Q&A Hero

Q: The ethical principle that states, "we should always act so as to produce the greatest ratio of good to evil for everyone" is a. deontology. b. virtue ethics. c. utilitarianism. d. hedonism.

Q: Ethical theories that focus on duties are called a. teleological. b. virtue theories. c. principled rights. d. deontological.

Q: Teleological theories focus on a. duties. b. rights. c. consequences. d. virtues.

Q: An ethical concept or rule that helps the decision maker take an ethical course is called a(n) a. ethical principle. b. moral challenge. c. moral dilemma. d. ethical rubric.

Q: Decisions about ethical situations often present a(n) a. conflict of interest. b. financial dilemma. c. unresolvable problem. d. legal problem.

Q: Which of the following is the most basic assumption we make in discussing managerial ethics? a. With effort, the "right" answer can be reached. b. The object of ethical principles is to minimize harm done to others. c. The object of ethical principles is to maximize benefits to others and ourselves. d. People want to behave ethically.

Q: Ethical issues at the industry level a. are usually handled by industry trade associations. b. are typically resolved through the legal system. c. can also be related to a specific profession. d. can usually be rectified by individual managers.

Q: Which of the following is not an act of misconduct commonly observed in the workplace? a. misreporting time worked b. discrimination c. stealing, theft, or fraud d. industrial espionage

Q: Ethical issues at the organizational level a. represent conflicts between two or more companies. b. display conflicts between a person's role as family member and employee. c. are generally more difficult to solve than issues at the personal level. d. confront people in their roles as managers or employees.

Q: The personal level of ethical challenges include situations we face in our personal lives a. at work. b. and in our families. c. outside of the work context. d. and spiritual lives.

Q: Which of the following is not a level at which ethics may be addressed? a. personal b. industry c. global d. small group

Q: According to research done by David Callahan, all of the following are reasons why cheating is on the rise except a. higher levels of inequality. b. declining wages. c. cheating goes unpunished. d. wealth, status, and personal gratification are glorified.

Q: Ethics audits are designed to uncover acts that violate the firm's code of conduct. a. True b. False

Q: Failure to discipline someone who violates the organization's ethics standards implies approval of the person's behavior. a. True b. False

Q: Managers must establish decision making processes that yield appropriate ethical decisions. a. True b. False

Q: Leadership is the primary factor in improving an organization's ethical climate. a. True b. False

Q: The lower one's position in the company, the more pressure one feels to compromise ethical principles. a. True b. False

Q: Society's moral climate has an indirect impact on organizational ethics. a. True b. False

Q: According to research done by Phillip V. Lewis, there is almost a step-by-step process to make a moral decision. a. True b. False

Q: Virtue theory is the best example of a deontological theory. a. True b. False

Q: The ethical tests approach is considered a more pragmatic approach than the principles approach to ethics. a. True b. False

Q: For managers, the most powerful and useful ethical principle is the Golden Rule. a. True b. False

Q: The principle of caring is derived from utilitarianism. a. True b. False

Q: Utilitarianism can be summarized by the saying "the greatest good for the greatest number." a. True b. False

Q: The basis of the principle of justice is the concept of fairness. a. True b. False

Q: The ethical principle of justice is a deontological theory. a. True b. False

Q: The ethical principle of rights is categorized as a teleological theory. a. True b. False

Q: The categorical imperative is closely associated with the principle of utilitarianism. a. True b. False

Q: Principles approach does not consider more solid foundations for ethical decision making. a. True b. False

Q: Personal and managerial ethics entails making decisions. a. True b. False

Q: Individual managers, through ethical leadership, can have a direct effect on business ethics at the societal and global levels. a. True b. False

Q: Integrity is the quality most sought after in leaders. a. True b. False

Q: Powers and Vogel have suggested that there are six major elements or capacities that are essential to making moral judgments: (1) moral imagination, (2) moral identification and ordering, (3) moral evaluation, (4) tolerance of moral disagreement and ambiguity, (5) integration of managerial and moral competence, and (6) a sense of moral obligation. What is the link of each of these to personal and organizational ethics?

Q: Describe and evaluate the reasons that many feminists criticize Lawrence Kohlberg's work on moral development.

Q: Lawrence Kohlberg found that most adults never get to the third level of moral development. What implications for management does this observation have?

Q: The three models of ethical management (immoral, moral, and amoral) provide only one "good" example--that of moral management. However, the authors imply that immoral and amoral management are prevalent in our society, while moral management is practiced less. Which is the bigger problem in our society, immoral or amoral management?

Q: Discuss the relevance of one's motivations to his or her ethical actions.

Q: Using the ethics question "what ought to be?" consider this hypothetical about a corporate planning seminar. At the seminar, a speaker tells the participants that presidents of large corporations should begin their planning processes with a vision of society, not with where they want their firms to be in 5 or 10 years. Evaluate this advice in light of what you have learned about business ethics.

Q: Briefly describe the process of moral development described by Kohlberg.

Q: Interpret the authors' statement that "many business people go through life deluded by the illusion of objectivity."

Q: What are the seven habits of highly moral leaders?

Q: What are the differences among "immoral," "moral," and "amoral?"

Q: Describe and evaluate the "what is?" ethics question.

Q: Describe how a Venn diagram can help a manager evaluate moral dilemmas and come to decisions about those situations.

Q: Distinguish between descriptive and normative ethics.

Q: What is the distinction that the textbook draws between ethics and morality?

Q: If business ethics have, in reality, declined over the past decades, what are the primary reasons for this movement?

