Q&A Hero

Q: Please refer to the following art to answer the following questions. If the interior of the thylakoid were not a sealed compartment ________. A) There would be no location for the electron transport chain B) Light would not be able to reach the photosystems C) Water could not be split D) The proton gradient could not be maintained

Q: Please refer to the following art to answer the following questions. The energy in the proton gradient above is ________. A) potential energy B) sunlight light energy C) sugar energy D) heat energy

Q: Please refer to the following art to answer the following questions. Which of the following BEST describes the direct mechanism of ATP production during photosynthesis? A) use of the energy generated as hydrogen ions (H+) move up a proton gradient; this energy is used to make ATP B) use of the energy released as excited electrons are passed from one molecule to another in the electron transport system; the energy is converted to the chemical bond energy of ATP C) use of the energy stored in excited electrons; as the electrons move from the excited state to the ground state, the energy released is converted to the energy stored in the third phosphate bond in ATP D) use of the energy stored in hydrogen ion (H+) gradients; the potential energy of the proton gradient is released as the protons move down their gradient through special membrane protein channels; this energy is converted to chemical bond energy in the ATP molecule

Q: The light reactions are generally presented in zig-zag patterns, as shown in the accompanying figure. What is the significance of the primary electron receptor shown at position 2 being slightly higher than the primary electron receptor shown at position 3? A) The electron that has been accepted gains energy as it leaves the primary electron receptor at 2 and heads to the primary electron receptor at position 3. B) The primary electron receptor at 2 has slightly less energy than the primary electron receptor at position 3. C) The primary electron receptor at position 2 comes before the primary electron receptor at position 3. D) Since electrons have given off energy in the electron transport chain, they can be boosted higher by the second photosystem. Answer B

Q: Refer to the accompanying figure. Which of the following is TRUE regarding the behavior of a chlorophyll molecule as it absorbs a photon? A) An electron goes from the excited state to the ground state. B) Light is released. C) The energy of a photon raises an electron to the excited state. D) ATP is broken down.

Q: In the accompanying figure, the molecule that makes up the bulk of the mass of the plant comes in mostly ________. A) through the veins, which bring materials from the roots B) through the transparent covering of the leaf into the photosynthetic cells C) through the stomata D) from the roots where they are stored during the night

Q: Refer to the accompanying figure. Plant cells that contain the organelle responsible for photosynthesis are concentrated in cells of the ________. A) roots B) leaves C) stomata D) grana

Q: Scientists are working to create a better biofuel factory through which of the following processes? A) increasing the rate at which certain algae reproduce B) developing strains of algae that can clean up oil spills C) increasing the genetic diversity of groups of algae D) restricting hydrocarbon production

Q: CAM plants conserve water by ________. A) opening their stomata only at night B) incorporating CO2 into RuBP C) keeping their stomata closed at night D) running the Calvin cycle at night

Q: C4 plants conserve water by ________. A) shuttling CO2 from the Calvin cycle to the water-splitting photosystem B) keeping their stomata closed when the weather is hot and dry C) growing very deep roots D) running the Calvin cycle at night

Q: The Calvin cycle makes direct use of ________ to make ________. A) light energy and CO2... sugar B) CO2, ATP, and NADPH... sugar and O2 C) light energy, CO2, and water... sugar and O2 D) CO2, ATP, and NADPH... sugar

Q: In photosynthesis, an H+ ion gradient forms across the ________. A) thylakoid membrane B) outer chloroplast membrane C) endomembrane D) inner chloroplast membrane

Q: Which of the following is found in both cellular respiration and in the light reactions of photosynthesis? A) citric acid cycle B) glycolysis C) Calvin cycle D) electron transport chain

Q: Which of the following is the source of electrons for the light reactions? A) C6H12O6 B) CO2 C) NADPH D) H2O

Q: ________ is the source of the oxygen gas released by a photosystem. A) H2O B) Chlorophyll a C) CO2 D) C6H12O6

Q: The light reactions of photosynthesis take place ________. A) in the stroma B) in the mitochondria C) in the thylakoid membrane D) in the cytosol

Q: What compound is found at the reaction center of a photosystem? A) chlorophyllb B) carotenoids C) phycobilins D) chlorophylla

