Q&A Hero

Q: The total accumulation of our roles constitutes our ______. a. membership groups b. social identity c. role hierarchy d. voluntary groups

Q: The rank ordering of roles within a culture is called social ______. a. stratification b. differentiation c. cohesion d. positioning

Q: In general, high-context collectivistic cultures possess ______. a. strict hierarchical role stratification b. strict social cohesion c. loose social positioning d. loose social differentiation

Q: The nuclear family is prevalent in most ______cultures. a. high-context collectivistic b. low-context collectivistic c. high-context individualistic d. low-context individualistic

Q: The extended family is prevalent in most ______ cultures. a. high-context collectivistic b. low-context collectivistic c. high-context individualistic d. low-context individualistic

Q: The difference between sex and gender: sex is ______. a. learned and gender is biological b. biological and gender is learned c. formal and gender is informal d. informal and gender is formal

Q: An important part of marriage in Kenya is the phenomena of bridewealth, in which ______. a. money or some form of payment is passed from the grooms family to the bride b. men prefer to marry only wealthy women c. money or some form of payment is passed from the brides family to the groom d. none of these

Q: According to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, family is defined as two or more people who share the same household and a ______. a. woman marries a man of higher status than her b. man marries a woman of higher status than him c. man and woman live together without any legal connection d. man may have more than one wife at a time

Q: A role which has well-defined, perhaps even contractual behavioral, expectations is called a(n)______ role. a. voluntary b. informal c. formal d. membership

Q: A role whose behavioral expectations are learned through experience and vary considerably from person to person is called a(n)______ role. a. voluntary b. informal c. formal d. membership

Q: Describe the difference between categorization and stereotyping.

Q: Use George Gerbners Cultivation Theory to provide an example of a stereotype influenced by media.

Q: Categorize the following emotions and behaviors based on the Stereotype Content Model: sympathy, pride, resentment, and envy.

Q: Define ethnocentrism and discuss its causes and effects.

Q: Which of the following is an example of an involuntary membership group? a. age b. religion c. occupation d. education

Q: Which of the following is an example of a voluntary membership group? a. political affiliation b. sex c. race d. family

Q: A group whose norms, values, and aspirations shape the behaviors of its members is called a(n) ______. a. out-group b. voluntary nonmembership group c. racial group d. in-group

Q: Reference groups serve which two functions? a. membership and nonmembership b. voluntary and involuntary c. comparative and referent d. comparative and normative

Q: Most cognitive psychologists argue that all people, regardless of culture, engage in categorization and that it is a necessary part of everyday life.

Q: According to the Stereotype Content Model, an individuals stereotypes about others are based on the two judgments of warmth and competence.

Q: The illusory correlation principle refers to the tendency for people to see members of an out-group as less diverse and more stereotypic than the members of that group see themselves.

Q: Ethnocentrism serves a valuable function when ones central group is under actual attack or threat of attack because it forms the basis for patriotism and the willingness to sacrifice for ones central group.

Q: Describe the three stages of human information processing.

Q: The first stage of information processing is the input stage, where raw information is taken in through the senses.

Q: Although the amount of information stored in short-term memory is quite limited, it can be stored permanently.

Q: The essential difference between short- and long-term memory is the type of information that is stored.

Q: Negative arousal, or anxiety, is also thought to interfere with the retrieval of information from long-term memory.

Q: Matlin developed a mini-experiment to demonstrate the effect of interference and memory. He discovered that ______. a. stress has no measurable effect on memory b. negative arousal helps in the retrieval of information c. people suffering from anxiety often report being unable to recall information d. pleasant information is processed more slowly than unpleasant

Q: According to Cultivation Theory, steady, cumulative exposure to the world of television contributes to our ______. a. development and maintenance of our perceptions of social reality b. inability to develop effective relationships with other c. lack of interest in communicating in face-to-face situations d. re-examination and re-creation of cultural contexts

Q: Which of the following implications of cultivation theory and media representations of microcultural groups is accurate? a. Television has evolved over the decades and is actively changing stereotypes. b. While some negative stereotyping still exists, significant positive changes have been made in prime-time television shows. c. Stereotypical portrayals still serve to validate, accentuate, and perpetuate racism. d. All microcultural groups continue to be portrayed with negative stereotypes.

