Q&A Hero

Q: The primary purpose of the ACA Code of Ethics is: a. to allow counselors to guide their own behavior. b. to address in an appropriate manner the behavior of other mental health professionals that appears to be unethical. c. to set standards for ethics committees to use when complaints are filed. d. to provide a means of punishing unethical counselors. e. to prove to the public that counselors are professionals.

Q: A counselor who is dealing with an angry client who is threatening to sue the counselor should: a. respond directly to the person making the threat, if possible. b. calm the person down, if possible, and listen to the concerns. c. be careful and not admit to wrongdoing. d. not say anything that they would not want repeated or would not want to repeat under oath at a later time. e. all of the above.

Q: Counselors engage in many activities that could result in ethical complaints against them; however, they are still obligated to report: a. cases of suspected child abuse. b. clients who commit minor crimes. c. child custody evaluators who are biased. d. breaches of confidentiality by counseling group members. e. directives from a supervisor that seem ill-advised.

Q: When you have an ethical question and you are having trouble making a decision, you should: a. consult with colleagues. b. take advice from an attorney. c. ask the ethics committee of the state branch of ACA. d. consult a licensing board. e. avoid describing your decision-making process in your case notes.

Q: Most legal issues faced by counselors involve: a. improper conduct complaints filed against them. b. malpractice. c. acting as a witness in litigation concerning other people. d. law suits involving insurance fraud. e. sexual relationships with clients.

Q: It is impossible for counselors to understand all aspects of the law, but the best advice for counselors who face legal questions is to: a. listen to their lawyer and do what the lawyer says. b. educate themselves about the law and avoid lawyers. c. obtain licensure to protect themselves. d. purchase minimal professional liability insurance coverage. e. avoid problems by always doing things in such a way that no one could ever complain.

Q: With respect to a counselors legal liability when a client commits suicide: a. very few lawsuits are filed against counselors due to client suicide. b. when lawsuits have been brought against counselors due to client suicide, the counselors usually have been found negligent. c. the case of Eisel v. Board of Education established that school counselors cannot be held responsible for a students suicide. d. counselors are held to the legal standard that they must correctly assess suicide ris. e. counselors should not document consultations regarding suicidal clients, because the documentation could later be used against them in a lawsuit.

Q: Malpractice is a type of civil lawsuit that can be filed against counseling professionals for practicing in a manner that leads to: a. injury to a recipient of their services. b. dissatisfaction with the result of the counseling experience. c. divorce, when a married couple has sought counseling. d. the development of new behaviors that are counterproductive to clients, but not injurious. e. injury to other counselors.

Q: With respect to what mental health professionals are qualified to diagnose using the DSM system: a. only psychologists and psychiatrists are qualified to utilize this system b. counselors do not receive adequate training at the masters degree level to be qualified to use this system. c. only psychiatrists should use the DSM system, because it is based on the medical model. d. managed health care companies will reimburse only psychiatrists for DSM diagnoses. e. the DSM manual specifically includes counselors as users of the DSM system.

Q: The ACA Code of Ethics requires counselors to explain to clients, before testing takes place, all of the following EXCEPT: a. that clients may ask questions while they are taking the test if any items are confusing to them. b. the nature and purposes of the tests. c. whether test results will be used as a screening tool for membership in a counseling group. d. what conditions produce the best test results. e. that they will receive feedback about the test results.

Q: Competence is most closely related to the moral principle of: a. fiduciary relationships. b. professionalism. c. integrity. d. do no harm. e. autonomy.

Q: The standard used to determine whether a particular counselor is qualified to administer and interpret a particular test: a. has been developed by the American Psychological Association (APA). b. is so broad that any professional can administer and interpret any test. c. is established by each state, by the state licensure board for psychologists. d. is not absolute and, thus, each counselor must make that determination for himself/herself. e. is based on a formula that includes graduate courses taken, number of previous administrations of that particular test, and the amount of supervised experience giving that particular test.

