Q&A Hero

Q: Utilitarianism has been called a(n): a. commonsensical approach to ethics. b. behavioral approach to ethics. c. consequentialist approach to ethics. d. intuitive approach to ethics.

Q: Utilitarianisms fundamental insight is that we should decide what to do by: a. considering the moral character of individuals. b. following the rules, regardless of consequences. c. acting only out of a self-interest. d. considering the consequences of our actions.

Q: The study of various character traits that can contribute to, or obstruct, a happy and meaningful human life is part of _____. a. Kantian tradition b. virtue ethics c. principle-based ethics d. utilitarianism

Q: Identify the ethical tradition that directs us to act on the basis of moral principles. a. Principle-based ethics b. Utilitarianism c. Virtue ethics d. Consequence-based ethics

Q: Which of the following ethical frameworks directs us to decide based on overall consequences of our acts? a. Principle-based ethics b. Kantian tradition c. Utilitarianism d. Virtue ethics

Q: The three major categories of an ethical framework are: a. utility, virtue, and values. b. universal rights, values, and moral principles. c. universal rights, cultural norms, and morals. d. consequences, principles, and personal character.

Q: Virtue ethics emphasizes the more affective side of our character.

Q: An ethics of virtue focuses on the actions of a person rather than the persons characteristics.

Q: One of the major challenges to an ethics based on rights points to practical problems in applying a theory of rights to real life situations.

Q: Employees have a right to a minimum wage, equal opportunity, and to bargain collectively as part of a union. These rights are examples of contractual agreements with employers.

Q: The concept of a human or moral right is central to the utilitarian ethical tradition.

Q: According to a principle-based ethical framework, social contract functions to organize and ease relations between individuals.

Q: A principle-based framework defines a set of rules that enforces us to act or decide in certain ways.

Q: Utilitarians would object to child labor as a matter of principle.

Q: The market version of utilitarianism argues that questions of safety and risk should be determined by experts who establish standards that the business is required to meet.

Q: The administrative version of utilitarianism considers competitive markets to be the most efficient means of maximizing happiness.

Q: Utilitarianism is a social philosophy that opposes policies that aim to benefit only a small social, economic, or political minority.

Q: Utilitarianism has been called a consequentialist approach to ethics and social policy.

Q: Principle-based ethics direct us to consider the moral character of individuals and how various character traits can contribute to, or obstruct a happy and meaningful human life.

Q: A philosophical and reasoned ethics must provide justifications for why a human being should act and decide in a particular prescribed way.

Q: Ethics attempts to answer the question of how we should live, but it does not give reasons to support its answers.

Q: Give three examples each of social and institutional roles.

Q: Discuss the various types of intellectual or cognitive stumbling blocks that one can face when trying to make a responsible ethical decision.

Q: Explain how the ethical decision-making process does not end with making a decision.

Q: Outline the thought process of responsible persons comparing and weighing alternatives while considering the effects of a decision on their own integrity and character.

Q: Identify the means for comparing and weighing alternatives.

Q: Outline the importance of walking a mile in anothers shoes and associate it with the fifth step of the ethical decision-making process.

Q: Explain the importance of moral imagination with an example.

Q: What is moral imagination? How is it important?

Q: What is the test for ethical legitimacy in philosophical ethics?

Q: What are the consequences of not looking at various perspectives and the interests of other people involved while making a responsible ethical decision?

Q: What is normative myopia?

Q: How does a business decision become an ethical one?

Q: Explain the role of sciences in the study of ethics.

Q: Elaborate on the concept of perceptual differences in ethics.

Q: Explain the importance of determining the facts when making a responsible ethical decision.

Q: Within a business setting, individuals must consider the ethical implications of both personal and professional decision making. Manager, teacher, and student-body president are examples of _____ roles.

Q: We tend to give in to _____ in our professional environments, both because we want to fit in and to achieve success in our organizations, and also because our actual thinking is influenced by our colleagues.

Q: Selecting the alternative that meets minimum decision criteria is known as _____.