Q: The process of categorizing people according to some easily identifiable characteristics and then attributing to them qualities or behaviors believed to be typical of members of that classification is called ______. a. expecting b. categorizing c. cataloging d. stereotyping

Q: Ethnocentrism influences intercultural communication. It often leads to what Guan calls ______-centered dialog. a. other-centered b. self-centered c. culturally-centered d. audience-centered

Q: Comments like top of the totem pole and the blind leading the blind are examples of the communicative distance of ______. a. indifference b. avoidance c. disparagement d. ethnophaulism

Q: Several research studies have been conducted on ethnocentrism and the workplace. Ultimately, the overall finding of these studies was that in an increasingly diverse workplace, the extent to which interactants are ______. a. ethnocentric, interpersonal perceptions and communication will be influenced negatively b. not ethnocentric, interpersonal perceptions and communication will be influenced negatively c. ethnocentric, interpersonal perceptions and communication will remain neutral. d. not ethnocentric, interpersonal perceptions and communication will remain neutral

Q: The difference between racial groups and ethnic groups is that ______. a. Racial groups can be conceived around blood and religion; Ethnic groups are social constructs perceived to be biological b. Racial groups are social constructs perceived to be biological; Ethnic groups can be conceived around blood and religion c. There is no difference between racial and ethnic groups; they are the same. d. Ethnic groups are a subgroup contained within the racial group category.

Q: SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Taylor and Porter study the socially desirable aspects of stereotyping, and they have learned ______. a. the negative connotation associated with stereotyping may be uniquely associated with the U.S b. the melting-pot metaphor is a very effective way to understand the impact of stereotyping c. stereotypes that emphasize group differences essentially block the potential for intergroup friendships d. since opposites attract, stereotypes that emphasize group differences help people develop intergroup friendships

Q: Persons in Western cultures tend to classify objects into discrete categories based on their similarity while persons in Eastern cultures tend to classify objects into categories based on their relationships.

Q: Ethnocentrism is a belief in the ______. a. moral or intellectual superiority of men over women b. degree to which one sees his or her culture as superior c. universality of racism d. moral or intellectual superiority of one race over another

Q: According to Nisbett, geographical differences in culture have a dramatic influence on how humans perceive the world. His basic focus is that people from Eastern cultures and Western cultures think differently because ______. a. Eastern philosophies focus on understanding in terms of interdependence and harmony and western philosophies focus on understanding in terms of linear methods b. Western philosophies focus on understanding in terms of interdependence and harmony and eastern philosophies focus on understanding in terms of linear methods c. the language systems of eastern cultures are centered in activity and the language systems western cultures are centered in inactivity d. Eastern philosophies are centered in understanding the worth of the individual and western philosophies are centered in understanding the worth of the culture

Q: Perceptual filters alter and change how humans interpret information, physiologically, sociologically, and ______. a. genetically b. descriptively c. prescriptively d. psychologically

Q: One reason for cross-cultural differences in perception is due to ______. a. conditions in the environmental context b. short-term memory loss c. long-term memory loss d. interference

Q: Information in long-term memory is usually lost because of ______. a. sensory receptor errors b. olfactic stimulation c. iconic stimulation d. interference

Q: Episodic long-term memory refers to the preservation of ______. a. auditory stimulation b. information pertaining to the unique experiences of the individual c. a persons general conceptual world d. iconic stimulation

Q: Semantic long-term memory refers to the ______. a. preservation of auditory stimulation b. type of information pertaining to the unique experiences of the individual c. preservation of a person's general conceptual world d. preservation of iconic stimulation

Q: Persons in cultures with little formal education tend to remember information based on its ______. a. uniqueness b. novelty c. organization of unrelated items d. functionality

Q: Classifying, sorting, or arranging information into identifiable compartments that share certain features or characteristics is called ______. a. iconic perception b. sensory reproduction c. sensory replication d. categorization

Q: Some psychologists believe that stereotyping is an automatic information-processing strategy, meaning that ______. a. stereotyping is an unintentional and/or instinctive activation of thoughts that have been learned through repeated stimulation b. stereotyping is intentional and requires the conscious attention of the information processor c. stereotyping is a subset of categorization with an added attitudinal component d. most people are innately prejudiced against people different from themselves

Q: The tendency for people to see members of an out-group as less diverse and more stereotypic than the members of that in-group see themselves is called the ______. a. illusory correlation principle b. out-group homogeneity effect c. illusory homogeneity effect d. out-group correlation effect

Q: The perception that one's in-group is the center of everything whereby all other groups are scaled and rated with reference to the in-group is called ______. a. categorization b. stereotyping c. ethnocentrism d. authoritarianism

Q: Compare and contrast high and low load environments.

Q: Kluckhohn argues that cultures can be described as having one of three orientations toward nature. List and provide a brief description of each one.

Q: Explain how the physical structure of your home, school, or work environment illustrates your cultures perception and use of space.

Q: Compare and contrast monochronic and polychronic time orientations.

Q: Analyze the impact online privacy has on people using social media to establish and create relationships.

Q: Perception is defined as the ______. a. long-term cognitive processing of information b. short-term cognitive processing of information c. mental interpretation of external stimuli via sensation d. cognitive interpretation of selective attention

Q: The term privacy calculus refers to the idea that people rarely self-disclose online because it is not secure.