Q: Studies regarding cultural bias in diagnosis have shown that: a. because most clients in counseling are women, diagnosis tends to be less accurate for male clients than for female client. b. African American clients are more likely to be diagnosed with severe mental illnesses such as schizophrenia. c. Hispanic clients are less likely to be diagnosed with depressive disorders. d. counselors, compared to other mental health professionals, are less likely to allow gender stereotypes to influence their diagnoses. e. female clients are less likely to be prescribed psychotropic medications.

Q: When a counselor determines that a client may be at risk for harming self or others, the counselor must ALWAYS: a. call the police. b. take the steps necessary to prevent harm. c. call an ambulance to take the client to the hospital emergency room. d. notify individuals with whom the client lives. e. notify the parents of the client.

Q: The primary purpose of diagnosis is to: a. label clients. b. facilitate effective treatment. c. help clients gain future employment. d. obtain insurance reimbursement. e. show that a particular client has a verifiable mental disorder.

Q: Distressed counselors or counselors suffering from burnout are terms used to refer to: a. incompetent counselors. b. counselors who have committed malpractice. c. counselors who have had their licenses revoked. d. impaired counselors. e. counselors who have recently been fired from their jobs.

Q: Key points with respect to diagnosis include all of the following EXCEPT: a. clients should not be told the diagnosis that has been assigned to them. b. counselors must be alert to sources of bias against women and minority group members in the diagnostic process. c. counselors should cooperate with physicians when clients may have a physical condition that is contributing to their mental or emotional problems or when they could benefit from taking medications for their condition. d. multicultural considerations are of paramount importance in diagnosis because all mental disorders occur in and are defined by a cultural context. e. counselors are guilty of insurance fraud when they do not diagnosis honestly and accurately and they can be subject to both civil and criminal liability.

Q: An argument AGAINST licensing specialties within the counseling profession (such as marriage and family counselors, rehabilitation counselors, career counselors, etc.) is: a. it would confuse the public. b. it would be very expensive for counselors to get multiple licenses instead of just one. c. other professionssuch as medicine and lawlicense professionals to practice their profession generally, and those who are licensed decide which areas they are competent to practice in. d. counselors who practice in various specialty areas are so different from each other that each specialty within counseling is like a separate and distinct profession. e. the public should be counseled only by individuals who are specialists within the counseling profession and they will be harmed if they are counseled by counselors who have not proven their specialty expertise.

Q: Legislators agree to license a professional group, such as counselors, only when it can be shown that: a. other professional groups that are already licensed do not oppose the licensing of this new group. b. the public cannot determine which practitioners are competent, and they might be harmed by incompetent members of that profession. c. the public cannot determine which practitioners are competent, and the services the professional group provides require extensive education. d. the rates for services of the professional group will go down if they are licensed. e. the professional group needs to be licensed in order to gain the recognition it needs to be recognized as a legitimate profession in society.

Q: Registration is the form of state regulation of a profession that: a. is the most rigorous form of regulation, in that only those who are registered may practice the profession in a state. b. protects a title, such as Professional Counselor, but anyone can practice the profession without being registered. c. requires members of a profession to sign up with the government if they practice the profession in the state, but anyone may sign the registry without a review of their credentials. d. grants a state credential if a person has a national certification. e. is issued by a state agency, but never by an independent state board.

Q: Graduate degree programs in counseling attempt to ensure their graduates are competent counselors by doing all of the following EXCEPT: a. selecting and admitting individuals who are likely to succeed at developing the skills, knowledge, and characteristics needed to become effective counselors. b. using personal interviews, written essays, or other subjective criteria in selecting candidates for admission. c. providing a curriculum for masters students that prepares students to be effective counselors. d. eliminating from graduate programs any students who have their own emotional issues. e. requiring successful supervised experience as a part of the graduate program.

