Q&A Hero

Q: _____ is an approach more focused on the outcome of one's actions rather than the apparent virtue of the actions themselves.

Q: The problem with _____ is that societies can place different emphasis on different virtues.

Q: The _____ is based on the assumption that one's pursuit of an ethical ideal will match others' ethical ideals.

Q: A _____ is just doing the right thing, and it is something most people can understand and support.

Q: Stealing is wrong, but stealing food for a starving child would reflect a _____.

Q: Money has _____ value, which means that money is valued for what it can buy rather than for itself.

Q: An _____, such as happiness is a good thing in itself and is pursued for its own sake.

Q: The terms "_____" and "values" are often used to mean the same thing, a set of personal principles by which one aims to live one's life.

Q: _____ refers to a set of personal principles formalized into a code of behavior.

Q: _____ is a particular set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that characterize a group of individuals.

Q: A _____ refers to a structured community of people bound together by similar traditions and customs.

Q: _____ refers to a study of how people try to live their lives according to a standard of "right" or "wrong" behavior.

Q: A person is focused on self-chosen ethical principles that are found to be comprehensive and consistent at the _____ stage of Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning. A. obedience and punishment orientation B. universal ethical principle orientation C. social contract legalistic orientation D. law-and-order orientation

Q: When ethical theories have to be put into practice, one moves into the area of _____. A. applied ethics B. ethical reasoning C. relativism D. utilitarianism

Q: By its very definition, a(n) _____ cannot really be resolved in the sense that a resolution of the problem implies a satisfactory answer to the problem. A. deontological problem B. fairness dilemma C. unscrupulous choice D. ethical dilemma

Q: In the context of ethical theories, a challenge takes the form of a dilemma in which the decision one must make requires one to make a right choice knowing full well that one is: A. not likely to suffer something bad as a result of that choice. B. not leaving an equally right choice undone. C. contradicting a personal ethical principle in making that choice. D. adopting an ethical value of one's community or society in making that choice.

Q: _____, demonstrated by someone's behavior, looks at ethics from an external rather than an internal viewpoint. A. Personal integrity B. Simple truth C. Appropriate behavior D. Virtue ethics

Q: The stage in which an individual is focused on self-chosen ethical principles found to be comprehensive and consistent is _____. A. "good boy/nice girl" ethical orientation B. law-and-order orientation C. universal ethical principle orientation D. obedience and punishment orientation

Q: Which of the following is true of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning? A. Kohlberg argues that we develop a reasoning process over time, moving through four distinct stages as we are exposed to major influences in our lives. B. At the postconventional stage, the lowest level of moral development, a person's response to the perception of right and wrong is initially directly linked to the expectation of punishment or reward. C. At the preconventional stage, the highest level of ethical reasoning, a person makes a clear effort to define principles and moral values that reflect an individual value system rather than simply reflecting a group position. D. Kohlberg states that stereotypical behavior is recognized, and conformity to that behavior develops in the conventional stage of moral development.

Q: The lowest level of moral development in Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning is the _____ stage. A. preconventional B. social choice C. postconventional D. social contract

Q: _____ looks at the information available to people to resolve an ethical dilemma, and draws conclusions based on that information in relation to their own ethical standards. A. Universal ethics B. Utilitarianism C. Ethical reasoning D. Metaphilosophy

Q: Susan and Jessica are arguing over the importance of Arthur Dobrin's eight questions to be considered when resolving an ethical dilemma. Susan is of the view that these questions are apt and relevant. Jessica does not agree with Susan's view. Which of the following would weaken Susan's argument? A. Arthur Dobrin's eight questions are based on the assumption that feelings are not taken into consideration. B. Arthur Dobrin's eight questions are based on the fact that alternative resolutions for one to select from are always present. C. Arthur Dobrin's eight questions are based on the fact that there is not enough information available for one to answer the questions. D. Arthur Dobrin's eight questions are based on the assumption that there is sufficient time for the degree of contemplation that such questions require.

Q: Which of the following questions is identified by Arthur Dobrin to resolve an ethical dilemma? A. What do your feelings tell you? B. What are the alternatives? C. What can be done to resolve the problem? D. What will people think of you if you don't find a solution?

Q: Which of the following is the final step of the three-step process for solving an ethical problem? A. Analyzing the consequences B. Planning a solution C. Making a decision D. Analyzing the actions

Q: The first step in the three-step process for solving an ethical problem is to: A. analyze the consequences. B. make a plan. C. make a decision. D. analyze the actions.

Q: Joe feels pressured to lie to his client to keep an important contract because of intense market competition. He feels they will never discover the truth. Joe is: A. undergoing a functional fixedness. B. facing an ethical dilemma. C. contemplating the instrumental value attached to the contract. D. expressing a simple truth.

Q: _____ refers to a situation in which there is no obvious "right" or "wrong" decision, but rather a "right" or "right" answer. A. Less evil principle B. Logical inference C. Ethical dilemma D. Defeasible reasoning

Q: The basic assumption of ethical theory is that: A. a person as an individual or community is in control of all the factors that influence the choices he or she makes. B. everyone is committed to doing the right thing. C. individuals share similar standards in a community. D. an individual's pursuit of an ethical ideal should match others' ethical ideals to avoid trouble.