Q: Where are photosystems located? A) chlorophyll B) thylakoid membrane C) mitochondria D) stroma

Q: Which of the following is a way that a molecule releases energy gained by absorption of a photon? A) heat B) fluorescence C) light D) all of the above

Q: When a molecule absorbs a photon, one of its electrons is raised to the ________ state. A) energetic B) quantum C) positive D) excited

Q: The shorter the wavelength of visible light, the ________. A) less energy absorbed by photosynthetic pigments B) redder the color C) more photons it contains D) greater the energy

Q: What name is given to a discrete packet of light? A) phaser B) wavelength C) photon D) quantum

Q: What is one reason why plants have accessory pigment molecules, like chlorophyll b and carotenoids? A) to reflect more energy B) to absorb energy in parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that chlorophyll a cannot C) to give them different colors D) because plants cannot make enough chlorophyll a for all of their energy needs

Q: What is responsible for the yellow-orange coloration of leaves in the fall? A) RuBP B) chlorophyll a C) carotenoids D) chlorophyll b

Q: The energy of wavelengths that appear ________ is LEAST useful to photosynthesis. A) red B) green C) blue D) orange

Q: If a plant appears blue to us, what wavelength of light is being reflected? A) blue B) green C) red D) yellow

Q: The color that we see when looking at a pigmented object is ________. A) the wavelengths that are absorbed by the pigmented object B) the wavelengths that are reflected or transmitted by the pigmented object C) the wavelengths that have been raised to an excited state by the pigmented object D) the wavelengths that the pigmented object created after interacting with sunlight

Q: The products of the light reactions of photosynthesis are ________. A) ATP and NADH B) ATP and NADPH C) RuBP and O2 D) ATP and NADP+

Q: The Calvin cycle requires ________ and ________ from the light reactions in order to operate. A) glucose... carbon dioxide B) electrons... NADH C) ATP... NADPH D) RuBP... NADP+

Q: Which of the following is produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis? A) O2 B) CO2 C) C6H12O6 D) ADP

Q: In photosynthesis, redox reactions ultimately transfer electrons from ________ to ________. A) O2... CO2 B) C6H12O6... O2 C) H2O... C6H12O6 D) H2O... CO2

Q: Which of the following equations best summarizes photosynthesis?A) 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 -> C6H12O6B) 6 CO2 + 6 H2O ->’ C6H12O6 + 6 O2C) 6 CO2 + 6 O2 -> C6H12O6 + 6 H2OD) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ->→ 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

Q: If you provided your shade-tolerant plants with their preferred wavelength of light, but only minimal amounts of water, which of the following would you expect to occur? A) increased plant growth B) increased amounts of oxygen released by the plants C) decreased amounts of ATP being produced by the plants D) increased growth of the plants' leaves

Q: What are grana? A) thick fluids inside chloroplasts B) convolutions of the inner chloroplast membrane C) stacks of membranous sacs D) pigments found in chloroplasts

Q: What name is given to the membranous sacs found within a chloroplast? A) stroma B) mitochondria C) thylakoids D) vesicles

Q: Through what structure(s) do plants obtain most of their water? A) roots B) interior cells C) stomata D) leaves

Q: What is the function of stomata? A) water absorption B) Calvin cycle C) location of photosystems D) gas exchange

Q: Within the inner membrane of a chloroplast, interconnected sacs of membrane called ________ are suspended in a thick fluid called the ________. A) chlorophyll... thylakoid B) thylakoids... grana C) thylakoids... stroma D) grana... thylakoid

Q: Photosynthesis contributes to plant growth by ________. A) taking in oxygen and making wood B) taking in carbon dioxide and making sugars (carbohydrates) C) synthesizing carbon dioxide and making cellulose D) converting sugar to oxygen and water

Q: Which of the following is an autotroph? A) human B) mushroom C) pine tree D) fish

Q: Which of these is NOT considered an advantage of biofuels from food crops? A) reduced carbon emissions B) a renewable resource C) increased fuel efficiency D) increased crop prices