Q: Which of the following statements regarding counselor competence is FALSE? a. once counselors have become licensed, the burden of ensuring competent services falls on the counselors themselves. b. competence in counseling is difficult to define. c. there is a continuum of professional expertise with gross negligence at one end and maximum effectiveness at the other extreme. d. licensure ensures that practitioners are competent to do what their licenses permit them to do. e. counselors are ethically required to counsel only within the boundaries of their competence.

Q: Counselor competency can be assured if: a. a counselor is licensed by his or her state licensure board. b. a counselor has graduated from a CACREP-accredited masters degree program. c. a counselor is a National Certified Counselor (NCC). d. a counselor has earned a masters degree in counseling from a regionally-accredited university. e. there is no way to assure counselor competency.

Q: Per State v. Brown, 1985 and State v. Magnuson, 1984, ___________ can be used against clients in criminal investigations and is not protected by the Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Prevention, Treatment, and Rehabilitation Act of 1972. a. clinical case notes b. counselor direct observations c. information gathered through psychological assessments d. psychiatric medication records e. direct quotations from counseling sessions

Q: In compliance with the Comprehensive Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Prevention, Treatment, and Rehabilitation Act of 1972, federally funded substance abuse programs can disclose client records under the following circumstances: a. when the client gives written consent. b. in the event of a medical emergency. c. for an audit or evaluation. d. to avert substantial risk of death or serious bodily harm if a court order is secured. e. All of the above.

Q: When documenting for self-protection, counselors should not include: a. exact times and dates. b. counselors thoughts, diagnoses, and conclusions. c. direct quotations and statements. d. a great deal of detail. e. factual information. The three major types of records that counselors keep are: a. clinical case notes, financial, and treatment plan. b. phone and other correspondence, clinical case notes, and treatment plan. c. administrative, financial, and clinical case notes. d. recordings, clinical case notes, and administrative. e. typed, hand-written, and audio.

Q: Keeping good records can benefit both counselors and clients in the following ways EXCEPT: a. proving that the counselor is not impaired or suffering from burnout. b. providing continuity of care if a client is transferred to another provider. c. measuring progress in treatment. d. creating an accurate history of diagnosis, treatment, and recovery. e. offering self-protection for counselors.

Q: Subpoenas are used: a. to obtain copies of records. b. to cause potential witnesses to testify at a deposition, hearing, or trial. c. to ask potential witnesses to respond in writing to written questions. d. to require witnesses to appear at a deposition, hearing, or trail and to bring their records with them. e. all of the above.

Q: If a subpoena for the counseling records of a client is received, a counselor who works in a mental health agency should: a. ask his or her supervisor to obtain a legal opinion as to whether the records should be copied for the attorney who has issued the subpoena. b. immediately turn the records over to the attorney who has issued the subpoena. c. call the attorney who has issued the subpoena and request that the subpoena be withdrawn. d. consult with a counselor colleague before deciding how to respond. e. hire an attorney in private practice and ask the attorney to tell the counselor whether the records should be copied for the attorney who has issued the subpoena.

Q: HIPAA rules state that if clients are first informed and given an opportunity to orally object: a. psychotherapy notes created by the counselor may be transferred to insurance companies. b. insurance companies may pay counselors directly for the services they render to clients. c. their records may be transferred to another mental health professional. d. their records may be destroyed at the end of the counseling relationship. e. counselors may give health care information to family members or others assisting in the clients care.

Q: The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA), which is sometimes referred to as the Buckley Amendment, affects all: a. community mental health centers in the United States. b. public educational institutions. c. private or parochial educational institutions. d. public hospitals. e. private hospitals.

Q: The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) requires that: a. counselors give clients a clear written explanation of how they use, keep, and disclose their health care information. b. clients have access to their records. c. a written process exists for clients to request amendments to their records. d. a written history of most disclosures of client information be available to clients. e. all of the above.

