Q&A Hero

Q: The basic rhythm of the heartbeat is set by the ________. A) systolic pressure B) EKG C) sinoatrial node D) "fight-or-flight" hormone

Q: Why is blood pressure higher during systole than during diastole? A) The contraction of the heart during systole increases the blood pressure against arterial walls. B) The relaxation of the heart during systole increases the blood pressure against arterial walls. C) The contraction of the heart during diastole decreases the blood pressure against arterial walls. D) More blood flows into the heart during systole than during diastole.

Q: A heart murmur occurs when there is a defect in ________. A) a heart valve B) the sinoatrial node C) arterioles D) the timing of the cardiac cycle

Q: Which of these carry(ies) oxygen-poor blood? A) pulmonary arteries B) pulmonary veins C) aorta D) left ventricle

Q: Which of these animals has a double circulatory system? A) fish B) grasshopper C) dog D) hydra

Q: Trace the path of a red blood cell in a circuit that takes it from the capillary bed of the right kidney to the capillary bed of the left kidney. Assume that you are doing this for an animal with a double circulation system.A) capillary bed of right kidney -> venules -> veins -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary arteries -> capillaries of lungs -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillary bed of left kidneyB) capillary bed of right kidney -> venules -> veins -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary veins -> capillaries of lungs -> pulmonary arteries -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillary bed of left kidneyC) capillary bed of right kidney -> venules -> veins -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> pulmonary arteries -> capillaries of lungs -> pulmonary veins -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> aorta -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillary bed of left kidneyD) capillary bed of right kidney -> arterioles -> arteries -> aorta -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary arteries -> capillaries of lungs -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> veins -> venules -> capillary bed of left kidney

Q: What is one way in which the cardiovascular system of a mammal is different than that of an arthropod such as an insect? A) The heart of the mammal pumps blood into arteries, while the insect heart does not. B) Veins send blood to a mammal's lungs, while insect veins send blood to the heart. C) A mammal's blood is always contained inside vessels, while an insect's blood sometimes leaves the vessels. D) A mammal has a heart to pump blood, while an insect does not have a heart.

Q: How does a shark's cardiovascular system differ from that of a mammal? A) The shark's heart does not directly pump oxygenated blood to the systemic tissues. B) The shark's heart receives both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. C) The shark's circulatory system has a pulmonary and a systemic circuit. D) The shark's blood is pumped through open-ended tubes.

Q: Veins carry ________. A) blood away from the heart B) oxygen-rich blood C) oxygen-poor blood D) blood toward the heart

Q: In animals with a closed circulatory system, gas exchange occurs across the thin walls of ________. A) arteries B) arterioles C) capillaries D) venules

Q: Which one of the following is a characteristic of open circulatory systems but NOT closed circulatory systems? A) a heart B) a vascular system C) blood D) open-ended blood vessels

Q: In humans, oxygen is delivered to the cells of the body by ________. A) a closed circulatory system B) an open circulatory system C) diffusion D) diffusion and facilitated diffusion

Q: Animals such as hydras and jellies can exchange gases directly with the environment by ________. A) diffusion B) active transport C) osmosis D) bulk transport

Q: Use the following information to answer the following questions. There are many diseases of the digestive system. Sjgren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease that destroys tear ducts and salivary glands. In megaesophagus, peristalsis fails to occur properly and the esophagus is enlarged. In achlorhydria (also called "hypochlorhydria") production of gastric acid is absent or low. When a person has diverticulitis, feces are trapped in small pouches of the large intestine, and cause infection. Infected portions of the large intestine can swell and block the large intestine. In exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, there is a progressive loss of pancreatic cells that make digestive enzymes. In gallstone cholestasis, bile cannot flow from the liver to the duodenum. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency would show symptoms most similar to______. A) Sjgren's syndrome B) megaesophagus C) diverticulitis D) celiac disease

