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Communication
Q:
Explain the concept of hate speech. Compare and contrast it with both profanity and slang.
Q:
Articulate how a factual claim differs from an opinion. Using concrete examples, be specific about what each type of statement involves and what kind of evidence each statement requires.
Q:
People often use language that is vague or unclear intentionally. Create a situation in which someone might use vague language to intentionally mislead someone. How might you improve this situation? Finally, comment on the ethical considerations of intentionally using language that is vague or misleading. Is it unethical to use language that is intentionally vague in order to give someone the wrong impression? Are there situations in which intentionally misleading someone is acceptable?
Q:
The shared opinion error occurs when one speaker inappropriately dominates the conversation.
Q:
Explain the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and give examples that illustrate its assertions.
Q:
Identify and define each of the four types of language rules articulated in your text.
Q:
What are the elements of the Semantic Triangle? List, define, and provide an example of how they work together.
Q:
An allness claim is one in which the speaker intentionally misleads the hearer by arguing that everyone else agrees with his or her position.
Q:
Pennebaker's research shows that verbal communication has little ability to provide comfort and healing.
Q:
Slang can serve an important social function by helping people distinguish between those who do and do not belong to their social networks.
Q:
Profanity is highly context-specific.
Q:
Only false statements can ever qualify as libel.
Q:
An I-statement claims ownership of what one is feeling or thinking, whereas a you-statement shifts that responsibility to the other person.
Q:
Which of the following statements about slang is not true?
A. Slang is closely related to jargon.
B. Slang can help people identify individuals that belong to their social network.
C. Slang is neither inherently good nor inherently bad.
D. Slang is an exception to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.
Q:
Regarding defamation, which of the following is true?
A. Slander concerns statements made either aloud or in print.
B. Whether or not a statement is true is only relevant to slander, not libel.
C. Libel is more common than slander in interpersonal interaction.
D. Libel involves only statements made in print.
Q:
Which of the following examples illustrates the idea of reclaiming a phrase?
A. Politicians limiting their use of the word "poor" when describing citizens of lower economic status.
B. Homosexual men referring to one another as "queer."
C. A white speaker using only the term "African American" when referring to black audience members.
D. The NAACP holding a ceremonial funeral for the "n-word."
Q:
This error occurs when you presume your listeners have information that they don't have:
A. shared opinion error
B. monopolization error
C. shared knowledge error
D. shared perspective error
Q:
Technically speaking, which of the following is a factual claim?
A. "Candidate L is the best choice for our future."
B. "Candidate C accepted illegal bribes."
C. "Candidate C has impeccable morals."
D. "Electing Candidate L would be a mistake."
Q:
Verbal communication includes both spoken and written language.
Q:
All language is symbolic, and all symbolic systems constitute language.
Q:
Phonological rules deal with the correct pronunciation of words.
Q:
Using emotion to persuade is known as an appeal to ethos.
Q:
Which of the following phrases is an example of doublespeak?
A. sleep together
B. kick the bucket
C. jumbo shrimp
D. collateral damage
Q:
Which of the following statements would be true according to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
A. If a culture does not have a word for an emotion, its members will not be able to experience that emotion.
B. Regardless of the language that individuals from different cultures might speak, people see the world in basically the same way.
C. The culture that you are raised in determines the languages you will speak in your lifetime.
D. The distinction between nouns and verbs does not exist in most languages.
Q:
Which of the following statements about smoking is the best example of an appeal to pathos?
A. When you add it all up, smoking costs a person almost $7,000 a year.
B. Smoking is the number one cause of emphysema.
C. Most employers can legally discriminate against smokers.
D. Think about how many lives you're ruining by continuing to smoke.
Q:
Which of the following is not one of the criticisms that have been levied against the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
A. It is unclear whether language produces thought or thought produces language.
B. Children who grow up in a bilingual family experience a great deal of cognitive dissonance because of the conflicting languages.