Q: When documenting for self-protection: a. documentation should be relatively vague so as not to reveal too much information. b. as much detail as possible (e.g., dates, times of events, and exact words spoken) should be included. c. in the event a counselor realizes that documentation should have been occurring sooner, the counselor should back-date the documentation rather than write a summary of what has happened up to that point in time. d. counselors document to avoid responsibility for clinical decisions that were made or actions that were taken. e. counselors should avoid including information related to disagreements they have had with a client.

Q: Which of the following statements is most appropriate regarding clinical case notes? a. counselors should not take clinical case notes if they are worried about the notes being subpoenaed or later being seen by the client or anyone else. b. counselors should take the clinical notes they need in order to function effectively as professionals. c. it is reasonable to assume that clinical case notes will not be read by anyone other than the counselor who wrote them. d. writing illegible case notes is a protection against being called upon to reveal sensitive information pursuant to a subpoena. e. if clinical case notes are kept at the home of the counselor, they cannot be subpoenaed.

Q: Generally, counselors create clinical case notes: a. to protect themselves in the event they are later sued. b. for their own use, so that they may be effective counselors. c. for insurance companies who reimburse clients for the cost of mental health services. d. to keep up with whether the client attended sessions on particular days and whether the client paid for the sessions that were rendered. e. so that they may reflect upon their counseling sessions and improve their skills.

Q: When counselor trainees make audiotapes or videotapes of counseling sessions for supervision purposes: a. trainees must retrieve the tapes after the supervisors have reviewed them and then erase the tapes. b. supervisors must handle the tapes appropriately during the time the tapes are in the supervisors possession. c. supervisors should return tapes to trainees after the tapes have been reviewed. d. the tapes should be labeled simply, in a manner that does not bring attention to the fact that the tapes are confidential records. e. all of the above.

Q: Legal principles view the contents of a clients counseling records as belonging to: a. the clients counselor. b. the agency where the counseling took place. c. the client. d. the court that has requested the records. e. the insurance company that paid for the counseling sessions.

Q: During the time that a counseling student is counseling clients in a practicum or internship setting, the student counselor: a. should not reveal the names of clients to the practicum/internship supervisor. b. has the same ethical obligations to uphold confidentiality as does a licensed counselor. c. should refer all clients who engage in risky behaviors. d. should maintain absolute confidentiality of participants in groups the student is facilitating. e. should not videotape counseling sessions so that client confidentiality is protected.

Q: Counselors DO NOT have an ethical obligation to uphold the confidentiality of information revealed to them when: a. a family member of an adult client asks for information the client has revealed in an individual counseling session. b. a client reveals that he committed a burglary two years ago and was never caught. c. they encounter a client in the grocery store and the client reveals information about an event that occurred in the clients life between sessions. d. a client has refused to sign a release of information giving the counselor permission to communicate with the clients former counselor. e. an adult client discloses that she was sexually abused ten years ago by her father who is now deceased.

Q: The Supreme Court ruling in Jaffe v. Redmond indicated that: a. a societal stigma is still associated with seeking counseling. b. counselors can assert privilege on behalf of a client, even when the client has waived the privilege. c. psychiatrists are more likely to be granted privileged communication on a case-by-case basis than counselors. d. counselors have a duty to warn intended victims of clients who threaten those who are endangered. e. communications between ministers and their congregants are usually not privileged.

Q: All of the following statements are true EXCEPT: a. counselors should consult with colleagues when they are uncertain about an exception to confidentiality. b. confidentiality and privilege belong to the client, not the counselor. c. confidentiality and privilege are not absolute. d. counselors should consult with colleagues when they are uncertain about an exception to privileged communication. e. both confidentiality and privileged communication are based on the clients right to privacy.

