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Anthropology
Q:
Variation in height is heritable within groups. Therefore,a. genetic differences cause height differences among groups.b. environmental differences cause height differences among groups.c. cultural differences cause height differences among groups.d. genetic, environmental, or cultural differences may be responsible for height differences among groups.
Q:
Diffusion is generally a peaceful process that benefits all of the cultures involved.
Q:
Body size varies among human groups. This variation may be caused in part bya. twin studies. b. heterozygote advantage. c. mutation"selection balance.d. selection.
Q:
Because he understood Karen culture, anthropologist James Hamilton was able to make many improvements to Karen house building.
Q:
A Karen house is a type of religious temple in Thailand.
Q:
If variation in a trait is largely due to variation in genes, then
a. monozygotic twins should be more similar to each other than dizygotic twins.
b. dizygotic twins should be more similar to each other than monozygotic twins.
c. monozygotic and dizygotic twins should be equally similar to one another.
d. dizygotic twins will be exactly alike.
Q:
Monozygotic twins are
a. twins derived from two zygotes.
b. twins derived from a single zygote.
c. twins whose degree of relatedness is 0.5.
d. also known as "fraternal twins."
Q:
One advantage of cultural adaptation over biological adaptation is that culture can usually change more rapidly than biology.
Q:
All anthropologists agree that culture is a shared set of norms and values.
Q:
Environmental covariation refers to
a. the difference between genetic and environmental variation.
b. the similarity between parents and offspring.
c. the similarity between the environments of parents and offspring.
d. the difference between parents and offspring.
Q:
Heritability is
a. the percentage of a trait determined by environment.
b. the proportion of observed variation due to genetic variation.
c. the extent to which genetic control of a trait is under the influence of selection.
d. the measure of how well genotype matches phenotype.
Q:
A subculture is a group that has differing values and beliefs from the dominant culture in the same society.
Q:
________ tends to blur the effects of population expansions.a. Mutation b. Genetic drift c. Gene flowd. Founder effect
Q:
To an extent, most members of society share norms and values upon which they all agree.
Q:
Conflict is present in large hierarchical societies, but absent in small egalitarian societies.
Q:
Population expansions after the expansion of modern humans from Africa 60 kya include
a. an expansion of farming peoples between 4,000 and 1,000 years ago.
b. an expansion due to the domestication of the horse and associated military innovations between 5,000 and 10,000 years ago.
c. an expansion of European populations because of military organization during the last 4,000 years.
d. an expansion of seafaring people 1,000 years ago.
Q:
Researchers looking for signs of recent natural selection found changes in the coding genes that pertain to
a. hair texture.
b. morphology of the skull.
c. the immune system and affect human responses to viruses.
d. digestion and affect the metabolism of alcohol, carbohydrates, and fatty acids.
Q:
Cultures are systems, so a change in one aspect of a culture is likely to result in changes in other aspects of the culture.
Q:
Interpretive anthropologists would argue that football is a sport that is heavily laden with sexuality.
Q:
A new beneficial mutation causes a(n) ________ in which both the mutation and the DNA linked to the mutation on the same chromosome spread throughout the population.a. environmental covariation b. specific language impairment c. selective sweepd. situation of negative selection
Q:
By searching DNA sequences for ________ that are common in a population, geneticists can find sequences that have been subject to recent selection.a. long haplotypes b. instances of founder effect c. candidate genesd. balanced polymorphisms
Q:
The mudyi tree is a central symbol for the Ndembu.
Q:
Variation may exist because environments have recently changed and genes that were previously beneficial have not yet been eliminated. This may describea. Tay-Sachs disease. b. sickle-cell anemia. c. non-insulin-dependent diabetes.d. P. falciparum malaria.
Q:
Ethnoscience is a theoretical approach that focuses on the way in which members of a culture classify their world.
Q:
Anthropologists have discovered that all humans use similar methods for classifying the world around them.
Q:
Inuit children are protected from the harsh environment and physical challenges until it is time for them to transition into adulthood.
Q:
The hemoglobin S allele causes sickle-cell anemia. It occurs in high frequenciesa. where pastoralism is common. b. where drift has been strong. c. where malaria is common.d. where hemoglobin is rare.
Q:
Child-rearing practices in all cultures are designed to produce knowledgeable adults.
