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Anthropology
Q:
Paleontologists state that Homo ergaster was fully committed to terrestrial life because
a. the teeth of Homo ergaster show evidence of meat eating.
b. sexual dimorphism is reduced in this species.
c. Homo ergaster had the same body proportions as people who live in tropical savannas today.
d. their brain size is larger than the brains of other hominins.
Q:
Homo ergaster shared important adaptive traits with modern humans, includinga. complex foraging technology. b. fast life histories. c. a very large brain for their body size.d. occipital torus.
Q:
The large browridges and the ridge at the back of the skull of Homo ergaster are
a. larger in females than in males.
b. needed to buttress the skull against novel stresses created by an increased emphasis on tearing and biting.
c. characteristic of australopithecines as well.
d. smaller than those seen in australopithecines.
Q:
The Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) is:
a. A database that provides cross-cultural data on a limited number of societies.
b. A database on all cultures involved in global warfare.
c. An institution that specializes in anthropological fieldwork.
d. A group of anthropologists that works in more than a single culture.
e. A database that provides cross-cultural data on all complex societies.
Q:
Anthropological interview techniques:
a. Are always the same from field project to field project.
b. Always involve the same processes and same steps of procedure.
c. Are no longer used in contemporary fieldwork.
d. Have been adapted from philosophy.
e. Are highly varied and are situation-specific.
Q:
Homo ergaster and Homo habilis may have coexisted for almost ________ in Africa.a. 1 million years b. 500,000 years c. 3 million yearsd. 200,000 years
Q:
Homo ergaster disappeared from the African fossil record abouta. 1.6 million years ago. b. 60,000 years ago. c. 6,000 years ago.d. 600,000 years ago.
Q:
What is the primary goal of emic research?
a. Help insiders make more effective changes to their culture over time.
b. Help governments better manage minority populations.
c. Help outsiders determine which cultures are more effective in particular environments.
d. Help insiders gain a better understanding of their own culture.
e. Help outsiders understand what it means to be a member of another culture.
Q:
Which of the following best describes an etic perspective in research?
a. Studying agricultural techniques by measuring the fertility of the soil in laboratory samples.
b. Studying religion by interviewing people about their belief systems.
c. Collecting recipes from informants in order to track culinary traditions.
d. Interviewing respondents about their thoughts on the political organization of their community.
e. Following herders and writing down their life histories.
Q:
Homo ergaster appeared in the fossil record abouta. 180 million years ago. b. 18 million years ago. c. 1.8 million years ago.d. 18,000 years ago.
Q:
________ had large, robust bodies with relatively long arms and legs and may have been adapted to run long distances.a. Homo habilis b. Australopithecus africanus c. Homo ergasterd. Paranthropus boisei
Q:
Individuals who serve as guides and teachers for anthropologists in the culture in which they do fieldwork are called by all of the following terms except:
a. Consultants.
b. Managers.
c. Interlocutors.
d. Informants.
e. Respondents.
Q:
A new species appeared in Africa around 1.8 mya. Called Homo erectus by some paleontologists, others refer to these hominins as Homo ________.a. rudolfensis b. heidelbergensis c. ergasterd. neanderthalensis
Q:
What do anthropologists call the feelings of alienation and helplessness that result from rapid immersion in a new and different culture?
a. Cross-cultural shock.
b. Culture shock.
c. Cultural entropy.
d. Alienation orientation.
e. Psychological solipsism.
Q:
Discuss the differences between Mode 1, 2, and 3 stone tool technologies.
Q:
The fieldwork technique that involves gathering cultural data by observing people's behavior and participating in their lives is called:
a. Cross-cultural survey.
b. Participant observation.
c. Laboratory experimentation.
d. Structured interview.
e. Stratified random sampling.
Q:
The function of an Institutional Review Board (IRB) is to:
a. Certify and approve departments of anthropology.
b. Suggest disciplinary actions against researchers who violate ethical standards.
c. Approve, monitor, and review all university research involving human subjects.
d. Review articles submitted to academic journals prior to publication.
e. Fund anthropological research.
Q:
What processes may have caused the changes in hominin morphology and technology during the Pleistocene?