Q: It is TRUE that: a. the majority of the complaints filed with state licensing boards against counselors involve claims of breach of confidentiality. b. research clearly demonstrates that counselor assurances of confidentiality encourage client disclosures of personal and intimate information. c. when counselors share confidential client information with other professionals involved in a clients care, the counselors should first obtain client permission to share the information. d. counselors should make the same guarantees of confidentiality in group counseling that they make when counseling individuals. e. due to concerns about confidentiality, counselors should never use a family member as an interpreter when counseling a client who does not speak the same language as the counselor.

Q: When a client accuses a counselor of wrongdoing through a complaint with the counselors licensure board or through a malpractice law suit filed in court: a. the client automatically waives his or her privacy rights and the counselor can reveal private information related to providing counseling services to the client. b. the clients written permission must be obtained before the counselor can reveal private information related to providing counseling services to the client. c. counselors are barred from revealing any information about the client when defending themselves. d. counselors may reveal only information the client agreed may be revealed when defending themselves. e. counselors can use no information from the counseling relationship with the client in defending themselves.

Q: When a husband subpoenas a counselor to reveal information in a court hearing that was provided by the wife in joint couples counseling sessions, and the wife objects to the information being revealed, the counselor: a. should refuse to do so because the counselor would violate the wifes privacy. b. agree to reveal the information because to refuse to do so would not be in the best interest of the husband. c. has to reveal the information because privileged communication statutes never cover married couples counseling. d. should consult with an attorney because laws and court cases vary as to whether the counselor will have to reveal the information over the wifes objection. e. should ask the wife to waive her privacy rights.

Q: Disclosure of confidential information is acceptable under all of the following conditions EXCEPT: a. the counselor suspects abuse or neglect of a child. b. a client poses a danger to self or others. c. a counselor is in clinical supervision with another counselor. d. a client has a fatal, communicable disease and the clients behavior is putting others at risk. e. an attorney sends a counselor a subpoena.

Q: When uncertain about the privileged status of information requested for disclosure through a subpoena, a counselor should consult with: a. the client whose information is being requested. b. other mental health professionals. c. another licensed counselor. d. an attorney who represents the counselor or his or her employer. e. the attorney who sent the subpoena.

Q: In order to get a privileged communication statute passed that protects the privacy of clients who are in professional relationships with counselors, legislators must be convinced that: a. counseling relationships are more important than physician-patient relationships. b. counseling relationships are similar to the relationships between a priest and penitent, or between a minister and congregation member. c. making an exception to the general rule that all evidence must be presented in court is vital to the well-being of society. d. law suits can be as easily resolved without the benefit of information that clients tell their counselors in confidential relationships. e. counseling has met all the tests to demonstrate that it is a true profession.

Q: When the client is deceased and there is no statutory language dealing with privilege and the death of the holder, the individual who usually is allowed to assert the privilege is: a. the clients last counselor. b. the clients legal representative. c. the clients spouse or next of kin. d. the judge hearing the case. e. a guardian ad litem appointed by a judge for that particular purpose.

Q: If a counselor is asked to disclose privileged information about a client who cannot be located, then the obligation to assert the privilege rests with: a. the clients next of kin. b. the counselor. c. the clients attorney. d. the clients spouse, if any. e. the executor of the clients estate.

Q: Breaches of client confidentiality by counselors: a. are the most common basis of malpractice cases against counselors. b. are the foundation for most complaints filed against counselors to their licensure boards. c. occur rarely and, when they do occur, are the result of counselors intentionally informing others of what a client said in a counseling session. d. occur rarely and, when they do occur, are required by state statutes. e. occur rarely and, when they do occur, usually are inadvertent.

Q: Privileged communication statutes: a. ensure that counselors will never have to repeat information clients tell them in a counseling session. b. protect clients from having confidential communications with their counselors disclosed in a court of law without their permission. c. protect the privacy of counselors. d. make it a crime for counselors to reveal confidential communications with their clients unless their clients give them written permission to disclose the information. e. state that counselors will lose their licenses if they reveal confidential information clients tell them in counseling sessions.

