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Biology & Life Science
Q:
Are all species introductions the fault of humans?
Q:
Use the concept of coevolution to explain the abundance of large mammals in Africa after the rise of humans but their rapid demise in the Americas after the arrival of humans.
Q:
Explain why mutualism is sometimes viewed as "reciprocal exploitation".
Q:
Which sort of interaction is harmful to one species but beneficial to the other?
Q:
The first species of a community are __________.
Q:
__________ are free-living and usually kill their prey.
Q:
Character displacement makes competing species less similar, which facilitates __________.
Q:
Species interactions between members of a community include __________ and __________, in which one species benefits at the expense of another.
Q:
Species interactions between members of a community include __________, which harms both species.
Q:
Species interactions between members of a community include __________, which benefits both species.
Q:
Species interactions between members of a community include __________, which is helpful to one species and does not harm the other species.
Q:
Each species in a community has its own __________, or way of living.
Q:
All populations of all species in a habitat are a __________.
Q:
Each species occupies a certain __________characterized by physical and chemical features and by the array of other species living in it.
Q:
Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a. competition
b. parasitoidism
c. mutualism
d. commensalism
e. parasitism
When a tropical bird places its nest in association with a wasp nest on the same tree, the interaction is this.
Q:
Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a. competition
b. parasitoidism
c. mutualism
d. commensalism
e. parasitism
If a wasp lays its eggs inside the larva of a fly, the interaction is this.
Q:
Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a. competition
b. parasitoidism
c. mutualism
d. commensalism
e. parasitism
The interaction between two closely related species of woodpeckers that live in a temperate forest is likely to be this.
Q:
Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a. competition
b. parasitoidism
c. mutualism
d. commensalism
e. parasitism
The interaction between a human and the intestinal bacterium E. coli is usually this.
Q:
Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a. competition
b. parasitoidism
c. mutualism
d. commensalism
e. parasitism
The relationship between a dog and a wood tick is this.
Q:
Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a. competition
b. predation
c. mutualism
d. commensalism
e. parasitism
In this interaction, one species is harmed but usually not killed, to the benefit of the other that lives on or in it.
Q:
Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a. competition
b. predation
c. mutualism
d. commensalism
e. parasitism
In this interaction, one individual or species is usually killed while the other benefits by eating it.
Q:
Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a. competition
b. predation
c. mutualism
d. commensalism
e. parasitism
In this interaction, both species benefit.
Q:
Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a. competition
b. predation
c. mutualism
d. commensalism
e. parasitism
In this interaction between two species, both species are harmed to some degree.
Q:
Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a. competition
b. predation
c. mutualism
d. commensalism
e. parasitism
In this interaction, one species benefits while the other is neither harmed nor benefited.
Q:
succession
Choose the most appropriate answer for each.
a. blending in and being hidden by the background
b. where an organism is generally located in a community
c. one organism benefits at another organism's expense
d. traditionally a self-sustaining array of interacting organisms that is best suited for a particular environment
e. lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lava
f. robins and human populations
g. the yucca moth and the yucca
h. one species is eliminated from an area of niche overlap
i. tasty species resembles repugnant one
j. the process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature community
k. natural reforestation of burned-over forest
Q:
secondary succession
Choose the most appropriate answer for each.
a. blending in and being hidden by the background
b. where an organism is generally located in a community
c. one organism benefits at another organism's expense
d. traditionally a self-sustaining array of interacting organisms that is best suited for a particular environment
e. lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lava
f. robins and human populations
g. the yucca moth and the yucca
h. one species is eliminated from an area of niche overlap
i. tasty species resembles repugnant one
j. the process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature community
k. natural reforestation of burned-over forest
Q:
climax community
Choose the most appropriate answer for each.
a. blending in and being hidden by the background
b. where an organism is generally located in a community
c. one organism benefits at another organism's expense
d. traditionally a self-sustaining array of interacting organisms that is best suited for a particular environment
e. lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lava
f. robins and human populations
g. the yucca moth and the yucca
h. one species is eliminated from an area of niche overlap
i. tasty species resembles repugnant one
j. the process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature community
k. natural reforestation of burned-over forest
Q:
primary succession
Choose the most appropriate answer for each.