C. Just because a culture doesn't have a word to describe an experience doesn't mean they don't have that experience.
D. People who have cognitive deficiencies for learning language can still engage in thought, despite their language limitations.
Q:
According to research, women who take their husbands' name when they marry differ in some ways from women who keep their birth name. Which of the following statements is true?
A. Name-keepers have higher self-esteem than name-changers.
B. Name-changers report having more power in their marriages than name-keepers.
C. Name-changers score higher than name-keepers on reports of feminist attitudes.
D. Name-keepers say their personal concerns are more important than their relationships.
Q:
This persuasion strategy takes advantage of the speaker's credibility:
A. appeal to logos
B. appeal to ethos
C. appeal to pathos
D. none of the above
Q:
Which of the following linguistic features was NOT identified in the textbook as affecting a speaker's credibility?
A. use of clichs
B. a speaker's dialect
C. incorrect diction
D. equivocal statements
Q:
The claim that "4 out of 5 doctors prefer" a certain medication for a headache is an example of what kind of statement?
A. an equivocal statement
B. weasel words
C. a red herring
D. an allness claim
Q:
According to research, a joke must contain this in order to be considered funny:
A. a put-down
B. an expectancy violation
C. at least one funny-sounding word
D. all of these
Q:
Saying that someone has been "let go" instead of "fired" is an example of which language behavior?
A. hate speech
B. slang
C. euphemism
D. profanity
Q:
This type of language rule deals with the correct pronunciation of words:
A. phonological
B. syntactic
C. semantic
D. pragmatic
Q:
To an American, the phrase, "How are you today?" sounds correct whereas the phrase "Today you are how?" sounds incorrect. The second phrase violates which rule of language?
A. phonological
B. syntactical
C. semantic
D. pragmatic
Q:
When Jesse first met Nicolette, he extended his hand and said warmly, "Nice to meet you." In response, Nicolette sighed, rolled her eyes, and simply said, "Yah," in a very sarcastic tone. Jesse inferred that Nicolette was not excited about meeting him based on her reaction. Which rule of language did Jesse likely base his decision on?
A. phonological rule
B. syntactic rule
C. semantic rule
D. pragmatic rule
Q:
The literal, "dictionary" definition of a word is its __________ meaning.
A. denotative
B. connotative
C. abstract
D. referent
Q:
Words that evoke strongly positive or negative connotations are known collectively as:
A. emotion language
B. trigger words
C. loaded language
D. hot-button words
Q:
The word set has nearly 200 discrete meanings in the English language. Imprecise use of set illustrates which of the following statements about language?
A. Language is often confusing because of multiple connotations.
B. Language can be unclear because of multiple meanings for the same word.
C. Languages around the world do not have a clear definition of referents for words.
D. Language symbols are arbitrary and hard to define.
Q:
Which of the following statements about language and culture is true?
A. When people speak more than one language, their language use has no effect on their culture identity.
B. When people speak more than one language, their language use might have a small effect on their cultural identity, but the result is too small to be noticed.
C. When people speak more than one language, their language use is often accompanied by a shift in cultural values.
D. None of these statements is true.
Q:
A structured system of symbols used for creating meaning is known as a(n):
A. alphabet
B. symbolic system
C. language
D. semantic triangle
Q:
The use of a thumbs-up gesture to symbolize the statement "good luck":
A. illustrates that meaning can be conveyed without the use of words
B. does not qualify as a form of language
C. has a specific meaning that is culturally understood
D. all of these
Q:
Which of the following terms is onomatopoetic?
A. good-natured
B. water
C. mumquall
D. splash
Q:
Idealizing a romantic partner at the beginning of a new relationship is a common example of the __________ bias.
A. delusional
B. romantic
C. positivity
D. confirmatory
Q:
You liked most everything about your new roommate when you first met, but when you found out she smokes, that overshadowed all of her good qualities in your mind. What perception-making process are you displaying here?