Q: In an ethical decision-making process, creativity in identifying options is called _____.

Q: A long tradition in philosophical ethics argues that a key test for _____ is whether or not a decision would be acceptable from the point of view of all parties involved.

Q: _____ occurs when decision makers fail to notice gradual changes over time.

Q: The inability to recognize ethical issues while dealing with the financial aspect of business decisions is called _____.

Q: _____ differences surrounding how individuals experience and understand situations can explain many ethical disagreements.

Q: The first step in the ethical decision-making process, when an individual is not presented with an issue from the start, is _____.

Q: Putting ethics into practice requires not simply decision-making, but _____ decision-making.

Q: Which of the following is an example of a social role? a. Student-body president b. Manager c. Neighbor d. Accountant

Q: Which of the following is an example of an institutional role? a. Friend b. Citizen c. Neighbor d. Teacher

Q: According to Socrates, which of the following aspects leads to an unexamined life not worth living? a. Bounded ethicality b. Passivity c. Cultural myopia d. Satisficing

Q: Identify the barrier where individuals or groups select the option that meets the minimum decision criteria, the one that people can live with, even if it might not be the best. a. Considering simplified decision rules b. Satisficing c. Optimizing d. Selecting easy decisions

Q: Which of the following explains the term satisficing? a. Striving to select only the best alternative b. Following simplified decision rules c. Selecting the alternative simply because it is the easy way out d. Selecting the alternative that meets minimum decision criteria

Q: Which of the following cognitive barriers, when used, might appear to relieve us of accountability for the decision, even if it may not be the best possible decision? a. Moral imagination b. Considering unlimited alternatives c. Satisfying the maximum decision criteria d. Using a simple decision rule

Q: Which of the following is a cognitive barrier to responsible, ethical decision-making? a. Choosing the alternative that meets maximum decision criteria b. Considering unlimited alternatives c. Following simplified decision rules d. Selecting only the best option

Q: When faced with a situation that suggests two clear alternative resolutions, we often consider only those two clear paths, missing the fact that other alternatives might be possible. Considering limited alternatives is a stumbling block to responsible action that can be categorized as a(n) _____. a. personality barrier b. perceptual barrier c. cognitive barrier d. individuality barrier

Q: Which of the following is the final step in the ethical decision-making process? a. Identifying the ethical issues involved b. Monitoring and learning from outcomes c. Considering how a decision affects stakeholders d. Identifying key stakeholders

Q: Which step in the ethical decision-making process occurs once you have considered how a decision affects stakeholders by comparing and weighing the alternatives? a. Identifying the ethical issues involved b. Monitoring and learning from outcomes c. Making a decision d. Identifying key stakeholders

Q: Consequences, justifications, principles, rights, or duties are all methods to: a. identify the stakeholders that may be impacted by the decisions. b. find out about the various available alternatives. c. compare and weigh alternatives. d. identify the ethical issues involved.

Q: A critical element of this step in the ethical decision-making process will be the consideration of ways to mitigate, minimize, or compensate for any possible harmful consequences or to increase and promote beneficial consequences. Which step is this? a. Monitoring the outcomes b. Considering available alternatives c. Identifying the ethical issues d. Comparing and weighing alternatives

Q: In the ethical decision-making process, identify the step that involves predicting the likely, foreseeable, and the possible consequences to all the relevant stakeholders. a. Comparing and weighing the alternatives b. Making the decision c. Identifying the ethical issues d. Monitoring and learning from the outcomes

Q: Which of the following elements is important not only to consider the obvious options with regard to a particular dilemma, but also the much more subtle ones that might not be evident at first blush? a. Intentional deliberation b. Descriptive imagination c. Moral imagination d. Normative imagination

Q: Which of the following elements distinguish good people who make ethically responsible decisions from good people who do not? a. Normative imagination b. Moral obligation c. Ethical goal orientation d. Moral imagination

Q: Which of the following is true of moral imagination? a. It occurs when decision makers fail to notice gradual variations over time. b. It refers to the shortsightedness about values. c. It distinguishes good people who make ethically responsible decisions from good people who do not. d. It results from focusing failures.