Q: The study of how ethical theories are put into practice refers to _____. A. meta-ethics B. normative ethics C. descriptive ethics D. applied ethics

Q: Which of the following statements is true of ethical relativism? A. The idea of relativism implies some degree of flexibility as opposed to strict black-and-white rules. B. The idea of relativism implies that the ends of any action justify the means. C. The problem with this approach is that individuals share similar standards in a community. D. The problem with this approach is that everyone is committed to doing the right thing without paying any attention to his or her actions.

Q: According to the concept of _____, the traditions of one's society, one's personal opinions, and the circumstances of the present moment define one's ethical principles. A. universal ethics B. normative ethics C. ethical relativism D. utilitarianism

Q: Which of the following is a problem with the universal ethics approach? A. The problem with this approach is the reverse of the weakness in ethics for the greater good. B. The problem with this approach is the idea that the ends justify the means. C. The problem with this approach is that individuals share similar standards in a community. D. The problem with this approach is that everyone is committed to doing the right thing.

Q: Universal ethics argues that: A. societies can place different emphasis on different virtues. B. universal principles may not apply to everyone, everywhere, all the time. C. there are certain principles that should apply to all ethical judgments. D. everyone is committed to doing the right thing.

Q: In the context of _____, actions are taken out of duty and obligation to a purely moral ideal rather than based on the needs of a situation. A. normative ethics B. universal ethics C. reductionist ethics D. deontological ethics

Q: The problem with a utilitarian approach to ethics is: A. the differing attitudes of various societies to the Golden Rule. B. the idea that the ends justify the means. C. that societies can place different emphasis on different virtues. D. that not everyone is committed to doing the right thing.

Q: Ethical choices that offer the greatest good for the greatest number of people are referred to as _____. A. virtue ethics B. normative ethics C. ethical relativism D. utilitarianism

Q: Ethics for the greater good or _____ is an approach more focused on the outcome of one's actions rather than the apparent virtue of the actions themselves. A. utilitarianism B. normative ethics C. worldcentrism D. virtue ethics

Q: The problem with virtue ethics is that: A. it is based on consequentialism. B. societies are formed according to the Golden Rule. C. societies can place different emphasis on different virtues. D. it is based on the idea that the ends justify the means.

Q: _____ refers to a concept of living one's life according to a commitment to the achievement of a clear ideal. A. The simple truth B. The Golden Rule C. Ethical relativism D. Virtue ethics

Q: The Greek philosopher Aristotle's belief in individual character and integrity established the concept of _____. A. philosophical ethics B. virtue ethics C. ethical relativism D. utilitarianism

Q: Charlotte works for an advertising agency. She is usually late in responding to e-mails and work-related queries. She has a change of attitude when she realizes that an important project she was responsible for was delayed due to similar behavior from her manager. Now, Charlotte replies to her e-mails on time. Which of the following indicates that this change in Charlotte's behavior is a result of adopting the Golden Rule? A. She empathizes with others when she faces a similar situation. B. She is afraid that her manager will give her a low rating. C. She wants to impress her colleagues. D. She has no friends and is lonely.

Q: "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you" explains the _____. A. Golden Rule B. simple truth C. virtue ethics D. Rule of rescue

Q: Which of the following statements accurately explains the basic categories of ethics? A. A question of someone's personal character, his or her integrity, is not one of the basic categories of ethics. B. Personal integrity, a category of ethics, looks at ethics from an external rather than an internal viewpoint. C. Simple truth is an assumption of the four basic categories of ethics. D. Rules of appropriate behavior for a community or society are only applicable to closed societies.

Q: Alison Anderson, the CEO of Anderson Inc., laid the foundation for an apt professional behavior in her workplace. She is honest, aware, and sensitive and is considered a role model by young entrepreneurs. Which of the following basic categories of ethics is depicted in this scenario? A. Simple truth B. Rules of differentiation C. Personal integrity D. Rules of appropriate behavior for a community or society

Q: Which of the following exemplifies the rules of appropriate individual behavior? A. Jamie had a strict family upbringing that had major impact on his personal moral standards. B. Mitchell had never lied to her parents or done anything without their consent. C. Damian always reaches the workplace before time and is always the last one to leave. D. Alice travels to different countries for work and conducts herself according to the culture of the country she visits.

Q: Which of the following best illustrates the concept of simple truth? A. Ronald lives a life true to his moral standards and is considered the ideal son by his parents. B. Jonathan's personal value system helps him to stay away from simple conflicts. C. Amelia believes that murder is wrong, a view supported by most people. D. Cathy always gives equal respect to all irrespective of whether they are younger or older than her.