A. primacy effect
B. negativity bias
C. stereotyping
D. egocentrism
Q:
An explanation for why something occurred is called a(n):
A. interpretation
B. selection
C. attribution
D. perceptual set
Q:
Samantha was a fantastic softball player, but she rarely took credit for her success. Every time a reporter from the school paper would ask her for a quote, Samantha would say, "I just got lucky today," or, "Their pitcher just gave me something I could hit." Which of these likely factors into Samantha's personality?
A. internal locus
B. external locus
C. negative attribution
D. self-serving bias
Q:
In which of the following instances might you have committed the self-serving bias?
A. You are quick to attribute your friend's behaviors to internal, stable causes
B. You say that your co-worker's successes are due only to blind luck
C. You say that most everything your roommate does is the result of his being an only child
D. You attribute all your failures to external, unstable causes
Q:
Regarding the fundamental attribution error, which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. It refers to attributions we make for other people's behaviors, rather than our own.
B. We don't usually commit it when we are told that a person's behavior is externally caused.
C. It causes us to discount external, unstable causes for people's actions.
D. We commit it when we assume that another person's behavior is caused by internal, stable causes.
Q:
One of your hallmates, Ling, is an exchange student from Taiwan. Ling never goes out with the other students, goes to bed at 9:30 every night, and studies quietly in her room most of the time. You assume that Ling behaves the way she does because she is Asian. Which of the following attribution errors might you have committed?
A. self-serving bias
B. fundamental attribution error
C. overattribution
D. all of these
Q:
Many people believe strongly in the notion that "seeing is believing." However, research has shown that perceptual sets can cause people to "see" things that aren't really there, or not to see things that are. Why do you think people have so much confidence that what they see reflects reality? Is it simply because they are ignorant of the research, or do you think most people would continue to think that "seeing is believing," even if they were aware of perceptual sets? Defend your answer with reasoned arguments.
Q:
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
Q:
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
Q:
Which of the following statements is true with respect to the process of stereotyping?
A. Stereotypes are always unfair to women and minorities.
B. Stereotyping always leads to inaccurate assessments of others.
C. Stereotypes always cast people in a negative light.
D. Stereotypes are sometimes accurate.
Q:
People "see" faces in all sorts of natural phenomena, including clouds, tree bark, and even rocks on Mars. That is an example of which perception-making process?
A. egocentrism
B. perceptual set
C. positivity bias
D. recency effect
Q:
Rick and Jamie recently started dating. To commemorate their first month as a couple, Rick surprised Jamie when he picked her up at work in a rented limousine with floor-level tickets to a concert. After the show, Rick was very upset because Jamie would barely speak to him. Jamie was also upset because she was planning on surprising Rick with a quiet dinner at home. After two days of angry fighting, the couple broke up. What was likely at the root of this conflict?
A. egocentrism
B. negativity bias
C. altercentrism
D. perceptual set differences
Q:
During your first session of this class, your instructor introduced him or herself and you respected his or her position as an authoritative figure in the classroom. Which of the following classification schema likely helped you organize that information?
A. physical constructs
B. role constructs
C. interaction constructs
D. psychological constructs
Q:
A fellow student in one of your communication classes, Rose, starts acting particularly nice to you in the weeks leading up to the first exam. Classmates have frequently treated you this way in the past in the hope that you will help them study. As a result, you are suspicious of Rose's motives. In this scenario, you are likely basing your suspicions on:
A. personal experience
B. your knowledge of Rose
C. the closeness of your relationship with Rose
D. all of these
Q:
Which of the following is NOT one of the influences on perceptual accuracy addressed in your textbook?
A. cultural background
B. social roles
C. co-cultural identity
D. genetic background
Q:
Which of the following statements is true with respect to perceptual accuracy?
