B) False
Q:
The PRSA tends to downplay ethical issues in public relations.
A) True
B) False
Q:
The mass media devote relatively few resources to the coverage of labor news.
A) True
B) False
Q:
Which theory helps explain how people change their attributions of someone's physical appearance as they communicate with them more?
A) interaction appearance theory
B) fundamental attribution theory
C) communication processing theory
D) cultural myopia theory
Q:
People sometimes feel uncertain in new situations when they do not know what to expect. This uncertainty develops when people do not have a(n) _____ to guide their perception of the new event.
A) stereotype
B) schema
C) attribution
D) context
Q:
Communication processing means
A) the encoding and decoding of messages between two or more communicators.
B) the use of technology such as cell phones or Internet chat programs to process and transmit information.
C) the means by which we gather, organize, and evaluate information.
D) the formation of chunks of information into patterns to create meaning at a more complex level.
Q:
Individuals and organizations with extensive PR resources usually receive more coverage in the media than those without such PR resources.
A) True
B) False
Q:
The fact that PR professionals often move into journalism contributes to ongoing tensions between journalism and PR.
A) True
B) False
Q:
Though most news reporters won't easily admit it, they would have a harder time doing their job without the help of PR practitioners.
A) True
B) False
Q:
"A cognitive process through which we interpret our experiences and form our own unique understandings" defines which of the following terms?
A) perception
B) information selection
C) mindfulness
D) communication
Q:
Jody is terrified of giving oral presentations and has consequently put off applying for a promotion at work that would require her to train other employees and deliver quarterly reports to the committee that oversees training and professional development at her company. Synthesizing information from throughout this chapter, what would you say to Jody to help her understand how her perception of both the activity as well as herself has influenced her avoidance of this opportunity for career growth?
Q:
Reporters object to PR flacks who make it difficult for them to get access to people they want to interview.
A) True
B) False
Q:
Explain how social comparison theory illuminates our understanding of why more and more boys and young men are using steroids today than in the past and why the number of men choosing to have elective cosmetic surgery has increased over the past several years. Identify specific examples to illustrate your ideas.
Q:
Flack is the informal term some journalists use to describe PR people who interject themselves between their clients and the press.
A) True
B) False
Q:
Describe and provide a narrative example to illustrate how self-concept, self-esteem, and self-efficacy come together to influence a person's communication choices and competence.
Q:
Journalists have traditionally held public relations practitioners in low esteem.
A) True
B) False
Q:
Perceptual barriers like stereotyping and prejudice are still common in our culture. Using concepts discussed throughout the chapter, explain the role the media play in creating these perceptions. Explain how we, as a culture, can work to overcome these barriers.
Q:
Considering what you have read throughout this chapter, why do you think many teens and their parents have difficulty understanding one another? How can teens and parents improve their perception skills to enhance intergenerational understanding?
Q:
When someone put poison in a few bottles of Tylenol, company executives decided to withhold comment for a few days while they assessed the damage.
A) True
B) False
Q:
BP's response to the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil-rig explosion in Alaska is an excellent example of a company's use of thoughtful crisis management to help its public relations.
A) True
B) False
Q:
Your friend Maria has come to you for advice. She has two children, and she is concerned that playing violent video games and watching too much television are having a negative impact on them. Jose, who is ten, is getting into fights at school and is becoming more disrespectful to his parents every day. Christina, who is eight, now refuses to leave the house without wearing makeup and wakes nightly with nightmares about criminals breaking into their home. What would you say to Maria to help her make sense of her perceptions and the changes she sees in her children's perceptions and behaviors? What advice would you give her to improve her and her children's perceptions?
Q:
Some public relations firms have altered entries on sites like Wikipedia in order to make their clients look good.
A) True
B) False
Q:
Discuss a time when challenges to your own perception prevented you from being able to communicate effectively. What happened? How did you perceive the information presented to you? What specific challenges did you experience in your perception of the event? If you had the opportunity to go back in time and rewrite the scenario, what would you do to improve your perception and communicate more effectively?
Q:
Briefly contrast cultural myopia and prejudice using an example of each to illustrate the difference between them.
Q:
The Internet presents mostly problems and few opportunities for public relations practitioners.
A) True
B) False
Q:
Astroturf lobbying refers to phony grassroots campaigns engineered by PR firms.