Q: The table below shows experimental data from poultry scientists. Examine the table to answer the following questions. Oviposition time, egg weight, chicken hatch weight and hatch weight/egg weight from young and mid-age broiler breeder flocks. Flock age Oviposition time (h) n Egg weight (g) Chicken hatch weight (g) Chicken hatch weight/ egg weight (%) Young Early 168 59.30.2a 38.80.2a 65.4 Middle 168 58.20.3b 37.80.3b 65.0 Late 168 58.70.1b 38.10.2b 64.9 Total 504 58.90.1 38.30.1 65.0 Mid Early 252 66.80.2a 45.80.2a 68.6 Middle 252 65.50.2b 44.00.3b 67.2 Late 252 66.00.2b 43.20.2c 65.5 Total 756 66.10.1 44.10.1 66.7 If the egg was weighed halfway between being laid and hatching, how would you expect that weight to compare to the weight of the newly hatched chick? A) The egg would weigh more at this midpoint than when newly hatched because, during development, the chick gains new parts. B) The egg would weigh more at this midpoint than when newly hatched because it is taking in oxygen. C) The egg would weigh less at this midpoint than when newly hatched because the shell wears away over time. D) The egg would weigh less at this midpoint than when newly hatched because some of the mass of the egg would be released through cell respiration.

Q: The table below shows experimental data from poultry scientists. Examine the table to answer the following questions. Oviposition time, egg weight, chicken hatch weight and hatch weight/egg weight from young and mid-age broiler breeder flocks. Flock age Oviposition time (h) n Egg weight (g) Chicken hatch weight (g) Chicken hatch weight/ egg weight (%) Young Early 168 59.30.2a 38.80.2a 65.4 Middle 168 58.20.3b 37.80.3b 65.0 Late 168 58.70.1b 38.10.2b 64.9 Total 504 58.90.1 38.30.1 65.0 Mid Early 252 66.80.2a 45.80.2a 68.6 Middle 252 65.50.2b 44.00.3b 67.2 Late 252 66.00.2b 43.20.2c 65.5 Total 756 66.10.1 44.10.1 66.7 What are (is) the main factor(s) causing differences between the chick hatch weight and the weight of the egg when it is laid? A) The only factor that causes the chick to weigh less than the egg when it is laid is the removal of the shell. B) Not only does the hatchling have no shell, but it has lost some of its mass (weight) to the air during development. C) During development, the chick gains new parts so the weight increases. D) Egg weight at oviposition includes a lot of water that evaporates during development.

Q: The table below shows experimental data from poultry scientists. Examine the table to answer the following questions. Oviposition time, egg weight, chicken hatch weight and hatch weight/egg weight from young and mid-age broiler breeder flocks. Flock age Oviposition time (h) n Egg weight (g) Chicken hatch weight (g) Chicken hatch weight/ egg weight (%) Young Early 168 59.30.2a 38.80.2a 65.4 Middle 168 58.20.3b 37.80.3b 65.0 Late 168 58.70.1b 38.10.2b 64.9 Total 504 58.90.1 38.30.1 65.0 Mid Early 252 66.80.2a 45.80.2a 68.6 Middle 252 65.50.2b 44.00.3b 67.2 Late 252 66.00.2b 43.20.2c 65.5 Total 756 66.10.1 44.10.1 66.7 Which hypothesis were the poultry scientists likely testing? A) The time of egg laying (oviposition) has an impact on egg weight. B) Bigger eggs result in larger mature chickens. C) Young hens have a harder time laying eggs than do older hens. D) Egg weight is related to the weight of the hatchling (newly hatched chick).

Q: Read the following scenario to answer the following questions. An abundant and continual supply of ATP is necessary for all living cells. Active muscle cells require an extraordinary amount of ATP to permit strenuous exercise for prolonged periods. Toxins, reduced blood flow, and a compromised respiratory system can interfere with the transport of oxygen to active cells. A runner in a marathon faces multiple obstacles to continue to produce sufficient ATP to remain competitive. When oxygen delivery becomes insufficient to support a runner's aerobic metabolism, cells switch to an emergency mode in which ________. A) ATP is generated less efficiently by harvesting the heat energy in a cell B) ATP is inefficiently produced and lactic acid is generated as a by-product C) lactic acid is broken down to produce smaller amounts of ATP D) carbon dioxide is joined with water to generate much smaller amounts of ATP