A. Our perceptions almost always reflect reality as it is, with minimal distortion.
B. Culture may affect behavior but it does not usually influence perceptions of behavior.
C. Physiological characteristics, including our biological rhythms, affect perception accuracy.
D. All of these statements are false.
Q:
Angela had just been promoted to department chair at the college where she taught. Although she treated everyone the same, several of the male professors in the department were put off by Angela's requests. As a result, the female professors thought of Angela as fair and equitable in her treatment, but the male professors began resenting her and openly challenging her position on several issues. The male professors probably treated Angela that way because:
A. they were culturally insensitive to Angela's professional position
B. they perceived Angela's professional position as masculine and socially threatening
C. they were physiologically opposed to Angela's professional position
D. they were prejudiced against Angela because of her ethnicity
Q:
Which of the following sequences accurately depicts the process of stereotype formation?
A. identify group membership apply generalization act on prejudice
B. identify group membership act on prejudice form group generalization
C. identify group membership recall group generalization apply generalization
D. identify group membership recall group generalization act on prejudice
Q:
Which of the following processes is at work when we are able to recall only information that confirms our existing stereotypes?
A. stereotype recall bias
B. selective perception
C. selective memory bias
D. self-serving recall bias
Q:
What does the word prejudice literally mean? How are prejudices formed? Do you agree with the claim that prejudices are often the result of a misperception? Why or why not? How have you seen or experienced prejudice in your lifetime? What can be done to counteract or discourage people from engaging in the process of forming prejudices?
Q:
Many people believe strongly in the notion that "seeing is believing." However, research has shown that perceptual sets can cause people to "see" things that aren't really there, or not to see things that are. Why do you think people have so much confidence that what they see reflects reality? Is it simply because they are ignorant of the research, or do you think most people would continue to think that "seeing is believing," even if they were aware of perceptual sets? Defend your answer with reasoned arguments.
Q:
Most people probably wouldn't admit that they stereotype others, but research shows that stereotyping is a fairly common pattern of perception-making. As you have learned in this chapter, there is nothing inherently negative about stereotypes, so why do you suppose stereotyping is so distasteful to people? If you were teaching a workshop about stereotyping to a group of college students, what would you most want them to know about it?
Q:
Think about a friend, teacher, or coworker of yours that you didn't like when you first met. What led your relationship with that person to get off on the wrong foot? What happened that made you change your mind about this person? If you had the experience over, what would YOU do differently in your relationship with this person?
Q:
Identify and describe the three types of attribution errors discussed in your textbook. Which do you think is most common? Why? Which do you think is potentially the most damaging to relationships? Why? Do relationship type or context factor into those decisions? Finally, suggest one way that someone could overcome each of those attribution errors.
Q:
Describe in detail the direct and indirect perception-checking processes. Next, think of a unique situation in which it would be appropriate to engage in direct perception-checking but not indirect perception-checking. Also think about a situation in which indirect perception-checking is a preferable option. What factors/features of those situations led you to make those decisions? Finally, discuss why the perception-checking process in general is important.
Q:
This is the ongoing process of making meaning from what we experience in our environment:
A. attribution
B. primacy
C. egocentrism
D. perception
Q:
According to your text, the perception-making process consists of three stages. Which of the following is NOT among them?
A. interpretation
B. attribution
C. organization
D. selection
Q:
Many factors affect the likelihood that we will notice a certain object in our environment. Which of the following does not lead to increased attention?
A. plainness
B. unusualness
C. repetition
D. intensity
Q:
Explain the similarities and differences between facts and interpretations, using concrete examples.
Q:
We have a tendency to discount first impressions as untrustworthy.
Q:
Egocentrism is a normal stage of human development.
Q:
If an attribution is internal then it must also be controllable.
Q:
The self-serving bias is a form of self delusion.
Q:
Overattribution is essentially the same thing as the primacy effect.
Q:
Physiology exerts several effects on interpersonal perception.
Q:
When it comes to perception-making, it's always best to have the most information possible.
Q:
Identify and briefly define each of the three stages of the perception-making process.