Q: People with a monochronic time (or M-time) orientation allow the natural context to guide behaviors and stress multiple activities with little emphasis on scheduling.

Q: Due to their lack of focus on time, many people within a monochronic time-oriented culture are unable to tell time.

Q: SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. The Masai have a unique way of classifying people by age. Rather than using a calendar of years, the Masai belong to age sets. The age set(s) ______. a. determines privileges and responsibilities. b. is determined by family position and hierarchy c. is measured by seasons and months according to rainfall d. is influenced by birth order and gender.

Q: SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. The environmental context refers to which of the following? a. natural environment b. physical environment c. linguistic environment d. terrestrial environment

Q: The terrestrial environment for all cultures is the planet Earth.

Q: SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Kent, an ethnoarchaeologist, has studied Navajo housing. According to Kents research, the hogan is ______. a. open at the top of the structure b. used differently by occupants according to their sex c. perceived as a sacred dwelling d. equipped with interior wells

Q: An environment that has a high information rate has a high load, whereas one with a low information rate has a low load.

Q: An individuals vulnerability to a natural disaster is influenced by the social hierarchy within which that individual exists. In this sense, natural disasters are as much social phenomena as they are natural ones.

Q: The psychological environment of any culture consists mainly of adaptations to the terrestrial environment, including architecture, housing, lighting, and landscaping.

Q: Fixed-feature space includes that which is moveable (usually within semifixed-feature space), such as furniture.

Q: Although the need for privacy is innate and universal, the degree to which an individual human feels the need for seclusion varies considerably across cultures.

Q: The 1974 Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, also known as the Buckley Amendment, allows colleges and universities to disclose academic records without student approval.

Q: According to Sixsmith, a home is composed of three main structures. The personal home is ______. a. a place to share, entertain and build relationships b. the architectural style c. the space where we keep our personal artifacts d. an extension of ones emotional expression

Q: The idea that people will self-disclose online even if they feel there might be risks or it might not be safe is called ______. a. reasonable security risk (RSR) b. online risk coefficient c. privacy calculus d. privacy paradox.

Q: Which of the following statements best describes a monochronic time orientation? a. Time is not tangible, multiple activities can be performed simultaneously, and little emphasis is placed on scheduling. b. Time is compartmentalized but multiple activities can be performed simultaneously. c. Time is compartmentalized, schedules are paramount, and time is tangible and valuable. d. Multiple activities can be performed simultaneously, but scheduling is paramount.

Q: Which of the following statements best describes a polychronic time orientation? a. Time is not tangible, multiple activities can be performed simultaneously, and little emphasis is placed on scheduling. b. Time is compartmentalized but multiple activities can be performed simultaneously. c. Time is compartmentalized, schedules are paramount, and time is tangible and valuable. d. Multiple activities can be performed simultaneously, but scheduling is paramount.

Q: Tomi comes from a culture where people know about each others business. When they go to a public office, there are no lines, and everyone is in the same room. People interact with each other at the same time. Tomi comes from a ______orientation culture. a. monochronic b. polychronic c. pedantic d. monolithic

Q: Sato works for a company that often holds long, uninteresting, non-productive meetings. However, everyone attends and is on time. After work, co-workers often go out for dinner and drinks and do not return home until midnight or even later. Sato lives in a culture that is ______. a. monochronic b. polychronic c. a blend of monochronic and polychronic d. unconcerned with the constraints of time

Q: Albert Mehrabian developed several ways to compare one environment with another. The result you get is called the information ______. a. rate b. load c. coordinate d. equation

Q: Sebastian owns a shop in southern Spain. During the warm-weather season, the shop is often closed from midday until late afternoon because his shop is not air-conditioned. This is an example of cultural adaptation to the ______environment. a. economic b. meteorological c. terrestrial d. psychological

Q: Diba was at a party and was talking and laughing with Sam. A little later, Diba overheard two people talking about it. Did you see how close Diba was standing to Sam? Did you see Diba lean on Sams shoulder? I hope Sams partner doesnt hear about it. Diba was confused because Sam is just a friend. Diba misunderstood the concept of ______ distance. a. public b. intimate c. social-consultative d. personal

Q: Which list of terms best describes an environment with a low load? a. certain, redundant, and probable b. fast-paced, and quick c. crowded, immediate, and dense d. sluggish, slow, and lingering

Q: Many Western societies believe that nature is ______. a. to be controlled, domesticated, and subjugated b. an omnipotent force that is unmanageable c. consistent, orderly, and cyclical d. random, chaotic, and disorderly

Q: The built environment consists mainly of ______. a. high load situations, including randomness b. low load situations, including patterns c. the physical geography of the earth, including climate d. adaptations to the terrestrial environment, including housing