Q: Use the following information to answer the following questions. There are many diseases of the digestive system. Sjgren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease that destroys tear ducts and salivary glands. In megaesophagus, peristalsis fails to occur properly and the esophagus is enlarged. In achlorhydria (also called "hypochlorhydria") production of gastric acid is absent or low. When a person has diverticulitis, feces are trapped in small pouches of the large intestine, and cause infection. Infected portions of the large intestine can swell and block the large intestine. In exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, there is a progressive loss of pancreatic cells that make digestive enzymes. In gallstone cholestasis, bile cannot flow from the liver to the duodenum. Regurgitation of food could indicate ________. A) Sjgren's syndrome B) achlorhydria C) megaesophagus D) celiac disease

Q: Use the following information to answer the following questions. There are many diseases of the digestive system. Sjgren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease that destroys tear ducts and salivary glands. In megaesophagus, peristalsis fails to occur properly and the esophagus is enlarged. In achlorhydria (also called "hypochlorhydria") production of gastric acid is absent or low. When a person has diverticulitis, feces are trapped in small pouches of the large intestine, and cause infection. Infected portions of the large intestine can swell and block the large intestine. In exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, there is a progressive loss of pancreatic cells that make digestive enzymes. In gallstone cholestasis, bile cannot flow from the liver to the duodenum. A protein deficiency in the blood could indicate ________. A) megaesophagus B) achlorhydria C) Sjgren's syndrome D) diverticulitis

Q: Use the following information to answer the following questions. There are many diseases of the digestive system. Sjgren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease that destroys tear ducts and salivary glands. In megaesophagus, peristalsis fails to occur properly and the esophagus is enlarged. In achlorhydria (also called "hypochlorhydria") production of gastric acid is absent or low. When a person has diverticulitis, feces are trapped in small pouches of the large intestine, and cause infection. Infected portions of the large intestine can swell and block the large intestine. In exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, there is a progressive loss of pancreatic cells that make digestive enzymes. In gallstone cholestasis, bile cannot flow from the liver to the duodenum. Difficulty swallowing could indicate ________. A) Sjgren's syndrome B) megaesophagus C) diverticulitis D) gallstone cholestasis

Q: Use the following information to answer the following questions. Several years ago, scientists discovered a mutation in zebrafish larvae that prevented the absorption of lipids from dietary fat. Larvae carrying this mutation died shortly after they hatched because all cells need fat to carry out their normal functions. More recent studies have determined that the mutation leading to this disorder occurs in a single gene on chromosome 10. When a normal gene is inserted into embryos carrying the mutation, these fish are able to process fats normally when they hatch. To discover more about the gene's function, researchers examined and compared cells from normal and mutant fish larvae under a microscope. A major difference was noticed in the intestinal cells. The Golgi apparatus in the intestinal cells of mutant larvae is much larger than those of normal larvae. As the Golgi apparatus processes fats and proteins, the lipids become trapped, resulting in the abnormally large size of the organelle. Assuming that the digestive system of zebrafish works like that of a human, which portion of the digestive tract is specialized for absorption of the nutrients? A) stomach B) small intestine C) large intestine D) pharynx

Q: Use the following information to answer the following questions. Several years ago, scientists discovered a mutation in zebrafish larvae that prevented the absorption of lipids from dietary fat. Larvae carrying this mutation died shortly after they hatched because all cells need fat to carry out their normal functions. More recent studies have determined that the mutation leading to this disorder occurs in a single gene on chromosome 10. When a normal gene is inserted into embryos carrying the mutation, these fish are able to process fats normally when they hatch. To discover more about the gene's function, researchers examined and compared cells from normal and mutant fish larvae under a microscope. A major difference was noticed in the intestinal cells. The Golgi apparatus in the intestinal cells of mutant larvae is much larger than those of normal larvae. As the Golgi apparatus processes fats and proteins, the lipids become trapped, resulting in the abnormally large size of the organelle. Assuming that the digestive system of zebrafish works like that of a human, what substance do zebrafish need to make fats more easily digested by enzymes? A) chyme B) bile C) lipase D) pepsin