a. blending in and being hidden by the background
b. where an organism is generally located in a community
c. one organism benefits at another organism's expense
d. traditionally a self-sustaining array of interacting organisms that is best suited for a particular environment
e. lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lava
f. robins and human populations
g. the yucca moth and the yucca
h. one species is eliminated from an area of niche overlap
i. tasty species resembles repugnant one
j. the process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature community
k. natural reforestation of burned-over forest
Q:
parasitism
Choose the most appropriate answer for each.
a. blending in and being hidden by the background
b. where an organism is generally located in a community
c. one organism benefits at another organism's expense
d. traditionally a self-sustaining array of interacting organisms that is best suited for a particular environment
e. lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lava
f. robins and human populations
g. the yucca moth and the yucca
h. one species is eliminated from an area of niche overlap
i. tasty species resembles repugnant one
j. the process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature community
k. natural reforestation of burned-over forest
Q:
mutualism
Choose the most appropriate answer for each.
a. blending in and being hidden by the background
b. where an organism is generally located in a community
c. one organism benefits at another organism's expense
d. traditionally a self-sustaining array of interacting organisms that is best suited for a particular environment
e. lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lava
f. robins and human populations
g. the yucca moth and the yucca
h. one species is eliminated from an area of niche overlap
i. tasty species resembles repugnant one
j. the process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature community
k. natural reforestation of burned-over forest
Q:
mimicry
Choose the most appropriate answer for each.
a. blending in and being hidden by the background
b. where an organism is generally located in a community
c. one organism benefits at another organism's expense
d. traditionally a self-sustaining array of interacting organisms that is best suited for a particular environment
e. lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lava
f. robins and human populations
g. the yucca moth and the yucca
h. one species is eliminated from an area of niche overlap
i. tasty species resembles repugnant one
j. the process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature community
k. natural reforestation of burned-over forest
Q:
habitat
Choose the most appropriate answer for each.
a. blending in and being hidden by the background
b. where an organism is generally located in a community
c. one organism benefits at another organism's expense
d. traditionally a self-sustaining array of interacting organisms that is best suited for a particular environment
e. lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lava
f. robins and human populations
g. the yucca moth and the yucca
h. one species is eliminated from an area of niche overlap
i. tasty species resembles repugnant one
j. the process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature community
k. natural reforestation of burned-over forest
Q:
competitive exclusion
Choose the most appropriate answer for each.
a. blending in and being hidden by the background
b. where an organism is generally located in a community
c. one organism benefits at another organism's expense
d. traditionally a self-sustaining array of interacting organisms that is best suited for a particular environment
e. lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lava
f. robins and human populations
g. the yucca moth and the yucca
h. one species is eliminated from an area of niche overlap
i. tasty species resembles repugnant one
j. the process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature community
k. natural reforestation of burned-over forest
Q:
commensalism
Choose the most appropriate answer for each.
a. blending in and being hidden by the background
b. where an organism is generally located in a community
c. one organism benefits at another organism's expense
d. traditionally a self-sustaining array of interacting organisms that is best suited for a particular environment
e. lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lava
f. robins and human populations
g. the yucca moth and the yucca
h. one species is eliminated from an area of niche overlap
i. tasty species resembles repugnant one
j. the process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature community
k. natural reforestation of burned-over forest
Q:
camouflage
Choose the most appropriate answer for each.
a. blending in and being hidden by the background
b. where an organism is generally located in a community
c. one organism benefits at another organism's expense
d. traditionally a self-sustaining array of interacting organisms that is best suited for a particular environment
e. lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lava
f. robins and human populations
g. the yucca moth and the yucca
h. one species is eliminated from an area of niche overlap
i. tasty species resembles repugnant one
j. the process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature community
k. natural reforestation of burned-over forest
Q:
Use the figure above to answer the following questions. The graphs illustrate diversity patterns for ants (A) and breeding birds (B).
Graph B shows that breeding bird species richness
a. is greater than 1,000 at the equator.
b. drops off in northern and southern latitudes.
c. is less than that of ants at 30 degrees north latitude.
d. drops by more than an order of magnitude at 40 degrees north latitude.
e. includes all of these.
Q:
Use the figure above to answer the following questions. The graphs illustrate diversity patterns for ants (A) and breeding birds (B).
