Q&A Hero

Q: Which of the following is one of the ethical principles proposed by Rawls? A. People from the lower strata of a society should be given special opportunities for achievement. B. Social inequalities should be based on a person and not on his or her actions. C. Everyone is entitled to certain equal basic rights, including liberty, freedom of association, and personal security. D. The concerns of an individual are more important than the concerns of a society. E. Economic inequalities should be based on a person and not the persons actions.

Q: Which of the following statements is true about a formalist? A. A formalist places ethical focus on the worth of an individual. B. A formalist predominantly believes and works for the common good. C. A formalist attempts to achieve utilitarianism as fast as possible. D. A formalist evaluates the consequence or end result of lying and not lying itself. E. A formalist lays less emphasis on duty or moral obligation.

Q: Which of the following statements best defines ethics? A. Ethics is a legal system for evaluating who profits in a business transaction. B. Ethics is merely a different term for the laws and regulations created by a government. C. Ethics is an irrational method used specifically in examining the morality of lives. D. Ethics is a simplified term given to the momentary decisions one makes regarding which answer will lead to the most personally successful solution. E. Ethics is a formal system for deciding what is right and wrong and for justifying moral decisions.

Q: In the context of ethics, the good is most likely to be defined as __________. A. a sustained way of producing high-quality goods and services B. the moral goals and objectives people choose to pursue C. the acquisition of the things necessary for having a good life D. a formal system of examining ones moral life E. a formalized, duty-based approach to achieving ones targets

Q: Rawlss veil of ignorance means that to think ethically people must __________. A. lose the assumption that what they personally want or need is necessarily morally correct B. recognize that they cannot make valid ethical decisions unless they are totally unaware of the other parties involved so as to eliminate bias C. recognize that they cannot make valid ethical decisions unless they are totally unaware of the circumstances leading to the ethical dilemma so as not to be influenced by unchangeable history D. put themselves in the position of those affected by their decision and act as they would want them to act E. make every ethical decision as if they did not have any education in ethical or moral history to color their decision

Q: For the formalist thinker Immanuel Kant, to be ethical requires that people act with a good intent. To have a good intent, people have to act in ways that are ethically consistent. This emphasis on consistency Kant called the _____. A. protestant ethic B. categorical imperative C. pure reason D. practical reason E. hypothetical imperative

Q: Which of the following statements is an example of ethical formalism? A. Openness in communications is deemed fundamental. B. There is no doubt that the standards of morality are flexible. C. The greatest happiness of the greatest number is the foundation of morals and legislation. D. The strongest argument for raising the ethics bar boils down to self-interest. E. Loss of confidence in an organization is the single greatest cost of unethical behavior.

Q: According to Rawls, it is important to forget ones own age, gender, race, intelligence, strength, wealth, or social status when determining the ethical values on which a just society can be built. What purpose does this step serve? A. It permits one put oneself first before considering others. B. It keeps one from being self-interested in the ethical values he or she considers. C. It ensures that one acts for ones self-esteem and identity rather than on the perception of others. D. It makes it easier to consider the usefulness of ones actions. E. It promotes the assumption that what one personally needs or wants is morally correct.

Q: Who among the following developed the theory of the categorical imperative? A. Socrates B. Plato C. John Rawls D. Immanuel Kant E. Robert Jackall

Q: Which of the following statements is true of the categorical imperative? A. It allows one to make an exception for ones own benefit. B. It propagates that there is hardly any need to act in the way one believes everyone should act. C. It holds that one can choose to be unethical if a situation demands it. D. It requires one to act with good intent to be ethical. E. It holds that one can hold contradictory opinions and act on them without having to ensure consistency with what others believe.

Q: Isla fakes a headache to skip her classes. Few weeks later, when her friend, Isaac, lies to the teacher about being sick, Isla reports him to the teacher. She tells the teacher that she is not in favor of lying. According to Immanuel Kant, Isla would most likely be in violation of _____. A. utilitarianism B. the categorical imperative C. a veil of ignorance D. the Protestant Ethic E. due diligence

Q: Who developed the social contract theory? A. John Rawls B. Immanuel Kant C. John Locke D. Robert Jackall E. Plato

Q: The social contract theory concerns itself with how to construct a just society given __________. A. the many inequalities of wealth, knowledge, and social status B. the difficulty of acting toward others as people would have them act toward themselves C. the many logical fallacies contained in legal contracts D. the implicit agreement that the powerful are best suited to govern E. the inherent nature of those in a society to argue and reject consensus

Q: Which of the following statements is true of the social contract theory? A. It lays minimal emphasis on individual rights and self-worth. B. It is based on duty. C. It has its origins in formalism. D. It has given rise to utilitarianism. E. It is based on agreements between people.

Q: Which of the following statements is true of formalism? A. It is primarily concerned with the consequences of a persons action rather than the action itself. B. It lays more emphasis on end results and their evaluation. C. It focuses more on common good rather than on individual rights. D. It is an approach to ethics that affirms an absolute morality. E. Its dominant form is utilitarianism.

Q: Dan is a supporter of the formalist view. Which of the following is most likely to be his belief about lying? A. He is likely to support a lie that is told for personal gain. B. He is likely to condemn all forms of lying. C. He is likely to support a lie that is told for the common good. D. He is likely to disapprove of lying only in instances that hurt people. E. He is likely to support a lie that is harmless.