Q: _____ is one element that distinguishes good people who make ethically responsible decisions from good people who do not. a. Normative myopia b. Inattentional blindness c. Change blindness d. Moral imagination

Q: In the ethical decision-making process, creativity in identifying options is also known as _____. a. moral imagination b. descriptive imagination c. intentional deliberation d. normative imagination

Q: In the ethical decision-making process, once we have examined the facts, identified the ethical issues involved, and identified the stakeholders, we need to next _____. a. make the decision b. consider the available alternatives c. consider how a decision affects stakeholders d. identify stakeholders

Q: In an ethical decision-making process, moral imagination helps individuals make ethically responsible decisions. Identify the step in which moral imagination is critical. a. Determining the facts b. Considering the available alternatives c. Identifying the ethical issues d. Identifying and consider impact of decision on stakeholders

Q: Jim resides in the vicinity of a steel manufacturing firm. Any changes in the pollution control or waste treatment policy of the firm indirectly affects Jim. In this sense, Jim is a(n) _____. a. shareholder b. employee of the firm c. observer d. stakeholder

Q: _____ include all of the groups and/or individuals affected by a decision, policy, or operation of a firm or individual. a. Stakeholders b. Shareholders c. Employees d. Owners

Q: In the ethical decision-making process, once one examines the facts and identifies the ethical issues involved, one should next _____. a. make the decision b. consider the available alternatives c. monitor and learn from the outcomes d. identify the stakeholders

Q: Which omission occurs when decision makers fail to notice gradual variations over time? a. Inattentional blindness b. Incremental blindness c. Change blindness d. Normative myopia

Q: Which of the following is true of change blindness? a. It occurs when decision makers fail to notice gradual variations over time. b. It refers to the shortsightedness about values. c. It distinguishes good people who make ethically responsible decisions from good people who do not. d. It results from focusing failures.

Q: The Arthur Andersen auditors did not notice how low Enron had fallen in terms of its unethical decisions over a period of time. According to Bazerman and Chugh, this omission is an example of _____. a. inattentional blindness b. descriptive ignorance c. change blindness d. normative myopia

Q: Speaking on a cell phone while driving, and as a result, missing a highway turn-off by mistake is an example of _____. a. normative myopia b. inattentional blindness c. descriptive ignorance d. change blindness

Q: Which of the following is true of inattentional blindness? a. It occurs when decision makers fail to notice gradual changes over time. b. It refers to the shortsightedness about values. c. It distinguishes good people who make ethically responsible decisions from good people who do not. d. It results from focusing failures.

Q: According to Bazerman and Chugh, inattentional blindness results from _____. a. ignorance b. passivity c. thoughtlessness d. focusing failures

Q: Focusing failures result in moments where we ask ourselves, How could I have missed that? According to Bazerman and Chugh, this phenomenon is known as: a. change blindness. b. descriptive ignorance. c. inattentional blindness. d. normative myopia.

Q: If we are told specifically to pay attention to a particular element of a decision or event, we are likely to miss all of the surrounding details, no matter how obvious. According to Bazerman and Chugh, this phenomenon is known as _____. a. inattentional blindness b. descriptive ignorance c. change blindness d. normative myopia

Q: Which of the following statements reflects the concept of normative myopia? a. I was so involved in our debate that I missed the red light. b. I never expected Draco to steal from me; he has been my friend for so long. c. Brad met with an accident because he was drunk while driving. I hope he has learnt his lesson. d. I may have exaggerated the features of the product to get this sale. You knew how important this deal was for me.

Q: Which of the following is true of normative myopia? a. It occurs when decision makers fail to notice gradual changes over time. b. It refers to the shortsightedness about values. c. It occurs only in business. d. It results from only from focusing failures.

Q: The inability to recognize ethical issues is known as _____. a. inattentional blindness b. normative myopia c. change blindness d. descriptive ignorance