Graph A shows that ant species richness
a. peaks at the equator.
b. drops by 50 percent at 30 degrees north latitude.
c. is less than 50 at 60 degrees north latitude.
d. is somewhat greater at 30 degrees north latitude than at 30 degrees south latitude.
e. includes all of these.
Q:
Use the figure above to answer the following questions. The graphs illustrate diversity patterns for ants (A) and breeding birds (B).
Which graph shows that species diversity is much less at the equator than at 60 degrees north latitude?
a. A
b. B
c. both
d. neither
e. not enough data is provided to answer the question
Q:
Which of the following is(are) NOT a factor(s) that explain(s) the area effect on island diversity?
a. Larger islands have more habitats.
b. Smaller islands have more varied and higher elevations.
c. Larger islands intercept more colonizers.
d. Smaller islands have less complex topography.
e. None of these are factors.
Q:
Of the following four islands at the same latitude, the one possessing the fewest species is
a. 1,000 square kilometers in area and 300 km from the mainland.
b. 3,000 square kilometers in area and 100 km from the mainland.
c. 100 square kilometers in area and 3,000 km from the mainland.
d. 300 square kilometers in area and 1,000 km from the mainland.
e. none of these.
Q:
Which of the following statements about kudzu is false?
a. It was imported from Asia for erosion control and forage.
b. It was originally introduced into the Pacific Northwest.
c. It is an exotic species.
d. It grows over most anything stationary in its path.
e. It is a vine.
Q:
Many introduced species have deleterious effects on communities and ecosystems because
a. coevolved parasites and competitors are absent.
b. the introduced species are long-lived.
c. predators prefer the introduced species; therefore, the local prey proliferate to dangerously high levels.
d. the communities from which they came lost an important predator, competitor, or parasite.
e. all of these occur.
Q:
A keystone species
a. has a disproportionately large effect on a community relative to its abundance.
b. controls the prey species.
c. may increase or decrease the number of prey species in a community.
d. has a disproportionately large effect on a community relative to its abundance and may increase or decrease the number of prey species in a community.
e. has a disproportionately large effect on a community relative to its abundance, controls the prey species, and may increase or decrease the number of prey species in a community.
Q:
According to the intermediate disturbance hypothesis,
a. species richness becomes greatest in between disturbances of moderate intensity or frequency.
b. a disturbance is necessary during succession in order to stabilize the community.
c. community succession is highly predictable.
d. competition and other species interactions are the most important factors in shaping community structure.
e. a community reverts to a climax state after a disturbance.
Q:
Secondary succession occurs
a. after a fire.
b. on a new volcanic island.
c. on bare rock.
d. on land exposed as a glacier retreats.
e. none of these
Q:
Which of the following represents an early stage in primary succession?
a. pine trees
b. moss and lichens on bare rock
c. weedy annual plants in an open field
d. climax species in succession
e. alder, cottonwood, and willow thickets
Q:
Secondary succession is likely to occur in
a. a burned forest.
b. a shallow lake.
c. an abandoned field.
d. a burned forest and a shallow lake.
e. a burned forest, a shallow lake, and an abandoned field.
Q:
Pioneer plant species are usually characterized by
a. small size.
b. high dispersal rates.
c. slow maturation.
d. high dispersal rates and high numbers of offspring
e. small size, efficient dispersal mechanisms, and slow maturation.
Q:
Which of the following statements is FALSE about cowbirds?
a. Their host relationship is similar to cuckoos.
b. They are insect-eaters.
c. Females can lay thirty eggs in a season.
d. Cowbird hatchlings are recognized as imposters by host parents.
e. They now parasitize at least fifteen species of native North American birds.
Q:
Which bird is a social parasite and lays its eggs in the nests of other birds?
a. catbird
b. cowbird
c. magpie
d. Kirtland warbler
e. blue jay
Q:
Which of the following does NOT apply to parasitoids?a. They are insectsb. They kill animals on which they feedc. The host usually survivesd. The larvae develop in host bodye. Some are effective biological control agents
Q:
Which of the following statements is NOT generally characteristic of parasites?
a. They are specialists and usually are able to affect only one variety of hosts.
b. They inflict serious injury and kill their hosts.
c. Some reside inside their hosts, whereas others live outside their hosts.
d. Their host may be a plant as well as an animal.
e. Plants as well as animals can be parasites.