Q: Read the following scenario to answer the following questions. An abundant and continual supply of ATP is necessary for all living cells. Active muscle cells require an extraordinary amount of ATP to permit strenuous exercise for prolonged periods. Toxins, reduced blood flow, and a compromised respiratory system can interfere with the transport of oxygen to active cells. A runner in a marathon faces multiple obstacles to continue to produce sufficient ATP to remain competitive. Breathing faster when we exercise is necessary to expel ________. A) carbon dioxide and bring in more oxygen to support aerobic metabolism B) oxygen and bring in more carbon dioxide to support aerobic metabolism C) carbon dioxide and bring in more oxygen to support anaerobic metabolism D) oxygen and bring in more carbon dioxide to support anaerobic metabolism

Q: Which of these shown in the figure below does NOTbegin cellular respiration in the cytoplasm? A) amino acids B) fatty acids C) glucose D) glycerol

Q: The figure below shows that ________. A) amino acids can move directly into the electron transport chain B) our cells can use sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids to produce ATP C) our cells can produce ATP only from glucose D) our cells can produce ATP from sugars and glycerol, but not fatty acids

Q: What does the figure below show? A) the synthesis of ADP B) the breakdown of ATP to perform cellular work C) the removal of a phosphate group from ADP D) the synthesis of ATP through the addition of a phosphate group

Q: Examine the following figure. Which of these stages occur(s) in the cytoplasm? A) glycolysis B) citric acid cycle C) glycolysis and citric acid cycle D) citric acid cycle and electron transport

Q: Examine the figure above. Most of the mass of the tree shown in the figure comes from ________.A) waterB) glucoseC) the airD) the soil

Q: Examine the figure above. Which of the following reactant(s) primarily come(s) from the air?A) waterB) glucoseC) carbon dioxideD) oxygen and carbon dioxide

Q: Several students were talking about which came first in the history of the Earth. Which student has the best understanding of what happened? A) Photosynthetic producers must have come first to provide food for other organisms. B) Anaerobic bacteria must have come first because there was no carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. C) Photosynthetic producers must have come first to provide oxygen for other organisms. D) Anaerobic organisms must have come first because there was no oxygen in the atmosphere.

Q: In Texas, a man showed up at a medical facility claiming that he felt drunk when he had not ingested any alcohol. Indeed his blood alcohol measured 0.37, many times the legal limit. Although he was a home brewer, he claimed that this intoxication had been happening often without his drinking any alcohol. Which of these hypotheses and actions might be most useful in diagnosing this problem? A) His home brew concoctions have created a type of alcohol that lasts a long time. Have him refrain from home brewing for a week and recheck his blood alcohol. B) He might have recently had a round of antibiotics that killed the bacteria that usually live in his gut and allowed a yeast species to overgrow. Put him on probiotics and a low carb diet for a week and recheck his blood alcohol. C) The fumes from the alcohol that he is using as a cleaning solution might be getting into his bloodstream. Ask him if he is using alcohol externally. D) Maybe he feels drunk because he has been eating mushrooms that have sprouted during this very wet weather. Check him for fungal toxins.

Q: Which of these stages of cell respiration can occur without the others? A) the electron transport chain B) the citric acid cycle C) lactic acid fermentation D) glycolysis

Q: Large amounts of oxygen gas first appeared in Earth's atmosphere about ________ years ago. A) 500,000 B) 10 million C) 2.7 billion D) 3.5 billion

Q: What waste product do yeast produce under anaerobic conditions? A) ethyl alcohol B) pyruvic acid C) lactic acid D) creatine

Q: Some friends are trying to make wine in their basement. They've added yeast to a sweet grape juice mixture and have allowed the yeast to grow. After several days, they find that sugar levels in the grape juice have dropped, but there's no alcohol in the mixture. The most likely explanation is that ________. A) the mixture needs more sugar; yeast need a lot of energy before they can begin to produce alcohol B) the mixture needs less oxygen; yeast only produce alcohol in the absence of oxygen C) the mixture needs more oxygen; yeast need oxygen to break down sugar to produce alcohol D) the mixture needs less sugar; high sugar concentrations stimulate cellular respiration, and alcohol is not a by-product of cellular respiration