Q: Examine the FDA label for the loaf of Baker Organic Bread and answer the following questions. Which of the following ingredients of the bread pictured would prevent beriberi? A) ascorbic acid B) sea salt C) sunflower oil D) whole wheat (whole grain) flour

Q: Examine the FDA label for the loaf of Baker Organic Bread and answer the following questions. How many loaves of bread would an average person need to eat in order to get the FDA Daily Value of the vitamin needed to prevent photophobia? A) 0.9 B) 1.4 C) 2.8 D) Bread does not contain this vitamin

Q: Examine the FDA label for the loaf of Baker Organic Bread and answer the following questions. How many servings of bread would an average person have to eat in order to get the FDA Daily Value of the water-soluble vitamin needed for reducing the risk of birth defects? A) 50 B) 25 C) 17 D) Bread does not contain this vitamin.

Q: Examine the FDA label for the loaf of Baker Organic Bread and answer the following questions. A person who is trying to lose weight eats four servings of bread. Which of the following activities would burn more total Calories than is consumed in those four servings? A) an hour of leisurely biking (<10 mph), 292 Calories B) an hour of canoeing, 256 Calories C) an hour of resistance (weight) training, 365 Calories D) an hour of hiking, 438 Calories

Q: Please refer to the following art to answer the following questions. Regarding the amount of energy consumed versus used, what would you recommend to a person who has a BMI of 27 to change to a normal BMI? A) Take in more calories by eating than are burned by physical activity. B) Burn more calories by physical activity than are taken in by eating. C) Take in the same amount of calories by eating compared to that which is burned by physical activity. D) Weight gain is not related to the amount of calories taken in compared to that burned by physical activity.

Q: Please refer to the following art to answer the following questions. Which of the following people is shifting from an unhealthy category to a healthy category? A) A 120 lb, 5'5" male loses 15 lbs. B) A 160 lb, 5'10" female loses 5 lbs. C) A 180 lb, 5'10" male loses 20 lbs. D) A 130 lb, 5'0" female gains 10 lbs.

Q: Please refer to the following art to answer the following questions. A person with a BMI of 27 would be described as ________. A) overweight B) normal weight C) underweight D) It depends on the person's height.

Q: The function of the structure shown below is ________. A) to digest proteins B) to absorb nutrients into the body C) to aid in mechanical digestion of food D) to break fats into smaller droplets

Q: The figure below shows that ________. A) peristalsis moves food down the esophagus B) air cannot get into the trachea when the epiglottis closes the trachea C) the trachea is open when you are not swallowing D) the trachea is closed when you are not swallowing

Q: The figure below shows ________. A) the chemical digestion of a protein B) the building of a protein by the enzyme pepsin C) the mechanical digestion of a protein D) the addition of a water molecule to add an amino acid to a protein

Q: Modern humans possess the same craving for ________ and ________ as our ancestors, despite the obesity these cravings can cause today. A) fat sugar B) sugar salt C) protein vitamin C D) iron; iodine

Q: Anorexia and bulimia ________. A) occur when the body does not receive enough vitamin C B) occur when there is a protein-deficient diet C) occur mainly in affluent countries where thinness is idealized D) occur when a person does not obtain all the essential amino acids

Q: On a global scale, the most significant type of malnutrition is ________. A) vitamin A deficiency B) calcium deficiency C) iron deficiency D) protein deficiency

Q: What do the vitamins biotin and Vitamin K have in common? A) They are both water-soluble vitamins. B) They are both obtained from meat. C) They are both produced by intestinal bacteria. D) They are both common deficiencies in the human diet.