Q:
Malinowski's and Boas' practices of anthropology were alike in many ways as well. All of the following are things that they shared except:
a. Both were committed fieldworkers.
b. Both saw other cultures/societies as fully rational.
c. Both valued the study of history as essential to a deeper understand of societies.
d. Both were scholars who opposed racism.
e. Both innovated the approach to fieldwork in anthropology.
Q:
What is the evidence that Neanderthals took care of the sick and buried their dead?
Q:
Describe the lifeways of the Neanderthals, comparing them with what is known about contemporary human foragers. Specifically address their behavioral ecology, their diet, and what is known about their culture
Q:
How is Malinowski's approach to the study of cultures different from Boas'?
a. Malinowski was an evolutionist and Boas was a critic of evolutionism.
b. Their approaches are similar, except that Franz Boas did not actually carry out fieldwork.
c. Boas focused on the study of child-rearing, while Malinowski focused on the study of history and body measurements.
d. Malinowski emphasized the notion of function in society, while Boas focused on the study of history and adaptation of culture.
e. Boas focused on the study of history and adaptation, and Malinowski focused on the study of child-rearing.
Q:
Which of the following has been a hallmark of American anthropology?
a. Ethnocentrism.
b. Ethnology.
c. Participant observation.
d. Multiculturalism.
e. Holism.
Q:
Homo ergaster lived in diverse areas of Africa before extending their range into Eurasia. What does this tell you about this species? What anatomical and behavioral characteristics may have aided the migration of Homo ergaster?
Q:
Boas insisted that anthropologists must value a culture on its own terms. This idea is called:
a. Logical positivism.
b. Postmodernism.
c. Phenomenology.
d. Cultural relativism.
e. Dualism.
Q:
What is the evidence that led paleoanthropologists to separate African and Asian hominins of the Lower Pleistocene into two separate species, H. ergaster and H. erectus, respectively? Can the same case be made for African and European H. heidelbergensis in contrast to their eastern representatives?
Q:
In what ways does H. ergaster differ from H. sapiens physically and developmentally? What does this evidence suggest about H. ergaster versus human behavior?
Q:
Applying one's own cultural standards of value, worth, and morality to another culture is called:
a. Ethnocentrism.
b. Participant observation.
c. Cultural relativism.
d. Ethnography.
e. Postmodernism.
Q:
All of the following are associated with Franz Boas, except:
a. He was a critic of evolution.
b. He was the first professor of anthropology at Columbia University.
c. He was a champion of human rights.
d. He did his fieldwork in the Trobriand Islands.
e. He trained a generation of U.S. fieldworkers.
Q:
Lewis Henry Morgan and Edward Tylor classified small-scale societies as:
a. Savage.
b. Barbarian.
c. Primitive.
d. Childlike.
e. Civilized.
Q:
Why do anatomists think that Homo ergaster did not have spoken language?
Q:
Provide three lines of evidence that help evaluate whether or not H. ergaster ate meat. Include evidence from archaeology (artifacts), as well as physical anthropology (the hominin fossils), in addition to comparative and geographical information. Do any of these lines of evidence suggest that they hunted their game?
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor in the current disagreements over how to classify Middle Pleistocene hominins?
a. There are very few fossils of Middle Pleistocene hominins, and no two appear to be from the same species.
b. The time scale of the Middle Pleistocene fossil record is very short, so evolutionary changes may be more subtle than for earlier time periods for which there is less disagreement.
c. Different anthropologists have different ideas about what processes shape human evolution during this period.
d. Regardless of which model is correct, the hominins were distributed over a huge area and may have resided in diverse ecological niches, with changing levels of interaction and isolation among them.
Q:
How would you describe Lewis Henry Morgan's and Edward Tylor's evolutionary theories?
a. It is the study of how humans have changed from simple to complex communication and transportation systems.
b. It is the study of how societies have harnessed more energy for production over time.
c. It is the study of how the human body has changed physically from earlier to later forms, sometimes even changing species.
d. It is the study of the history of human society from simple technology and social institutions to complex ones.
e. It is the study of how native people classify their natural world.