Q: Compare and contrast ethics and the law. How are they similar? How are they different? Which is the higher standard? Why aren't they the equivalent of one another?

Q: An element of moral judgment is all the following except a. moral imagination b. religious morality c. moral identification and ordering d. sense of moral obligation

Q: Moral imagination is: a. imagining the best possible outcome. b. being able to see economic and moral relationships c. the ability to see the relevance or nonrelevance of issues d. deciding which course of action to adopt.

Q: The sense that concern for fairness, justice, and due process to people, groups, and communities should be woven into managerial decision-making is called a. integration of managerial and moral competence. b. moral obligation. c. moral sensitivity. d. moral evaluation.

Q: Which of the following is not a source of a manager's values that is external to the firm? a. religion b. philosophy c. scientific d. legal

Q: Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral development includes all of the following levels except a. the preconventional level. b. the conventional level. c. the postconventional level. d. law and order morality.

Q: The individual hypothesis regarding ethical management models is a. the three models approximate a normal, bell-shaped curve. b. that individuals managers utilize all three of the models at different times and situations. c. that individual managers emphasize one of the three models over the others. d. that individual managers attempt to match the model they use to the particular situation.

Q: The population hypothesis regarding ethical management models is a. the three models approximate a normal curve. b. that the moral management model is the largest segment of the normal curve. c. that the immoral management model is the largest segment of the normal curve. d. the three models exhibit a skewed curve, weighted toward either moral or immoral management models, depending on the society being studied.

Q: Which of the following is not a structural aspect of unconscious accounting bias? a. ambiguity b. attachment c. approval d. ambivalence

Q: Managers who simply fail to consider moral questions when making business decisions use the a. immoral management model. b. moral management model. c. intentional amoral management model. d. unintentional amoral management model.

Q: Managers who believe that business decisions are not subject to moral constraints tend to utilize the a. immoral management model. b. moral management model. c. intentional amoral management model. d. unintentional amoral management model.

Q: The "integrity strategy" espoused by Lynn Sharp Paine is similar to the a. immoral management model. b. moral management model. c. semi-moral management model. d. amoral management model.

Q: The key operating question of amoral management is a. can we make money with this action, regardless of what it takes? b. will this action be fair to all stakeholders? c. what effects will this action have on our stakeholders? d. can we make money with this action?

Q: The key operating question of moral management is a. can we make money with this action, regardless of what it takes? b. will this action be fair to all stakeholders? c. what effects will this action have on our stakeholders? d. can we make money with this action?

Q: The key operating question of immoral management is a. can we make money with this action, regardless of what it takes? b. will this action be fair to all stakeholders? c. what effects will this action have on our major stakeholders? d. can we make money with this action?

Q: The model of ethical management in which managers fail to take morality into account when making decisions is a. immoral management. b. moral management. c. semi-moral management. d. amoral management.

Q: The ethical management model that conforms to high standards of behavior or professional standards of conduct is a. immoral management. b. semi-moral management. c. moral management. d. amoral management.

Q: The model of ethical management that implies a positive and active opposition to what is right is called a. immoral management. b. moral management. c. semi-moral management. d. amoral management.

Q: Which of the following is not a model of ethical management provided in the textbook? a. immoral management b. semi-moral management c. moral management d. amoral management

Q: The challenge in all managerial situations is take what can be done and what should be done and find a. a balance. b. the more practical solution. c. the least costly approach. d. the most effective action.

Q: The ethics test approach is more a. descriptive. b. normative. c. practical. d. motivational.

Q: The normative question of ethics is a. what is? b. what ought to be? c. how do we get from what is to what ought to be? d. what is our motivation?

Q: Characteristics of intentionally amoral managers include all of the following except a. They think ethics and business dont mix. b. They think business and ethics are separate spheres. c. They have an obsession with fairness. d. They are dying out.

Q: Central variables that must be considered and balanced against each other to make wise and sensible decisions include all of the following except a. ethical responsibility. b. likability. c. legal responsibility. d. economic responsibility.

Q: The most serious danger of using the conventional approach to business ethics is a. reliance on normative ethics without regard to descriptive ethics. b. lapsing into ethical relativism. c. lack of innovation in ethical judgments. d. stunting one's moral development.

Q: Which of the following is not an element of making ethical judgments? a. observation of the decision or action b. comparison of the decision or action to prevailing norms of acceptability c. recognition that value judgments are made regarding the decision or action and the prevailing norms of acceptability d. awareness of the moral implications of a situation

Q: The minimum standard of ethical behavior can be thought of as a. following the Golden Rule. b. adhering to the law. c. living according to religious principles. d. avoiding punishment.

Q: The approach to business ethics in which we compare a decision or practice to prevailing norms of acceptability is the a. virtue approach. b. principles approach. c. conventional approach. d. ethical tests approach.

Q: The focus of descriptive ethics is on a. determining what should be done in a given situation. b. justifying a moral system of thinking and judging. c. learning what is occurring in the realm of moral behaviors and practices. d. learning how to justify one's chosen actions.

Q: Which of the following is not one of the major approaches to thinking about business ethics? a. conventional approach b. rights and duties approach c. principles approach d. ethical tests approach

Q: The area of ethics that is concerned with supplying and justifying a coherent moral system of thinking and judging is called a. normative ethics. b. descriptive ethics. c. business ethics. d. virtue ethics.

Q: ​ a. fairness. b. justice. c. standards. d. equality.

Q: Business ethics is a. a special branch of ethics unto itself. b. concerned with moral issues that occur only in business. c. concerned with right and wrong behavior within a business context. d. a subset of business practice.