Q: Which mineral is needed for the proper functioning of nerves, muscles, and bones? A) calcium B) linoleic acid C) sodium D) salt

Q: Certain amino acids are called essential because they ________. A) are required for making protein B) cannot be made by the body from other compounds C) store energy D) are required for making nucleic acids

Q: Vitamins are ________. A) organic molecules that are required in the diet in very small amounts B) nutrients that we can synthesize from simpler molecules C) important supplements for children, but not adults D) required to synthesize most amino acids

Q: Humans need food in order to obtain ________. I) essential nutrients II) fuel to power all body activities III) organic raw materials to make their own molecules A) I only B) I and II, but not III C) II only D) I, II, and III

Q: Your metabolic rate depends on ________. I) your age II) your activity levels III) genetics A) I only B) I and II, but not III C) II only D) I, II, and III

Q: Most humans need about ________ kcal per day. A) 500-700 B) 1,300-1,800 C) 2,500-3,000 D) 20,000-30,000

Q: ________ the direct source of energy for cells. A) Fats are B) Glucose is C) ATP is D) Amino acids are

Q: Which structure stores feces until they can be eliminated? A) rectum B) appendix C) anus D) colon

Q: Altogether, the body secretes about 7 liters of water into the alimentary canal each day. About what percentage of this water gets reabsorbed? A) 30% B) 50% C) 60% D) 90%

Q: Together with the small intestine, the ________ absorbs water. A) stomach B) colon C) rectum D) appendix

Q: The epithelial cells lining the intestine have surface projections that increase the area for absorption. These projections are called ________. A) villi B) mucus C) microvilli D) bile

Q: Which of the following nutrients begins undergoing chemical digestion in the mouth? A) amino acids B) protein C) starch D) glucose

Q: Someone with liver failure will, in particular, have problems with the digestion and absorption of ________. A) minerals B) fats C) carbohydrates D) proteins

Q: What is the main digestive function of the pancreas? A) It produces digestive enzymes and bile. B) It produces bile. C) It produces digestive enzymes and neutralizes stomach acids. D) It secretes mucus into the small intestine.

Q: Bile from the liver is stored in the ________ before entering the intestine. A) pancreas B) gallbladder C) large intestine D) bile duct

Q: Most nutrient absorption occurs in which part of the digestive system? A) stomach B) duodenum C) the several meters of the small intestine that come after the duodenum D) large intestine

Q: How does Helicobacter pylori cause gastric ulcers in humans? A) It neutralizes the acids of the stomach. B) It causes the production of excess acid in the stomach. C) It damages the stomach's mucus coat. D) It causes the stomach to produce stronger acids.

Q: When the wall of the stomach fails to protect itself from erosion by gastric juice, the result is ________. A) heartburn B) obesity C) GERD D) a gastric ulcer

Q: The stomach mixes food with the secretions of the stomach wall to form ________. A) gastric juice B) a food ball C) chyme D) acid gastrin

Q: Which of the following mechanisms helps prevent gastric juice from digesting the stomach lining? A) mucus coating the inside surface of the stomach B) contractions of the stomach constantly moving chyme into the small intestine C) the continuous secretion of gastric juice D) the inactivation of pepsin by hydrochloric acid

Q: Which of the following is the usual cause of heartburn? A) backflow of chyme from the stomach into the esophagus B) retention of food at the bottom of the esophagus by a sphincter that is reluctant to open C) irritation of the lower esophagus by substances in spicy food D) compression of the lower esophagus by an overfilled stomach

Q: When contracted, ________ prevents movement of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine. A) peristalsis B) reverse peristalsis C) the epiglottis D) a sphincter

Q: The stomach's gastric juice consists of ________. A) digestive enzymes only B) hydrochloric acid only C) digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid only D) mucus, digestive enzymes, and hydrochloric acid

Q: A food ball moves through the esophagus by ________. A) peristalsis B) gastric juice C) mastication D) regurgitation

Q: The esophagus and trachea are both open to the ________. A) pharynx B) posterior oral cavity C) posterior nasal cavity D) larynx

Q: What is the epiglottis? A) a muscle that moves the esophagus into line with the pharynx during swallowing B) a muscle that moves the trachea out of line with the pharynx during swallowing C) a flap that flips down to cover the entry to the trachea during swallowing D) a muscular sphincter that closes off the entry to the trachea during swallowing

Q: Muscular contraction moves food through the alimentary canal by a process called ________. A) propulsion B) active transport C) peristalsis D) swallowing

