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Q:
__________ is an energy-intensive method of obtaining fresh water from __________.
Q:
A __________ is an area where all precipitation drains into a specific waterway.
Q:
In a __________, water or some nutrient moves from an environmental reservoir, through organisms, then back to the environment.
Q:
In __________ food chains, most energy flows from producers directly to detritivores and decomposers.
Q:
A __________ shows one path of energy and nutrient flow among organisms.
Q:
__________ refers to nutrient enrichment of any ecosystem that is otherwise low in nutrients.
Q:
There is a __________ flow of energy into and out of an ecosystem, and a cycling of materials among resident species.
Q:
An __________ consists of an array of organisms along with nonliving components of their environment.
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the four steps of the nitrogen cycles listed below.
a. nitrogen fixation
b. nitrification
c. denitrification
d. ammonification
The process whereby nitrite is converted to nitrate is an important part of this process.
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the four steps of the nitrogen cycles listed below.
a. nitrogen fixation
b. nitrification
c. denitrification
d. ammonification
The conversion of gaseous nitrogen first to ammonia and then to other nitrogenous compounds involves this.
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the four steps of the nitrogen cycles listed below.
a. nitrogen fixation
b. nitrification
c. denitrification
d. ammonification
The action of bacteria on nitrates, converting them to gaseous nitrogen, involves this process.
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the four steps of the nitrogen cycles listed below.
a. nitrogen fixation
b. nitrification
c. denitrification
d. ammonification
The action of bacteria on ammonia, ultimately converting it to nitrate, involves this process.
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the four steps of the nitrogen cycles listed below.
a. nitrogen fixation
b. nitrification
c. denitrification
d. ammonification
The action of bacteria on nitrogen-containing wastes involves this process.
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the five trophic categories listed below.
a. producer
b. primary consumer
c. secondary consumer
d. tertiary consumer
e. decomposer
A bear eating blueberries is functioning as this.
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the five trophic categories listed below.
a. producer
b. primary consumer
c. secondary consumer
d. tertiary consumer
e. decomposer
A bear feeding on a salmon is functioning as this.
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the five trophic categories listed below.
a. producer
b. primary consumer
c. secondary consumer
d. tertiary consumer
e. decomposer
Most fungi function as this.
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the five trophic categories listed below.
a. producer
b. primary consumer
c. secondary consumer
d. tertiary consumer
e. decomposer
A Venus flytrap devouring an insect to obtain nitrogen functions as this.
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the five trophic categories listed below.
a. producer
b. primary consumer
c. secondary consumer
d. tertiary consumer
e. decomposer
A herbivore is this.
Q:
gross primary production
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a. rate at which energy becomes stored in organic compounds through photosynthesis
b. total amount of solar energy stored in organic compounds during photosynthesis
c. a straight-line sequence of steps by which chemical bond energy moves to higher trophic levels
d. the potential chemical energy remaining (after aerobic respiration by autotrophs) that can be passed on to other trophic levels
e. DDT in the environment
f. a kind of plant that increases soil nitrogen content
g. particles of organic waste products, dead, or partly decomposed tissues
Q:
food chain
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a. rate at which energy becomes stored in organic compounds through photosynthesis
b. total amount of solar energy stored in organic compounds during photosynthesis
c. a straight-line sequence of steps by which chemical bond energy moves to higher trophic levels
d. the potential chemical energy remaining (after aerobic respiration by autotrophs) that can be passed on to other trophic levels
e. DDT in the environment
f. a kind of plant that increases soil nitrogen content
g. particles of organic waste products, dead, or partly decomposed tissues
Q:
primary productivity
