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Q:
In the excellence theory of public relations, public relations activities need to be headed by a ______.
a. public relations technician
b. press agent
c. board member from the organization
d. public relations manager
Q:
Introduction: Campaigns in the Professional Public Relations Context
Q:
What do theories do?
a. test the basis of PR strategies
b. enable practitioners to validate their tactics
c. provide a system of validating PR practices
d. provide a framework for decision making in PR
Q:
According to the text, what must PR practitioners do with regard to building successful relationships with stakeholders?
a. communicate effectively with stakeholders when making decisions in PR practices
b. educate clients on the importance of understanding PR practices and how they work
c. weigh the differences and similarities within stakeholder groups
d. consider appropriate theories and models when making decisions
Q:
What is a theory intended to do?
a. It explains related facts or events.
b. It is used to test models.
c. It is a recount of events or outcomes.
d. It is a unique viewpoint or observation about a situation or occurrence.
Q:
A proposition is basically a _____.
a. central idea
b. specific purpose
c. syllogism
d. supporting illustration
Q:
Creating a sense of discomfort by pointing out inconsistencies and then offering a way to reduce that discomfort is a persuasive strategy called _____.
a. values erosion
b. motivating with positive appeals
c. cognitive dissonance
d. inductive reasoning
Q:
When Aaron tries to persuade his listeners to install a smoke detector in their apartment, he is appealing to his listeners _____ needs.
a. self-actualization
b. physiological
c. social
d. safety
Q:
One of your classmates argues in his persuasive speech, What starving people need first is food and clean waternot counseling about the sad state of their governments, not advice about ways to attract new industry, and not pity over the loss of their self-esteem. What principle of persuasive speaking is this class member effectively using?
a. Using cognitive dissonance and negative motivation
b. Presenting more advantages than disadvantages
c. Satisfying basic needs before higher-level ones are considered
d. Creating gradual, rather than sudden, change in listeners
Q:
Which needs in Maslows hierarchy refer to basic needs such as food, water, and air?
a. Physiological
b. Security
c. Self-actualization
d. Self-esteem
Q:
In her persuasive speech, Martha spoke about the alleged espionage by the Chinese, and the possible theft of U.S. nuclear armament secrets. She got the audience to think about the possibility that China could one day rise up and use high-tech nuclear weapons against the United States. She challenged them to monitor Senate hearings on the problem and to get involved by writing or emailing their representatives in congress before its too late. What form of motivation did Martha successfully employ in her speech?
a. An appeal to patriotism
b. An appeal to basic self-esteem and self-actualization needs
c. A positive visualization
d. A fear appeal
Q:
In her persuasive speech, Beatrice says the following: So, by using these simple steps, you will save time, money, and energy. What form of persuasive appeal is this?
a. Positive appeal
b. Negative or guilt-based emotion
c. Cognitive dissonance
d. An appeal to the audiences self-esteem needs
Q:
Which of the following is TRUE about the elaboration likelihood model (ELM)?
a. It is not audience-centered.
b. It is one of the original frameworks for understanding persuasion.
c. It can be especially valuable in helping you understand how you have been persuaded.
d. It was developed by Alan Monroe.
Q:
The elaboration likelihood model includes a category of factors referred to as _____.
a. direct
b. constant
c. indirect
d. occasional
Q:
At the end of my speech, the audience will prefer drinking water to drinking soda is an example of a speech that targets a(n) _____.
a. value
b. belief
c. attitude
d. behavior
Q:
At the end of my speech, the audience will acknowledge that an increase in property taxes is directly related to the increase in pay for congress is an example of a speech that targets a(n) _____.
a. value
b. belief
c. attitude
d. behavior
Q:
Explain the elaboration likelihood model (ELM).
Q:
Explain what a speaker can do to enhance initial credibility, derived credibility, and terminal credibility.
Q:
There are eight logical fallacies listed in your book. Identify, define, and give an example of six of the eight.
Q:
Alfred told his audience that they should try to avoid a certain restaurant in town because he ate there for the first time over the weekend and the food wasnt very good, and the service was terrible. Since some of the audience members were regulars at that restaurant and found that the food and service were good, what logical fallacy is Alfred guilty of using and why?
Q:
Select one of the topics given below for this question. Using the topic, develop an organizational plan using the motivated sequence. Include and explain each step in the sequence.