Q: Which of the following is one of the four basic categories of ethics? A. Personal integrity B. Psychological behaviorism C. Rules of differentiation D. Stretched truth

Q: In the context of the basic categories of ethics, _____ is just doing the right thing, and it is something most people can understand and support. A. memory conformity B. the rule of differentiation C. double think D. a simple truth

Q: The difference between intrinsic value and instrumental value is that: A. as opposed to instrumental value, intrinsic value refers to the adoption of those standards that are ultimately unique to a society. B. as opposed to intrinsic value, instrumental value refers to the quality by which the pursuit of one value is a good way to reach another value. C. as opposed to intrinsic value, instrumental value refers to the quality by which a value is a good thing in itself and is pursued for its own sake, whether anything comes from that pursuit or not. D. as opposed to instrumental value, intrinsic value refers to values acquired through media and religion.

Q: Which of the following scenarios exemplifies instrumental value? A. Victoria possesses half a million in her bank account. B. Eighty-year-old Mathew exercises on a daily basis and is in good health. C. Tia's son won his first spelling bee competition which made her extremely happy. D. Fernando is upset with his poor SAT scores.

Q: Identify an example of instrumental value. A. Money B. Self-respect C. Happiness D. Health

Q: The quality by which the pursuit of one value is a good way to reach another value is known as _____. A. intrinsic value B. extrinsic norm C. instrumental value D. traditional norm

Q: Riley was granted the title of Doctor of Medicine by a medical school in Ohio. His parents were extremely happy and content with his achievement. The worth attached to the feelings experienced by Riley's parents is an example of _____. A. unconventional value B. intrinsic value C. instrumental value D. extrinsic value

Q: An example of intrinsic value is _____. A. money B. a package holiday C. a job offer D. health

Q: The quality by which a value is a good thing in itself and is pursued for its own sake, whether anything comes from that pursuit or not, is called a(n) _____. A. traditional norm B. instrumental value C. extrinsic norm D. intrinsic value

Q: _____ refers to a set of personal principles formalized into a code of behavior. A. Traditional norm B. Value system C. Extrinsic norm D. Utilitarianism

Q: Which of the following statements describe the terms "morals" and "values"? A. They are used to define a society and not an individual. B. The term "morals" is used to refer to an individual, while the term "values" is used in the context of a society. C. They are often used to mean the same thing. D. The term "values" refers to religious judgments, while the term "morals" refer to coded behavior.

Q: Which of the following will most likely influence the moral standards of an individual? A. The change of government in the individual's home country B. A strict family upbringing C. The attitude of people in the neighboring country D. An opportunity to learn a foreign language

Q: Amanda and Ross have been chosen to go to Ethiopia for their university's International Student Exchange Program. They read about the beliefs, attitudes, practices, norms, traditions, cuisine, and music of Ethiopia to better adapt to the place. Amanda and Ross are reading about the _____ aspect of Ethiopia. A. cultural B. economical C. political D. philosophical

Q: Society refers to a(n): A. environment that does not mention acceptable standard of good and bad behavior. B. closed, confined unit in which people have to follow a distinct religion. C. group of individuals who share similar psychological order and community resources. D. structured community of people bound together by similar traditions and customs.

Q: The field of _____ is the study of how people try to live their lives according to a standard of "right" or "wrong" behavior. A. metaphilosophy B. ethics C. aesthetics D. epistemology

Q: Kohlberg stated that it would be impossible for a person to comprehend the moral issues and dilemmas at a level far beyond his or her life experience and education.

Q: According to Kohlberg's framework, an individual can jump beyond the next stage of his or her six stages.

Q: The highest level of ethical reasoning is the postconventional level.

Q: In the third stage of Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning, a person is focused on meeting the expectations of his friends and coworkers and how something will affect their lives.

Q: The third stage of Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning is law-and-order orientation.

Q: The last stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning is conventional.

Q: At the lowest level of moral development, a person's response to a perception of right and wrong is initially directly linked to the expectation of punishment or reward.

Q: Preconventional is the lowest level of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning.

Q: The process of ethical reasoning involves looking at the available information and then drawing conclusions based on that information in relation to an individual's own ethical standards.

Q: Arthur Dobrin identified 15 questions that one should consider when resolving an ethical dilemma.

Q: The final step in solving an ethical dilemma is to make a decision.

Q: Due to aggressive competition, Amanda feels pressured to copy an assignment from a friend and the Internet to get good grades. She feels the professor would not be able to figure out what she did. With this ethical dilemma, the first thing Amanda must do is analyze her actions without thinking about consequences.

Q: The first step in resolving an ethical dilemma is to analyze the actions.

Q: An ethical dilemma can be resolved with a satisfactory answer to the problem.

Q: The basic assumption of ethical theory is that a person as an individual or community is in control of all the factors that influence the choices that he or she makes.

Q: An ethical dilemma is a situation in which there is no obvious right or wrong decision, but rather a right or right answer.

Q: Ethical dilemmas are the study of how ethical theories are put into practice.

Q: Applied ethics is the study of theories related to the Golden Rule.

Q: Ethical relativism is where the traditions of one's society, ones personal opinions, and the circumstances of the present moment define one's ethical principles.