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a. rate at which energy becomes stored in organic compounds through photosynthesis
b. total amount of solar energy stored in organic compounds during photosynthesis
c. a straight-line sequence of steps by which chemical bond energy moves to higher trophic levels
d. the potential chemical energy remaining (after aerobic respiration by autotrophs) that can be passed on to other trophic levels
e. DDT in the environment
f. a kind of plant that increases soil nitrogen content
g. particles of organic waste products, dead, or partly decomposed tissues
Q:
net primary production
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a. rate at which energy becomes stored in organic compounds through photosynthesis
b. total amount of solar energy stored in organic compounds during photosynthesis
c. a straight-line sequence of steps by which chemical bond energy moves to higher trophic levels
d. the potential chemical energy remaining (after aerobic respiration by autotrophs) that can be passed on to other trophic levels
e. DDT in the environment
f. a kind of plant that increases soil nitrogen content
g. particles of organic waste products, dead, or partly decomposed tissues
Q:
legumes
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a. rate at which energy becomes stored in organic compounds through photosynthesis
b. total amount of solar energy stored in organic compounds during photosynthesis
c. a straight-line sequence of steps by which chemical bond energy moves to higher trophic levels
d. the potential chemical energy remaining (after aerobic respiration by autotrophs) that can be passed on to other trophic levels
e. DDT in the environment
f. a kind of plant that increases soil nitrogen content
g. particles of organic waste products, dead, or partly decomposed tissues
Q:
detritus
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a. rate at which energy becomes stored in organic compounds through photosynthesis
b. total amount of solar energy stored in organic compounds during photosynthesis
c. a straight-line sequence of steps by which chemical bond energy moves to higher trophic levels
d. the potential chemical energy remaining (after aerobic respiration by autotrophs) that can be passed on to other trophic levels
e. DDT in the environment
f. a kind of plant that increases soil nitrogen content
g. particles of organic waste products, dead, or partly decomposed tissues
Q:
Like ____, phosphorus can only be taken up by plants in ____.
a. carbon; ionized form
b. nitrogen; compounds
c. nitrogen; ionized form
d. hydrogen; ionized form
e. carbon; compounds
Q:
Nitrous oxide
a. is a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon monoxide
b. is released in the burning of fossil fuels
c. destroys the ozone
d. is found in synthetic fertilizers
e. is all of the above
Q:
Ecosystems may lose nitrogen through
a. denitrification.
b. nitrification.
c. nitrogen fixation.
d. all of these.
e. none of these.
Q:
Nitrification
a. converts ammonium into nitrates.
b. reduces nitrates to nitrites.
c. converts nitrogenous compounds into free nitrogen.
d. converts atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia.
e. reduces ammonia to ammonium.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT involved in nitrogen fixation?
a. breaking triple bonds
b. production of ammonia
c. production of NO3ï€
d. production of NH4+
e. All of these are involved in nitrogen fixation.
Q:
Which of the following indicators of global warming has (have) occurred?
a. increase in the temperature of the lower atmosphere
b. rise in sea level
c. global surface temperatures are increasing at a faster rate
d. melting of glaciers
e. all of these
Q:
Which gas is increasing in the atmosphere and intensifying the greenhouse effect?
a. carbon dioxide
b. carbon monoxide
c. ozone
d. nitrogen
e. oxygen
Q:
Most of the carbon now present in the earth's atmosphere will eventually end up in what two reservoirs?
a. plants and animals
b. plants and decomposers
c. plants and soil
d. plants and oceans
e. plants and fossil fuels
Q:
Carbon is introduced into the atmosphere by all EXCEPT which of the following means?
a. respiration
b. diffusion
c. burning of fossil fuels
d. wind erosion of rocks
e. tilling of soil
Q:
Most of the earth's usable carbon is in its
a. sedimentary rocks.
b. atmosphere.
c. biomass.
d. oceans.
e. mantle.
Q:
In the United States, what fraction of fresh water taken from the environment is used to irrigate agricultural fields?
a. 0.
b. 20.
c. 40.
d. 60.
e. 80.
Q:
Most of the water vapor in the earth's atmosphere comes from evaporation from
a. lakes.
b. rivers.
c. land.
d. oceans.
e. plants.