1. Audience members should volunteer to be bone marrow donors;
2. The Board of Regents should vote to lower the tuition at this university;
3. Audience members should make a commitment to exercise at least thirty minutes each day.
Q:
Test Bank Chapter 15: Speaking to Persuade
Q:
The process of changing or reinforcing attitudes, beliefs, values, or behavior is called _____.
a. informing
b. entertaining
c. persuading
d. refuting
Q:
Garret told his classmate Keith that if he didnt write his term paper for him, then Garret was going to tell the professor that Keith cheated on the exam. This demonstrates the idea of _____.
a. persuasion
b. coercion
c. ethos
d. logos
Q:
The primary difference between a persuasive speech and an informative speech is that a persuasive speech _____.
a. does not need to be as well organized as an informative speech needs to be
b. needs more detailed and varied supporting material than an informative speech
c. is delivered from a manuscript, an informative speech extemporaneously
d. attempts to change or reinforce the attitudes, beliefs, values, or behavior of others
Q:
Frazier is listening to a persuasive speech on assisted suicide. With the new information presented in the speech, he is learning more about the problem and begins to question his own opinion. What is the best term for what Frazier is experiencing?
a. Values erosion
b. Cognitive dissonance
c. Predetermined motivation
d. Credibility deterioration
Q:
A(n) _____ is an enduring conception of right or wrong, good or bad.
Q:
Propositions of _____ ask the listener to judge the worth or importance of something.
Q:
_____ is the factor in a persons credibility that refers to his or her being perceived as sincere and honest.
Q:
The impression of a speakers believability before the speaker begins to speak is his or her_____.
Q:
The final step in the motivated sequence organizational plan is _____.
Q:
You are using _____ when you organize a speech according to objections your listeners might have to your ideas.
Q:
Maslow suggested that peoples behaviors are motivated by the _____.
Q:
A(n) _____ is a learned predisposition to respond favorably or unfavorably to something.
Q:
When I am finished with my presentation, the audience will testify that ghosts exist. This is an example of a(n) _____.
Q:
Briefly discuss how a speaker might apply Maslows Hierarchy of Needs to a persuasive speech on getting students to volunteer for a charity. Discuss at least two specific ways it might be used.
Q:
Describe the various strategies for using fear appeals effectively in a speech.
Q:
Briefly discuss the difference between an attitude, value, and a belief. Give an example of each. Why are these differences important to a speaker?
Q:
Differentiate between the three types of propositions (fact, value, policy).
Q:
Briefly explain the various stages of credibility as it applies to a speaker.
Q:
What is reasoning by analogy, and what should the speaker consider when using an argument from analogy?
Q:
Briefly explain the concept of a syllogism. What type of reasoning does this represent?
Q:
Briefly explain the two ways to structure a causal argument.
Q:
Identify the concept of refutation.
Q:
_____ is the sense of mental discomfort that may prompt a person to change when new information conflicts with previously organized thought patterns.
Q:
In the motivated sequence, the satisfaction step deals with the identification of a solution.
Q:
When you are addressing a receptive audience, it is recommended that you should be indirect in stating your objective.
Q:
What is cognitive dissonance? How might a speaker use it in a persuasive speech?
Q:
Letting the audience know about your personal experiences with your topic is a good way to develop your credibility.
Q:
Trustworthiness refers to an aspect of the speakers credibility that reflects whether the speaker is perceived as informed and skilled.
Q:
The perception the audience has of you after you have concluded your speech, answered any questions, and left the area is your derived credibility.
Q:
Reasoning is the process of drawing conclusions from evidence.
Q:
I saw smoke coming from behind the mountain and when I arrived at that side of the mountain, I noticed a fire in a wooded area. The smoke must have come from the fire. This is an example of reasoning by analogy.
Q:
The idea that public inoculation programs for polio eradicated the disease is an example of reasoning by analogy.
Q:
According to Maslows hierarchy of needs, basic physiological needs must be satisfied before we tend to others.
Q:
The need to be loved is an example of a self-esteem need.
Q:
The idea underlying Maslows hierarchy of needs is that the needs at the top of the pyramid must be satisfied before one can concentrate on the needs at the bottom of the pyramid.
Q:
For fear appeals to be effective, the speaker needs to convince the audience that the threat is real.
Q:
A health club ad showing sleek, well-toned bodies on exercise machines is attempting to motivate with positive appeals.