Q: Ethical formalists maintain that __________. A. harm to an individual is acceptable as long as it serves the greater good B. values are situational and change based on circumstance C. individuals have rights that should not be infringed even at the expense of society D. the good of the many always supersedes the good of the few E. the focus should be more on the consequence than on the act of an individual

Q: The _____, proposed by Kant, says that a person has a moral duty to act in the way he or she believes everyone should act. A. social contract theory B. deontological imperative C. categorical imperative D. consequentialist theory E. relativistic approach

Q: For businesses, merely to observe the law is sufficient as legal regulations are flexible and adequately informed to be the only social guide for business decision making.

Q: That individuals will do unethical things as part of a mob, which they would never do alone, is widely recognized, and the same pattern can be observed in corporate behavior.

Q: In a modern corporation, the very nature of corporate structure gives managers the opportunity to abuse and misappropriate corporate resources owned ultimately by shareholders.

Q: For ethical corporate values to make their most significant effect on decision making, corporate employees must be willing to talk with each other about ethical issues.

Q: The Wealth of Nations was written by _____. A. Adam Smith B. Karl Marx C. Immanuel Kant D. Euripides E. Socrates

Q: Stakeholder theory suggests that through its managers, an ethical corporation avoids risks to stakeholders which, if explained, would be clearly unacceptable.

Q: To judge the utility of a particular action, it is necessary to consider alternative courses of action.

Q: Ambrose Bierce posited that individuals in large groups such as corporations feel more responsibility for what happens in the group than they do for what happens in their individual lives.

Q: Coupled with an overemphasis on profit, the group effect increases the difficulty of achieving an ethical business corporation.

Q: One of the observations made by the Spanish journal Boletn Crculo is that profits and business ethics are contradictory.

Q: The legal requirement of honoring confidences contains both formalist and consequentialist ethical values.

Q: It is a conflict of interest for a judge or administrative regulator to make a decision involving a company in which he or she owns stock.

Q: Creation of codes of ethics is far more important than implementation and enforcement of those codes.

Q: Due care usually promotes individual rights and self-worth.

Q: In negligence law, failure to exercise due (or reasonable) care is the principal element that triggers liability against a defendant.

Q: For a consequentialist, lying itself is considered unethical.

Q: The Protestant ethic was a boon to capitalism, but the religious basis of the Protestant ethic was eroded by rising wealth and the encouragement of mass consumption.

Q: A formalist is most likely to conclude that a businesss secret monitoring of employees is ethical if the monitoring reveals a significant number of crimes or malfeasance, providing a net good for the business.

Q: When faced with a dilemma, a consequentialist would rely on absolutism.

Q: The way to understand the ethical-legal relationship is to realize that in a society ethical values frequently become law and that legal regulation can reflect the societys ethical values.

Q: Courts have examined due care in negligence cases in terms of a balancing test.

Q: The social contract theory is based on duty and not on contract or agreement.

Q: According to the social contract theory, though there may be social and economic inequalities, these inequalities must be based on what a person does, not on who a person is.

Q: Consequentialism concerns itself with the morality of the actions themselves.

Q: Utilitarianism judges actions by the morality of the actions and not by usefulness.

Q: Business ethics reflect elements of both formalism and consequentialism, but tend to focus more heavily on the former.

Q: Formalism is primarily a duty-based view of ethics.

Q: The foundation of John Rawlss social contract theory is a firm belief that knowledge of peoples age, gender, race, intelligence, strength, wealth, or social status will create a just society.

Q: Laws regarding traffic violations predominantly address ethical concerns.

Q: According to formalist thinker Immanuel Kant, to have good intent, one has to make an exception for ones own behavior.

Q: The news media and the Internet make it increasingly difficult to hide the questionable behavior of large organizations.

Q: According to Adam Smith, leading a good life means being solely concerned about the fortunes of oneself.

Q: Adam Smith, the author of The Wealth of Nations, denied the existence of any moral element in human nature that goes beyond self-interest.

Q: To succeed in international operations, businesses must be sensitive to differences in moral values.

Q: Ultimately, the commitment to ethical values is superior to mere observance of the law in ensuring responsible business behavior.

Q: Diversity reduces concerns over ethical values.

Q: Increasing economic interdependence prevents executives and managers at a firm from manipulating corporate actions for their own benefit.

Q: What are compensatory damages?

Q: Federal sentencing guidelines reduce criminal fines for legal violations in companies that have taken specific steps to self-police ethical/legal conduct.

Q: In society at large, the sharing of moral values hinders social cooperation and increases social control.

Q: What are exemplary damages?

Q: What sanctions may be imposed for violating statutes and regulations?

Q: Define a corporation.

Q: How does corporate governance break down due to the illegal actions of managers?

Q: What is constitutional relativity? How does it affect stare decisis?

Q: Briefly explain conflicts of law.

Q: List the various sources of law and their order of hierarchy.

Q: The Fourteenth Amendment recognizes that law may be enforced by taking resources owned by a citizen. Name the instances in which someones resources may be taken.

Q: Differentiate between an intentional tort and negligence.

Q: What are opinions, precedents, and citations?

Q: What information can be obtained from the citation of a case?

Q: List any two disadvantages of case law.

Q: Distinguish between holding and dicta in prior precedent.

Q: Describe public law and its categories.

Q: What is private law? What are its categories?

Q: Briefly describe civil law and criminal law.

Q: Briefly describe stare decisis.

Q: Briefly explain the importance of federal law.

Q: What are acts, statutes, and codes?

Q: Briefly explain the rule of law.

Q: With reference to property in the legal sense, what are the three main types of ownership?

Q: Compare natural law and positive law in jurisprudence.