Q: A child is born with a rare disease in which mitochondria are missing from certain skeletal muscle cells. Physicians find that the muscle cells function. Not surprisingly, they also find that ________. A) the muscles contain large amounts of lactic acid following even mild physical exercise B) the muscles contain large amounts of carbon dioxide following even mild physical exercise C) the muscles require extremely high levels of oxygen to function D) the muscle cells cannot split glucose to pyruvic acid

Q: Which of the following metabolic pathways is common to both aerobic and anaerobic processes of sugar breakdown? A) the citric acid cycle B) the electron transport chain C) conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid D) glycolysis

Q: Anaerobic respiration produces a maximum of ________ ATP per glucose. A) 0 B) 2 C) 10 D) 38

Q: Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to ________. A) produce more ATP than is possible through complete aerobic respiration B) produce ATP using the electron transport chain C) regenerate NADH D) produce ATP without O2

Q: In cellular respiration, most ATP is produced DIRECTLY as a result of ________. A) the movement of hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane B) the citric acid cycle C) fermentation D) the electron transport chain

Q: Aerobic cellular respiration generates about ________ ATP from one glucose. A) 2 B) 6 C) 38 D) The number generated depends on whether the end product of aerobic respiration is lactic acid or ethyl alcohol.

Q: ATP synthase plays a role in ________. A) pulling electrons down the electron transport chain B) glycolysis C) pumping hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane D) generating ATP

Q: Electron transport takes place in the ________. A) mitochondria B) chloroplasts C) cytoplasm D) ribosomes

Q: Which part of cellular respiration produces the most NADH? A) electron transport chain B) citric acid cycle C) glycolysis D) fermentation

Q: In aerobic respiration, how many molecules of acetic acid are produced from six molecules of glucose? A) 1 B) 38 C) 6 D) 12

Q: What must pyruvic acid be converted to before it can enter the citric acid cycle? A) acetyl CoA B) lactic acid C) ethyl alcohol D) citric acid

Q: The second stage of aerobic respiration is ________. A) ATP production B) the citric acid cycle C) lactic acid fermentation D) glycolysis

Q: Which of the following is a result of glycolysis? A) production of CO2 B) conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid C) a net loss of two ATPs per glucose molecule D) conversion of NADH to NAD+

Q: A product of glycolysis is ________. A) lactic acid B) ethyl alcohol C) O2 D) pyruvic acid

Q: Which of the following is the CORRECT sequence of stages in cellular respiration? A) glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport B) citric acid cycle, glycolysis, electron transport C) citric acid cycle, electron transport, glycolysis D) electron transport, glycolysis, citric acid cycle

Q: Where in the cell does glycolysis occur? A) cytoplasm B) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) C) within the fluid just inside the inner mitochondrial membrane D) between the inner and outer mitochondrial membrane

Q: The final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration is ________. A) ATP B) oxygen C) lactic acid D) NAD+

Q: The first electron acceptor of cellular respiration is ________. A) CO2 B) O2 C) NAD+ D) H2O

Q: Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) Oxygen is a product of cellular respiration; carbon dioxide is a product of photosynthesis. B) Lactic acid is a product of aerobic respiration; ethyl alcohol is a product of fermentation. C) Oxidation is the loss of electrons; reduction is the gain of electrons. D) Glucose is a product of aerobic respiration; lactic acid is a product of anaerobic respiration.

Q: During cellular respiration, electrons move through a series of electron acceptor molecules. Which of the following is a TRUE statement about this process? A) The electrons gain energy as they move from one electron acceptor to another. B) Oxygen is eventually reduced by the electrons to form water. C) The electrons release large amounts of energy each time they are transferred from one electron acceptor to another. D) Glucose is eventually reduced by the electrons to form water.

Q: Which of the following are produced as a result of cellular respiration? A) ATP and water B) carbon dioxide and ATP C) carbon dioxide, water, and ATP D) oxygen and glucose

Q: Which of these equations describes aerobic cellular respiration?A) glucose -> lactic acid + energyB) energy + carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen + waterC) glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energyD) none of the above