Q:
An attitude is a predisposition to respond favorably or unfavorably to something.
Q:
Maine is the most beautiful state in the country is an example of a proposition of policy.
Q:
Drinking too much caffeine is harmful to your health is a proposition of policy.
Q:
Aristotle used the word logos when referring to emotional appeals used to move an audience.
Q:
When you are presented with information that is NOT consistent with your current thinking or feelings, you experience coercion.
Q:
Norris showed a picture of a smiling baby during his talk on vaccinating toddlers. He was using ____ to appeal to the audiences emotion.
a. ethos
b. pathos
c. logos
d. appeal to logic
Q:
Sarah identifies common arguments as to why Bigfoot does not exist and systematically argues against each of these objections. What organizational pattern is she using?
a. Cause and effect
b. Problem and solution
c. Motivated sequence
d. Refutation
Q:
In the motivated sequence organizational pattern, after a speaker gains the attention of the audience, he or she should establish why the speech topic should concern the audience. What step is this called?
a. visualization
b. need
c. satisfaction
d. action
Q:
In his speech, Warner painted a picture for the audience of the grim future that will occur if the current rate of child abuse continues. This is an example of _____.
a. a satisfaction step
b. a positive visualization
c. a negative visualization
d. a need step
Q:
In a speech about improved public safety, Stewart called for his audience to sign a petition to support current legislation that he felt would improve the situation. What type of audience is best suited for this kind of appeal?
a. The uninformed audience
b. The neutral or apathetic audience
c. The receptive audience
d. The unreceptive or hostile audience
Q:
Which of the following is a recommended strategy for an unreceptive audience? a. Provide a clear objective b. Tell your audience what you want them to do c. Acknowledge opposing points of view d. Save your strongest argument for last
Q:
Coercion is exactly the same as persuasion.
Q:
Creating dissonance and then offering listeners a way to restore balance can be an effective persuasive strategy.
Q:
In a speech to the neighborhood watch group, Mr. Simmons made the following statement: If you see someone running full steam down the sidewalk, you can safely assume that he or she has committed some type of crime in that neighborhood. Some members of the audience recognized this statement as an example of _____.
a. a causal fallacy
b. A red herring
c. deductive reasoning
d. a bandwagon fallacy
Q:
When Judd said, The rights of students are being violated on other college campuses and it will happen on our campus. Everyone sees it . . . everyone knows it. You recognized this as a(n) _____.
a. reasoning fallacy known as a red herring
b. appeal to a misplaced authority
c. a bandwagon fallacy
d. appeal to misplaced authority
Q:
Martys persuasive speech was about gun control and school violence. He made the statement, We either get rid of the guns in our society or we get ready for more school violence, citing what happened in Kentucky, Arkansas, and Colorado. This kind of argument represents a(n) _____.
a. bandwagon fallacy
b. ad hominem fallacy
c. appeal to misplaced authority
d. either-or fallacy
Q:
Ramona is arguing against the bond proposal that would raise money to build a bike lane on the main avenue leading onto the university campus. She dismisses the opposing argument, describing the group that proposed the bonds as liberal do gooders. By making this claim, she is asking the audience to believe her based on which type of reasoning fallacy?
a. Red herring
b. Personal attack
c. Appeal to misplaced authority
d. Non sequitur
Q:
Tom used the Internet to check the show time for a local movie he wanted to see. When he arrived at the theater at the time shown online, he found he was late for the start of the movie. Afterwards, Tom told his friend not to use the Internet because it was an unreliable source of information. This is an example of a reasoning fallacy of _____.
a. hasty generalization
b. red herring
c. causal
d. either-or
Q:
A classmate asks Caroline about evidence that seemed questionable in her persuasive speech. Caroline evades the issue by quickly bringing up an irrelevant fact about another point in her speech. What sort of logical fallacy does this illustrate?
a. Non sequitur
b. Appeal to misplaced authority
c. Red herring
d. Causal fallacy
Q:
Assuming that someone is an expert on a topic just because he or she is a celebrity is an example of _____.
a. appeal to misplaced authority
b. bandwagon fallacy
c. either-or fallacy
d. non sequitur
Q:
People should not let their animals outside when there is a full moon, is an example of which of the following logical fallacies?
a. Hasty generalization
b. Non sequitur
c. Causal fallacy
d. Personal attack