Q: With respect to confidentiality and privileged communication: a. confidentiality and privileged communication are both primarily ethical issues. b. confidentiality and privileged communication are both primarily legal issues. c. confidentiality is primarily a legal issue, and privileged communication is primarily an ethical issue. d. confidentiality is primarily an ethical issue, and privileged communication is primarily a legal issue. e. it depends on the context as to whether confidentiality and privileged communication are ethical or legal issues.

Q: Research has shown that: a. clients are unlikely to drop out of counseling prematurely if their counselors are warm and empathic. b. counselors are generally willing to continue to counsel clients, at no cost to clients, when the clients insurance benefits have run out. c. at least 30% of clients in counseling drop out prematurely. d. clients very rarely drop out of counseling without giving the counselor an explanation. e. the average adult client completes 6 counseling sessions no matter how many sessions are authorized by the clients health insurance provider.

Q: When choosing and implementing a counseling technique to use when counseling clients, counselors should be aware that: a. research has demonstrated that some techniques are more effective than others in working with particular concerns and mental disorders. b. conversion or reparative therapy should be used cautiously. c. counselors should avoid choosing techniques based on the counselors theoretical orientation. d. clients depend on counselors to choose the best techniques and should not be asked to help select the techniques to be implemented. e. it is best not to discuss potential risks of counseling techniques as clients might be frightened into terminating counseling prematurely.

Q: In two recent court cases, students in counseling masters degree programs were dismissed from their training programs because they failed to: a. demonstrate basic listening skills. b. change their religious beliefs. c. learn to counsel LGBTQIQ clients effectively. d. complete the required number of direct contact hours working with clients during practicum. e. refer clients whose diagnoses were so severe that they lacked competence to counsel these clients.

Q: To avoid being sued by a client for abandonment, counselors are advised to a. terminate a counseling relationship if the client becomes angry with the counselor. b. refer the client if the client gets into a life-threatening crisis situation. c. give notice of termination orally but put nothing in writing. d. give the client adequate notice that the counselor is terminating the counseling relationship. e. continue to see the client if the client refuses a referral to another counselor.

Q: With respect to a clients right to choose the time and means of his or her death, the ACA Code of Ethics: a. requires counselors to uphold the clients confidentiality when the client discloses such an intention. b. does not address this issue directly. c. allows counselors the option to maintain confidentiality depending upon applicable laws and the specific circumstances of the situation after seeking consultation or supervision from appropriate professional and legal parties. d. requires counselors to warn a physician or family member that the client is considering taking his or her own life. e. acknowledges that counselors are not properly trained to assist clients with a medical issue such as end-of-life decision making.

Q: The Informed Consent documents that clients sign before counseling sessions begin: a. are not required under the federal HIPAA rules. b. are required by law in every state. c. are mandated by the ACA Code of Ethics. d. are a good way to inform clients of their rights and responsibilities and are required by some federal rules and state laws. e. serve no useful purpose if counselors have put considerable effort into carefully explaining the information to their clients orally and have assured themselves that their clients understand.

Q: When involuntary clients are required to sign documents waiving their privacy before beginning counseling sessions, a. counselors should refuse to counsel these clients who have been forced into counseling. b. the client in these situations is the agency mandating the client into counseling, not the client himself or herself. c. counselors then have no responsibility to maintain the clients privacy. d. counselors should warn clients that they should never say anything in counseling sessions that may put them in a difficult situation with the person or agency that has mandated their counseling sessions. e. counselors should carefully explain to clients the limits of their privacy within the counseling relationship.

Q: All of the situations below may lead to client dependency EXCEPT: a. managed care programs that limit the number of counseling sessions. b. the requirement in internship that counselors in training have a minimum number of client contact hours. c. the belief that a counselor is effective if the client returns for counseling sessions on a regular basis. d. a counselor has a strong need to be needed by others. e. it is less risky for clients to maintain close relationships with counselors than with others in their lives.