Q:
Which of the following does NOT cycle through an ecosystem?
a. water
b. carbon
c. energy
d. phosphorus
e. nitrogen
Q:
Approximately what percent of the energy that enters a trophic level becomes available to the next trophic level?
a. 2 to 12
b. 3 to 13
c. 4 to 14
d. 5 to 15
e. 5 to 30
Q:
The pyramid of energy illustrates
a. the first law of thermodynamics.
b. the diminishing of usable energy as it is transferred through an ecosystem.
c. that energy can be recycled.
d. the biological magnification of materials in an ecosystem.
e. the diminishing number of organisms at each trophic level.
Q:
Each tier of the biomass pyramid depicts the ____ of all the organisms in an ecosystem.
a. size
b. number of species
c. dry weight
d. total weight
e. total utilization of materials
Q:
The ultimate source of all energy in a terrestrial ecosystem is
a. the organic matter in all the organisms of the ecosystem.
b. electrons from water molecules.
c. sunlight.
d. ATP.
e. inorganic mineral ions in the soil.
Q:
Gross primary productivity refers to the total
a. quantity of solar energy available to the ecosystem in a given period of time.
b. quantity of solar energy reaching a given area of the ecosystem.
c. energy trapped initially by the producers.
d. energy used by the heterotrophs of the ecosystem in a given period of time.
e. energy used by the producers for their growth and reproduction.
Q:
The following questions refer to the figure above.
Decomposers are indicated by
a. A.
b. B.
c. C.
d. D.
e. E.
Q:
The following questions refer to the figure above.
Carnivores are indicated by
a. A.
b. B.
c. C.
d. D.
e. E.
Q:
The following questions refer to the figure above.
The figure illustrates
a. a pyramid of energy.
b. a pyramid of biomass.
c. a grazing food web.
d. a detrital food web.
e. the recycling of energy in an ecosystem.
Q:
Which of the following represents energy flow in a grazing food web?
a. producers >>> detritivores >>> decomposers
b. producers >>> decomposers >>> detritivores
c. producers >>> herbivores >>> decomposers >>> carnivores
d. producers >>> herbivores >>> carnivores >>> decomposers
e. producers >>> herbivores >>> detritivores >>> carnivores
Q:
The following questions refer to the figure above illustrating a tallgrass prairie food chain.
How many levels of consumption are depicted in the figure?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. 5
Q:
The following questions refer to the figure above illustrating a tallgrass prairie food chain.
The most amount of energy is available to
a. A.
b. B.
c. C.
d. D.
e. E.
Q:
The following questions refer to the figure above illustrating a tallgrass prairie food chain.
An herbivore is indicated by
a. A.
b. B.
c. C.
d. D.
e. E.
Q:
The following questions refer to the figure above illustrating a tallgrass prairie food chain.
A second level consumer is indicated by
a. A.
b. B.
c. C.
d. D.
e. E.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT dependent on the others as a source of food?
a. carnivores
b. herbivores
c. producers
d. detritivores
e. decomposers
Q:
Decomposers recycle materials at ____ trophic level(s).
a. the first
b. the second
c. the third
d. the fourth
e. any of these
Q:
The concept of an ecosystem differs from that of a community in that, unlike the community, the ecosystem includes the
a. producers.
b. decomposers.
c. physical environmental factors.
d. animals as well as the plants.
e. parasites.
Q:
A network of interactions that involves the cycling of materials and the flow of energy among organisms and their physical environment is
a. a population.
b. a community.
c. an ecosystem.
d. the biosphere.
e. the habitat.
Q:
Detritivores are
a. bacteria.
b. plants.
c. fungi.
d. animals.
e. both bacteria and fungi.
Q:
Which of the following are in order from primary producer to 4thtrophic level?
a. grass: coyote: bird: grasshopper
b. coyote: bird: grasshopper: grass
c. bird: grasshopper: grass: coyote
d. grass: grasshopper: bird: coyote
e. none of these
Q:
The primary consumers in natural communities are
a. herbivores.
b. carnivores.
c. scavengers.
d. decomposers.
e. all of these.
Q:
Algal blooms deplete the water of
a. oxygen.
b. carbon dioxide.
c. nitrogen.
d. phosphorus.
e. calcium.