Q:
Lewis Henry Morgan and Edward Tylor were influenced deeply by the evolutionary theories of:
a. Franz Boas.
b. Charles Darwin.
c. Bronislaw Malinowski.
d. Margaret Mead.
e. Carolus Linnaeus.
Q:
Early anthropologists who relied on travelers and missionaries for their fieldwork data were called:
a. Armchair anthropologists.
b. Novices.
c. Native anthropologists.
d. Secondhand anthropologists.
e. Early scholars.
Q:
Genetic data from fossils found at Denisova Cave
a. indicate that Neanderthals and other hominins of the time were genetically isolated.
b. show that the Denisovans, a population that predates 50,000 years, share a common ancestor with Neanderthals postdating the Neanderthal"human split.
c. show that a very small-bodied form of Homo ergaster or erectus evolved in Europe.
d. show that the Denisovans are a form of Neanderthal.
Q:
Which of the following statements about ancient hominins is NOT true?
a. The use of fire to cook meat and tubers would have increased the foraging efficiency of Homo ergaster.
b. Acheulean tools are made with Mode 2 methods.
c. Homo ergaster males were 20% to 30% smaller than females.
d. The Pleistocene epoch began 1.8 mya and was characterized by warmer temperatures.
Q:
Which of the following statements about ancient hominins is likely true?
a. Homo ergaster possessed thick cranial bones and a sagittal keel.
b. Anatomists are certain that Homo ergaster had spoken language based on evidence from the thoracic vertebra.
c. Homo ergaster may have been the first hominin to control fire.
d. Homo ergaster made Mode 2 tools only.
Q:
Which of the following statements about ancient hominins is NOT true?
a. Homo ergaster lived in Europe, Asia, and Africa.
b. The average brain size of Homo ergaster was 600 cc.
c. The large variation seen in the brain size of Homo ergaster may be indicative of sexual dimorphism.
d. Homo ergaster was taller than modern humans.
Q:
________ is used as evidence that Neanderthals did not have modern language.
a. The simplicity of Mode 3 technology
b. The crural index
c. The relatively flat basicranium
d. The reconstruction of past climates
Q:
Which of the following statements can be seen as support for the idea that Homo floresiensis is descended from Homo erectus?
a. The skulls of H. floresiensis share a number of derived characters with H. erectus.
b. A rich fossil record documents a long occupation of nearby mainland areas by H. erectus.
c. Mode 2 tools have been found on Flores and are dated to 500,000 years ago.
d. Adult H. floresiensis look like H. erectus children.
Q:
In place of the artificially controlled laboratory, anthropologists rely primarily on:
a. Ethnography and collaborative research.
b. Cross-cultural comparison and life histories.
c. Ethnology and mapping.
d. Ethnography and cross-cultural comparison.
e. Life histories and mapping.
Q:
What is the current world population, and approximately how many people are considered "un-contacted" by industrialized cultures?
Q:
The rapidly fluctuating climates of the Pleistocene may have caused some populations of hominins toa. migrate to Africa.b. become fully isolated and even more specialized.c. rely on plant foods more.d. build permanent shelters.
Q:
Hominins living in Africa during the later Middle Pleistocenea. had large cranial volumes ranging from 1,370 to 1,510 cc.b. had specialized features diagnostic of European Neanderthals.c. were less like modern hominins than earlier African hominins.d. date prior to 400 kya.
Q:
Neanderthals
a. had relatively short life spans of no more than 45 years and often had injuries such as bone fractures.
b. had relatively short life spans of no more than 45 years and were very healthy, with almost no evidence of injury or disease as shown by their bones.
c. were often killed by large predators, as most of their bones are found in predator lairs and show gnaw marks.
d. are represented by very few bones that tell us very little about their lifeways.
Q:
What is the importance of multiculturalism for anthropology?
Q:
How is anthropology different from other social science disciplines as far as occupational skills today?
Q:
Why are anthropologists more politically and socially engaged today with the populations they are studying?
Q:
Studies of Neanderthal postcrania indicate that Neanderthals
a. were very robust and heavily muscled.
b. used technology instead of their bodies to deal with the environment.
c. were adapted for interglacial periods.
d. did not have a hunter-gatherer lifestyle.