Q: Regarding counselors personal values, counselors: a. must always avoid disclosing their own personal values to their clients. b. should avoid discussions of values if their own values conflict with those of their clients. c. could disclose their values to a client, if it is possible to do so in a way that conveys to the client that the clients values can be accepted or rejected without risking the relationship. d. could disclose their values to a client, but only if the counselor holds the same values as the client. e. should disclose their values to clients so that clients see the counselor as genuine and authentic.

Q: When clients seek counseling related to issues such as abortion, assisted suicide, interracial marriage, premarital sex, or sexual identity, counselors: a. must accept such clients for counseling services even if these issues distress counselors on a personal level. b. must be able to rise above any personal feelings they have about such issues and have an obligation to assist all clients who come to them for services. c. must examine their own values regarding these issues to ensure they can provide counseling services without allowing their own beliefs to interfere. d. should immediately refer such clients to other counselors who specialize in counseling persons with those particular concerns. e. should accept such clients for counseling only if the counselor has experienced such issues in his or her personal life and has successfully resolved them.

Q: It is vital for counselors to become aware of their own personal needs and values so that they: a. know which of their values they can encourage clients to adopt. b. can avoid accepting clients who hold values that are different from their own values. c. can avoid getting their own personal needs met through their counseling relationships. d. can give clients advice that is congruent with the counselors value system. e. can choose a counseling specialty that allows them to get their personal needs met while providing counseling services to others.

Q: Because counselors have a fiduciary relationship with their clients, counselors must: a. ensure their clients finances are being handled properly. b. protect the best interests of their clients and not benefit inappropriately from the counselor-client relationship. c. ensure that clients do what is best for themselves. d. act as the clients guardian if the client cannot care for himself or herself. e. make arrangements for clients to be taken care of by family members or close friends if their clients can no longer care for themselves.

Q: It is ethically permissible for counselors to terminate a counseling relationship for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: a. the client does not pay the fees charged. b. it is clear the client is no longer benefitting from counseling. c. agency limits do not allow services to continue. d. insurance benefits for mental health care have been exhausted. e. the client experiences a crisis.

Q: Because clients may have emergencies between counseling sessions, it is usually wise for counselors to: a. instruct clients to call a 24-hour mental health hotline number or report to a hospital emergency room. b. give clients their home cell phone number to text in cases of crises or emergency. c. supply clients with a voicemail number by which the counselor may be reached. d. avoid accepting clients for counseling who may have between session emergencies. e. explain to clients that any situation they are dealing with can be resolved at the next regularly scheduled counseling session.

Q: The court cases in Bruff and Walden demonstrated that: a. counselors with strong religious beliefs against abortion should refer clients who wish to explore whether or not to terminate a pregnancy. b. counselors who work in secular community agencies should not discuss religion with clients. c. counselors should carefully explain each possible exception to privacy before beginning the counseling relationship. d. counselors may be terminated from their employment if they take rigid positions regarding referring out LGBTQIQ clients. e. counselors can successfully claim that their Title VII of the Civil Rights Act have been violated if they refuse to counsel LGBTQIQ clients.

Q: Cultural competencies in working with LGBTQIQ clients include: a. realizing that sexual orientation is likely to be the focus of counseling. b. understanding that some clients will need to be referred for conversion therapy. c. having a comfort and familiarity with LGBTQIQ sexuality and how it is expressed. d. understanding the dichotomous nature of sexuality. e. understanding that LGBTQIQ individuals no longer experience a significant degree of societal stigmatization.

Q: As advocates, counselors are aware that: a. clients mental health is affected by their experiences of discrimination and marginalization. b. race transcends other cultural dimensions such as class and gender. c. a working-class bias is prevalent in counselor training. d. because most masters-level counselors are female, they are able to counsel other females more effectively than male counselors. e. gay and lesbian clients are less likely to seek counseling than heterosexual clients.