A) True
B) False
Q:
In your own words, explain how the fundamental attribution error impacts our perception. Provide a narrative example to illustrate how learning to recognize and overcome the fundamental attribution error could help a person grow.
Q:
List and describe the three recommended ways for improving perception abilities and becoming a better communicator. Considering either a hypothetical cultural misunderstanding or one you have observed, illustrate how using these three steps could improve communication.
Q:
Earmarks are spending directives in bills that are often the result of political favors or bribes.
A) True
B) False
Q:
Briefly describe how the use of stereotypes can become a challenge to a person's perception. Provide an example of a time when your own use of a stereotype prevented you from communicating effectively.
Q:
It is illegal for most companies and organizations to engage in lobbying.
A) True
B) False
Q:
Companies often hold plant tours and open houses to convince their local communities that they are good citizens.
A) True
B) False
Q:
Most people perceive their cognitions, thoughts, and feelings to be innate, but they are actually shaped by the culture in which they live.
A) True
B) False
Q:
Ralph Nader's book Unsafe at Any Speed is credited with launching the consumer reform movement in America.
A) True
B) False
Q:
A communicator's self-perception can have a profound impact on the way he or she communicates.
A) True
B) False
Q:
The interaction model of communication is the most complex and accurate model of communication put forth because it is the only model to acknowledge that communicators simultaneously send and receive messages.
A) True
B) False
Q:
The linear model of communication could be used to describe the way an artist uses recorded music to communicate with his or her fans.
A) True
B) False
Q:
Historian Daniel Boorstin considered the press conference a classic example of a pseudo-event.
A) True
B) False
Q:
Most communication skills are known by instinct and cannot be learned or improved.
A) True
B) False
Q:
Radio and television stations have been less willing to air public service announcements since the deregulation of broadcasting in the 1980s.
A) True
B) False
Q:
Although appropriateness is subjective and may change from one situation to another, competent communication focuses on using the skills that are effective in all situations.
A) True
B) False
Q:
Unlike print journalists who use press releases extensively, television journalists rarely use VNRs (video news releases).
A) True
B) False
Q:
The appropriateness of a communication act is largely determined by cultural norms and rules about what is acceptable or unacceptable.
A) True
B) False
Q:
Focus groups are almost never used in public relations research.
A) True
B) False
Q:
The most common type of public relations is done in-house by individual companies and organizations.
A) True
B) False
Q:
Most of the largest public relations firms in America are owned by or affiliated with multinational companies.
A) True
B) False
Q:
Communication behavior can be effective without being appropriate.
A) True
B) False
Q:
Women currently outnumber men by more than three to one in the public relations profession.
A) True
B) False
Q:
An individual's ethics are influenced by his or her personal morals and values as well as by broader cultural notions of what is right or wrong morally.
A) True
B) False
Q:
Competent communicators are more concerned with the outcome of their communication than they are with the process of their communication.
A) True
B) False
Q:
Public relations is largely a male profession, with relatively few women practitioners.
A) True
B) False
Q:
Edward Bernays thought that in the hands of the right experts, leaders, and PR counselors, public opinion could be shaped and public support directed.
A) True
B) False
Q:
Transactional communication involves a sender and a receiver sending independent messages to one another.
A) True
B) False
Q:
Ivy Ledbetter Lee and Edward Bernays believed that public opinion was rational and difficult to influence.
A) True
B) False
Q:
The discipline of communication is only concerned with communication that is intentional.
A) True
B) False
Q:
Individuals are only able to identify with one co-culture at a time, making this aspect of their cultural identity less meaningful than others.
A) True
B) False
Q:
Edward Bernays believed that obtaining people's consent was not an essential ingredient of a successful public relations campaign.
A) True
B) False
Q:
Codes lose their value once they are known broadly by a large number of people.
A) True
B) False
Q:
The meanings of symbols are arbitrary and are negotiated between people.
A) True
B) False
Q:
In 1929, Edward Bernays convinced women that smoking Colombian cigars was a symbol of their independence from men.
A) True
B) False
Q:
While P. T. Barnum felt that all publicity was good publicity, Edward Bernays viewed all public relations as propaganda and therefore unethical.
A) True
B) False
Q:
Humans are able to communicate without the use of symbols.
A) True
B) False
Q:
In healthy relationships, there is usually equally shared controlboth parties have about even levels of control over one another and the communication.
A) True
B) False