Q:
During the height of the last glacial period (around 30 kya),
a. huge continental glaciers covered much of Southern Europe and North Africa.
b. sea levels rose.
c. Eurasia teemed with animals like woolly mammoths, woolly rhinoceros, reindeer, aurochs, musk oxen, and horses.
d. forests expanded in Africa.
Q:
What are two ways that globalization has affected anthropology?
Q:
Evidence suggests that the lifeways of the Neanderthals includeda. organized warfare. b. limited agriculture. c. burial of the their dead.d. permanent settlements.
Q:
What does J. Christopher Kovats-Bernat mean by the concept of "mutual responsibility" under ethnographic conditions of violence?
Q:
Why does the current Code of Ethics raise concerns for those anthropologists working under conditions of violence?
Q:
The lifeways of Neanderthals probably includeda. burial of the dead and hunting large game.b. primarily scavenging for meat, and very little use of plant foods.c. permanent settlements.d. limited planting of crops.
Q:
Based on mathematical models of migration and genealogy, when do scientists believe that all contemporary humans most recently shared a common ancestor?
Q:
Neanderthals are known to have useda. only Oldowan tools. b. mostly Acheulean tools. c. a wide range of Mousterian tools.d. only wood and bamboo tools.
Q:
Neanderthals
a. had short limbs relative to their body size, probably as an adaptation to cold climates.
b. had long limbs relative to body size, probably as an adaptation to warm climates.
c. were the first hominin to be adapted to virtually all climates humans later lived in.
d. were very small owing to their evolution on small islands.
Q:
What are the three primary problems with the biological concept of race as a category of human classification?
Q:
How is cultural relativism different from ethnocentrism?
Q:
Define ethnocentrism and explain how it can be maladaptive.
Q:
The average Neanderthal brain size was abouta. 2,000 cc. b. 1,520 cc. c. 1,000 cc.d. 500 cc.
Q:
Derived features of the Neanderthals includea. slim bodies. b. large front teeth. c. large brains.d. very tall skeletons.
Q:
Derived features of the Neanderthals includea. thin limbs. b. low, flat crania. c. gracile faces.d. large brains.
Q:
Why is work such as applied anthropology important in our world today?
Q:
The first Neanderthal findings were thought to be
a. diseased modern humans.
b. an extinct prehuman animal.
c. an undiscovered living race of people.
d. evidence of H. erectus in Europe.
Q:
How do anthropologists define "indigenous persons"?
Q:
Besides providing social, cultural, and political perspectives on health, what else do medical anthropologists do?
Q:
Neanderthals lived ina. Europe only. b. Europe and western Asia. c. Asia only.d. Africa and eastern Asia.
Q:
Distinguish between the emic and etic perspectives.
Q:
Neanderthal remains date to abouta. 1 million to 10,000 years ago. b. 500,000 to 100,000 years ago c. 130,000 to 30,000 years ago.d. 30,000 to 10,000 years ago.
Q:
For most of the last 130,000 years, the global climate has almost always been
a. hotter than at present.
b. colder than at present.
c. about the same as at present.
d. sometimes much hotter and sometimes about the same as present.
Q:
Long-term fieldwork in cultural anthropology that involves living with and observing other people is called __________.
Q:
What do archaeologists study?
Q:
About 300,000 years ago in Europe some features of H. heidelbergensis included double-arched browridges, average cranial capacity of 1,390 cc, and a face that bulges out, or is prognathic, about midway. These features are shared witha. H. ergaster b. H. erectus c. Neanderthalsd. modern H. Sapiens
Q:
What does it mean to say that we "perform language"?
Q:
Prepared core tools
a. are classified as Mode 2 technology.
b. include those made by the Acheulean technique.
c. include a variety of different kinds of tools made by modifying the shape of the original core.
d. are associated with all Homo species.
Q:
Evidence suggests that Homo heidelbergensis
a. hunted large game such as woolly rhinoceros.
b. did not hunt large game.
c. scavenged only small prey.
d. was vegetarian.