Q: The tongue does all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) taste food B) shape food into a ball C) secrete saliva D) push food into the pharynx

Q: Digestion begins in the ________. A) oral cavity B) esophagus C) pharynx D) stomach

Q: Which of the following choices lists the organs of the human alimentary canal in the CORRECT order? A) pharynx, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, large intestine B) oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine C) esophagus, pharynx, stomach, large intestine, small intestine D) oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine

Q: The main function of salivary amylase is to ________. A) moisten food B) break down proteins C) absorb nutrients D) break down starch

Q: A digestive tube is best defined as ________. A) the compartment in which an animal digests its food B) a tube-shaped digestive compartment with either one or two openings C) a tube-shaped digestive compartment that has two openings and through which food moves in one direction D) a digestive compartment that conducts both chemical and mechanical digestion

Q: The digestive sac of a jellyfish has ________ opening(s). A) one B) two C) three D) four

Q: Which of the following is an example of mechanical digestion? A) the breakdown of proteins into amino acids B) peristalsis C) the digestion of fats by lipases D) chewing

Q: The four stages of food processing are, in order ________. A) ingestion, absorption, elimination, digestion B) ingestion, elimination, digestion, absorption C) ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination D) digestion, absorption, ingestion, elimination

Q: Digestion is ________. A) the absorption of nutrients B) the breakdown of food into small nutrient molecules that the body can absorb C) the churning of food in the stomach and intestine D) eating

Q: Spiders are ________. A) herbivores B) filter feeders C) carnivores D) omnivores

Q: Oxytocin controls the contractions of the uterus. Of which type of tissue is the uterus composed? A) nervous tissue B) skeletal muscle C) smooth muscle D) epithelium

Q: What best describes the regulatory mechanism described in the scenario? A) negative feedback B) positive feedback C) thermoregulation D) natural selection

Q: The scientist studies a second animal whose oxygen consumption rises as temperature increases. The thermoregulatory strategy of the second animal is most likely to be ________. A) an ectotherm B) an endotherm C) one that cannot osmoregulate D) one that primarily uses metabolism to regulate temperature

Q: To study the effect of ambient (environmental) temperature on the metabolic rate of animals, a scientist takes a small animal and puts it in a sealed chamber with oxygen. The scientist measures the amount of oxygen used by the animal at different temperatures. The temperatures selected are those that the animal normally encounters in nature. The data from this experiment are in the table below.DayTemperature (ºC)Oxygen consumption [mL O2/(min g0.75)]1104321530320224251653016635167402584532At high temperatures this animal loses water rapidly. To prevent dehydration, this animal's nephrons should ________.A) increase reabsorptionB) decrease reabsorptionC) increase secretionD) decrease secretion

Q: To study the effect of ambient (environmental) temperature on the metabolic rate of animals, a scientist takes a small animal and puts it in a sealed chamber with oxygen. The scientist measures the amount of oxygen used by the animal at different temperatures. The temperatures selected are those that the animal normally encounters in nature. The data from this experiment are in the table below.DayTemperature (ºC)Oxygen consumption [mL O2/(min g0.75)]1104321530320224251653016635167402584532To communicate the results of the experiment best, how should the scientist graph the data?A) Use a bar graph with oxygen consumption on the x-axis and temperature on the y-axis.B) Use a line graph with day on the x-axis and temperature on the y-axis.C) Use a line graph with temperature on the x-axis and oxygen consumption on the y-axis.D) Use a bar graph with temperature on the x-axis and oxygen consumption on the y-axis.