Q:
The following questions refer to the age structure diagrams above.The age structure diagram for countries with a 2.1 total fertility rate is indicated bya. A.b. B.c. C.d. D.e. none of these.
Q:
Is the average ecological footprint getting larger or smaller globally?
Q:
Do humans exhibit r-selected or K-selected species patterns?
Q:
The dinosaurs are thought to have gone extinct due to an asteroid strike. How would this impact on population growth be described?
Q:
A population of deer is sampled. 25 deer are caught and tagged. Two months later, the researchers return and find that 4 of the 16 deer they observe have tags. This would suggest a total population size of what number? Explain your answer.
Q:
A population's __________ is the average number of children born to women during their reproductive years.
Q:
At high population density, __________ is favored, investing more time and energy in fewer, higher quality offspring.
Q:
At low population density, __________ is favored, quickly producing as many offspring as possible.
Q:
With __________ growth, a small population starts growing slowly, then grows rapidly, and then levels off once __________ is reached.
Q:
The maximum possible rate of increase is a species' __________ potential.
Q:
In cases of __________ growth, a population's growth is proportional to its size.
Q:
Immigration and __________ permanently affect population size, but __________ does not.
Q:
__________ can be used to estimate the population density for mobile animals.
Q:
Demographics include __________ and __________ structure, such as the size of the __________ base.
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms listed below, which are used by ecologists.
a. carrying capacity
b. net reproduction per individual per unit time
c. age structure
d. survivorship
e. growth rate
This is the birth rate minus the death rate times the population size assuming balanced immigration and emigration.
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms listed below, which are used by ecologists.
a. carrying capacity
b. net reproduction per individual per unit time
c. age structure
d. survivorship
e. growth rate
A change in the available food supply in a habitat will affect all of these except this.
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms listed below, which are used by ecologists.
a. carrying capacity
b. net reproduction per individual per unit time
c. age structure
d. survivorship
e. growth rate
The maximum number of individuals that a given habitat can support is this.
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms listed below, which are used by ecologists.
a. carrying capacity
b. net reproduction per individual per unit time
c. age structure
d. survivorship
e. growth rate
The number of individuals in each of several age categories is this.
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms listed below, which are used by ecologists.
a. carrying capacity
b. net reproduction per individual per unit time
c. age structure
d. survivorship
e. growth rate
This is the birth rate minus the death rate assuming they are constant.
Q:
limiting factor
Choose the most appropriate response for each.
a. describes a population that is experiencing unrestrained growth
b. the birth rate minus the death rate plus any inward migration and minus any outward migration
c. the distribution of individuals at each age level in a population
d. for example, the amount of glucose in a culture flask containing bacteria
Q:
J-shaped curve
Choose the most appropriate response for each.
a. describes a population that is experiencing unrestrained growth
b. the birth rate minus the death rate plus any inward migration and minus any outward migration
c. the distribution of individuals at each age level in a population
d. for example, the amount of glucose in a culture flask containing bacteria
Q:
population growth rate
Choose the most appropriate response for each.
a. describes a population that is experiencing unrestrained growth
b. the birth rate minus the death rate plus any inward migration and minus any outward migration
c. the distribution of individuals at each age level in a population
d. for example, the amount of glucose in a culture flask containing bacteria
Q:
age structure
Choose the most appropriate response for each.
a. describes a population that is experiencing unrestrained growth
b. the birth rate minus the death rate plus any inward migration and minus any outward migration
c. the distribution of individuals at each age level in a population
d. for example, the amount of glucose in a culture flask containing bacteria
Q:
China's population control policies have resulted in a(n)
a. sharp decrease in its total fertility rate.
b. shift in its gender ratio.
c. increase in the abortion of female fetuses.
d. ratio of 1.19 males for every female.
e. all of these.
Q:
The following questions refer to the age structure diagrams above.A rapidly growing population is indicated bya. A.b. B.c. C.d. D.e. none of these.
Q:
The following questions refer to the age structure diagrams above.
A declining population is indicated by
a. A.
b. B.
c. C.
d. D.
e. none of these.
Q:
The following questions refer to the age structure diagrams above.
A population with zero growth is indicated by
a. A.
b. B.
c. C.
d. D.
e. none of these.
Q:
Replacement-level fertility requires a total fertility rate of
a. 2.0
b. 2.1
c. 2.4
d. 2.6
e. 2.8