Q:
Phosphate is introduced to ecosystems via:
a. fertilizers.
b. laundry detergents.
c. dish detergents.
d. all of these.
e. none of these.
Q:
The following nutrient most associated with eutrophication is:
a. iron.
b. hydrogen.
c. oxygen.
d. carbon.
e. phosphate.
Q:
The images above are an example of
a. mimicry.
b. display behavior.
c. warning coloration.
d. chemical defenses.
e. camouflage.
Q:
The animal in the above figure is using ____ for protection.
a. mimicry
b. display behavior
c. warning coloration
d. chemical defenses
e. camouflage
Q:
Predators often avoid a mimic species because of
a. its bad taste.
b. its toxic secretion.
c. its resemblance to a model species.
d. its painful sting.
e. all of these.
Q:
Use the figure above showing three models for predator response to prey density to answer the following questions.
Predators can switch to alternative prey when a prey species is low in abundance as is shown in
a. type I response.
b. type II response.
c. type III response.
d. types I and II.
e. none of these.
Q:
Use the figure above showing three models for predator response to prey density to answer the following questions.
The ability of predators to eat and digest prey determines the number of prey captured as is shown in
a. type I response.
b. type II response.
c. type III response.
d. types I and II.
e. none of these.
Q:
Which of the following is(are) true about predator-prey coevolution?
a. Each species exerts selection pressure on the other.
b. Predators are selective agents that favor improved prey defenses.
c. Prey with better defenses are selective agents that favor better predator hunting skills.
d. All of the above are true.
e. None of the above are true.
Q:
Which one of the following is the final consequence of one or more of the others?
a. resource partitioning
b. competition
c. predation
d. parasitism
e. parasitoidism
Q:
Competitive exclusion is based on the idea that
a. one species will hold some sort of advantage over the other one.
b. no two species can completely occupy the same niche.
c. the more two species overlap in their capacity to obtain and use resources the less likely they are to coexist.
d. all of these are true.
e. none of these are true.
Q:
Competitive exclusion is the result of
a. mutualism.
b. commensalism.
c. competition.
d. predation.
e. parasitism.
Q:
The image in the above photograph is a prime example of
a. double mutualism.
b. associative commensalism.
c. interference competition.
d. team predation.
e. parasitism.
Q:
The range of all factors that influence whether a species can obtain resources essential for survival and reproduction is its
a. habitat.
b. niche.
c. carrying capacity.
d. ecosystem.
e. community.
Q:
The relationship above is
a. a parasitic association.
b. predation.
c. resource partitioning.
d. a mutualistic association.
e. none of these.
Q:
An interaction between two species in which both species benefit is
a. mutualism.
b. parasitism.
c. commensalism.
d. competition.
e. predation.
Q:
Coevolution is
a. where each species is a selective agent that shifts the range of variation in the other.
b. random association between two individuals that allows similarity patterns to emerge.
c. resource partitioning between two related species.
d. mutualistic associations and commensalism.
e. none of these.
Q:
An interaction in which one species benefits and the second species is neither harmed nor benefited is
a. mutualism.
b. parasitism.
c. commensalism.
d. competition.
e. predation.
Q:
A one-way relationship in which one species benefits at the expense of another is
a. commensalism.
b. competitive exclusion.
c. parasitism.
d. obligate mutualism.
e. a neutral relationship.
Q:
All of the populations of different species that occupy and are adapted to a given area are
a. the biosphere.
b. a community.
c. an ecosystem.
d. a niche.
e. an ecotone.
Q:
Species richness refers specifically to
a. the numbers of individuals of each species present.
b. the ability of larger animals to enrich themselves by successfully preying on smaller ones.
c. the number of different species in the habitat.
d. the feeding levels at which the animals are located.
e. none of these.
Q:
Argentine fire ants entered the United States in the
a. 1920s.
b. 1930s.
c. 1940s.
d. 1950s.
e. 1960s.
Q:
The photograph above of the aphid and the wasp is an example ofa. mimicry.b. display behavior.c. warning coloration.d. chemical defenses.e. biological control of pests.