Q: To study the effect of ambient (environmental) temperature on the metabolic rate of animals, a scientist takes a small animal and puts it in a sealed chamber with oxygen. The scientist measures the amount of oxygen used by the animal at different temperatures. The temperatures selected are those that the animal normally encounters in nature. The data from this experiment are in the table below.DayTemperature (ºC)Oxygen consumption [mL O2/(min g0.75)]1104321530320224251653016635167402584532The thermoregulatory strategy of the animal studied by the scientist is most likely to be ________.A) an ectothermB) an endothermC) one that cannot thermoregulateD) one that primarily uses behavior to regulate temperature

Q: Use the following information to answer the following questions.The dune-burrowing spider Seothyra species lives in the Namib Desert on the southwestern coast of Africa. These spiders build silk-lined burrows with a sticky silk mat at the entrance to trap insect prey. While foraging during the day, the spider remains concealed in its burrow and shielded from direct sunlight when prey are not present. When insect prey become entangled in the sticky silk mat, the spider will run out of its burrow and capture the prey insects.During the day, environmental temperatures vary from 17 to 73ºC (63-164ºF). If a spider is forced to remain outside of its burrow, it shows signs of thermal stress at 49ºC. When spiders are unrestrained, they spend more time waiting inside their burrows to keep their internal temperatures below 49ºC, even when surface temperatures are above 65ºC. In addition, spiders respond more quickly to prey stimuli during the hottest times of the day and capture prey in significantly less time when surface temperatures are above 49ºC. The captured arthropods (prey) tend to succumb more quickly to hot surface temperatures; they are more lethargic and struggle less when captured at the high temperature ranges.When spiders show signs of thermal stress, this is an indication that they are unable to ________.A) moveB) functionC) osmoregulateD) thermoregulate

Q: Use the following information to answer the following questions.The dune-burrowing spider Seothyra species lives in the Namib Desert on the southwestern coast of Africa. These spiders build silk-lined burrows with a sticky silk mat at the entrance to trap insect prey. While foraging during the day, the spider remains concealed in its burrow and shielded from direct sunlight when prey are not present. When insect prey become entangled in the sticky silk mat, the spider will run out of its burrow and capture the prey insects.During the day, environmental temperatures vary from 17 to 73ºC (63-164ºF). If a spider is forced to remain outside of its burrow, it shows signs of thermal stress at 49ºC. When spiders are unrestrained, they spend more time waiting inside their burrows to keep their internal temperatures below 49ºC, even when surface temperatures are above 65ºC. In addition, spiders respond more quickly to prey stimuli during the hottest times of the day and capture prey in significantly less time when surface temperatures are above 49ºC. The captured arthropods (prey) tend to succumb more quickly to hot surface temperatures; they are more lethargic and struggle less when captured at the high temperature ranges.When foraging spiders are too hot, they retreat into their burrows. What type of feedback system does this indicate?A) hormonal feedbackB) positive feedbackC) negative feedbackD) positive and negative feedback

Q: Use the following information to answer the following questions.The dune-burrowing spider Seothyra species lives in the Namib Desert on the southwestern coast of Africa. These spiders build silk-lined burrows with a sticky silk mat at the entrance to trap insect prey. While foraging during the day, the spider remains concealed in its burrow and shielded from direct sunlight when prey are not present. When insect prey become entangled in the sticky silk mat, the spider will run out of its burrow and capture the prey insects.During the day, environmental temperatures vary from 17 to 73ºC (63-164ºF). If a spider is forced to remain outside of its burrow, it shows signs of thermal stress at 49ºC. When spiders are unrestrained, they spend more time waiting inside their burrows to keep their internal temperatures below 49ºC, even when surface temperatures are above 65ºC. In addition, spiders respond more quickly to prey stimuli during the hottest times of the day and capture prey in significantly less time when surface temperatures are above 49ºC. The captured arthropods (prey) tend to succumb more quickly to hot surface temperatures; they are more lethargic and struggle less when captured at the high temperature ranges.Based on the information in the paragraphs, spiders are ________.A) ectothermsB) endothermsC) sometimes ectotherms and sometimes endothermsD) neither ectotherms nor endotherms

Q: Compare how temperature is regulated in a room with a thermostat with how thermoregulation works in the human body. What is most analogous to "Heating starts" (i.e., heat is produced) for the human body? A) Blood vessels constrict near the surface. B) The person puts on more clothes. C) Metabolic rate increases. D) Sweat is produced.