Q: A new and notable development in the 21st century has been: a. a growing awareness of multicultural differences. b. the development of multicultural competences for the counseling profession. c. attention to cultural differences in counselors codes of ethics d. a focus on cultural bias in assessment e. an emphasis on social justice and advocacy

Q: To be effective when counseling clients with physical disabilities, counselors should: a. focus on the clients adjustment to disability. b. take a more directive, behavioral approach in working with the clients. c. refer these clients to a rehabilitation counselor. d. focus on the clients abilities rather than limitations. e. assume that the clients presenting problems are related to their disability.

Q: Because most counselors come from a middle class background, they: a. tend to be aware of their class biases. b. realize that some clients do not speak English well because of limited education or immigrant status. c. find it difficult to hear class conditioning when listening to some clients stories. d. should emphasize the importance of education when counseling clients from low socio-economic backgrounds. e. should focus on personal relationships and rapport building when counseling low SES clients.

Q: Because race, ethnicity, gender, and social class are salient cultural variables for all people, a. individuals who are members of racial minority groups experience oppression related to all of their cultural variables. b. privilege is experienced only by White males. c. social class is the primary variable that determines whether individuals experience privilege or oppression. d. race is the primary variable that determines whether individuals experience privilege or oppression. e. individuals simultaneously experience both privilege and oppression.

Q: If a Southeast Asian client refuses to seek police assistance when he or she has been the victim of a crime, the counselor should: a. become an advocate and contact the police for the client. b. insist that the client seek police assistance despite his or her reluctance. c. explain to the client that police help people in the United States. d. understand that the client may have negative feelings toward police because of police oppression in his or her native country. e. contact a family member and tell the family member that it is very important that the police are notified of the crime so that others can be protected.

Q: When a counselor determines that a gay or lesbian client may have been illegally discriminated against, the counselor should: a. insist that the client seek immediate legal advice. b. help the client determine whether or not to seek legal advice. c. tell the client that he or she has been discriminated against and that the client should seek to have the situation rectified. d. offer to find out the legal ramifications of the situation and report them back to the client. e. inform the client that he or she should seek legal advice from an attorney who advocates for gay rights.

Q: Multicultural considerations were not given extensive attention in the ACA Code of Ethics until: a. the first version adopted in 1961. b. the second version adopted in 1974. c. the third version adopted in 1981. d. the fourth version adopted in 1988. e. the fifth version adopted in 1995.

Q: Counselors who work with female clients should have an understanding of the high-prevalence problems and issues experienced by women, including each of the following EXCEPT: a. domestic violence. b. tendency to be passive-aggressive. c. sexual assault and harassment. d. body image and objectification. e. conflicts between work and family responsibilities.

Q: The most important resource for counselors to use in learning about different racial, ethnic, or cultural groups is: a. their clients. b. their colleagues who are from racial, ethnic, or cultural groups different from their own. c. professional associations that focus on multicultural counseling issues. d. books on multicultural counseling. e. professional journal articles on multicultural counseling.

Q: According to McIntosh, examples of White privilege include all of the following EXCEPT: a. being able to watch television and see people of the White race widely represented. b. seeing White people positively represented on television. c. knowing that if legal or medical help is needed, race will not work against the White person. d. growing up in a White middle or upper-class family environment. e. not needing to teach White children about systemic racism for their own daily protection.

Q: When counseling a client from a racial, ethnic, or cultural group different from the counselors, it is important for the counselor to remember that: a. basically, all people are alike although they may look different. b. although certain groups share similar traits or beliefs, each individual is unique and may not be like most others from his or her group. c. since certain groups share similar traits or beliefs, the counselor should begin by assuming that this particular person is like most others. d. stereotyping is often useful in understanding differences. e. the counselor should demonstrate that she or he understands the client, by using words or phrases associated with the clients racial, ethnic, or cultural group.