Q:
Variation in the ability to digest lactose around the world is probably due toa. genetic variation. b. genetic drift. c. different selective pressures.d. both a and c.
Q:
Language has many symbolic components, but it is not considered a symbol system.
Q:
The ability to digest lactose is controlled bya. variation at a single locus. b. variation at many loci. c. factors not related to genetics.d. a selective haplotype.
Q:
Variation among groups at a single locus can be maintained bya. haplotypes. b. recombination. c. founder effect.d. single nucleotide polymorphisms.
Q:
All cultures are made up of learned behaviors.
Q:
Sir Edward Tylor's early definition of culture was intended as a way of explaining the differences between human societies.
Q:
Variation among groups at a single locus can be maintained bya. different environments. b. haplotypes. c. single nucleotide polymorphisms.d. recombination.
Q:
If the frequency of an allele is .01, what are the chances of observing a homozygote in the next generation (if the population is in Hardy"Weinberg equilibrium)?a. .10 b. .01 c. .001d. .0001
Q:
Deleterious alleles (lethal recessives) can remain at low frequencies in populations because
a. mutation can alter the allele to decrease its lethality.
b. most individuals who carry the gene are heterozygous and do not suffer consequences of having two copies of the gene.
c. heterozygotes most often pass on the dominant allele.
d. many, but not all, homozygous recessive individuals die.
Q:
Today, most anthropologists agree that culture is:
a. A system of environmental adaptation.
b. The way that humans lend meaning to the world.
c. Largely a creation of anthropology with no real meaning in society at large.
d. A mental template for organizing and understanding the world.
e. Anthropologists do not agree on a single meaning of culture.
Q:
A balanced polymorphism is
a. a balance between mutation and selection.
b. a balance between selection and drift.
c. a state in which two alleles remain in a population because of heterozygote advantage.
d. either a or b.
Q:
Which of the following would a materialist be likely to study in trying to understand the events of 9/11?
a. Economic situations in the Middle East.
b. The material objects used in the attack.
c. How the Middle East perceives the United States.
d. The history of Islam.
e. How the attacks fit into the larger pattern of culture.
Q:
Transculturation is:
a. The movement of people from one culture to another.
b. The result of the conquest of one culture by another.
c. A political program aimed at creating a single world culture.
d. The notion that cultural traits are transformed as they are adopted and new cultural forms result.
e. The idea that people should be raised simultaneously in at least two cultures.
Q:
A selection"mutation balance occurs when
a. mutation introduces alleles that selection favors.
b. mutation introduces alleles that selection does not favor.
c. selection is neutral and mutation is not present.
d. both b and c.
Q:
An example of a condition caused by genetic drift isa. porphyria variegata. b. non-insulin-dependent diabetes. c. lactose tolerance.d. cystic fibrosis.
Q:
As culture traits move from one society to another:
a. Their meanings tend to remain unchanged.
b. They tend to lose their meanings.
c. Their meanings tend to change.
d. They lose their logical integration into culture.
e. They tend to become less and less important to the society in which they originated.
Q:
The process of movement of culture traits from one society to another is called:
a. Innovation.
b. Invention.
c. Diffusion.
d. Reintegration.
e. Sublimation.
Q:
Variation at a single locus can be maintained by
a. mutation.
b. heterozygote advantage.
c. mutation, but only if selection favors the gene also.
d. both a and b.
Q:
Pure cultures, free from outside influence:
a. Have never existed.
b. Existed until the 15th century in many parts of the world.
c. Are more common in Africa than in other parts of the world.
d. Have fewer traits than those in frequent contact with the outside.
e. Tend to be much more ethnocentric than other cultures.
Q:
Non-insulin-dependent diabetes
a. was a maladaptive trait in the past.
b. causes iron levels to rise above normal because the cells of the body do not respond properly to hemoglobin.
c. has a genetic basis.
d. does not have a genetic basis.
Q:
We know that milk production played an important role in early pastoral communities in northern Europe because
a. analyses of their pottery show residues of compounds found only in milk.
b. isotopic analysis of the teeth of people shows they drank milk.
c. the amount of genetic diversity for milk proteins in domesticated cattle indicates that people kept small herds.
d. the amount of genetic diversity in domesticated cattle is greatest in southeastern Europe.
Q:
What is a primary innovation?
a. A modification made to an older object.
b. An object or idea that is genuinely new and different.
c. An innovation recently drawn from another culture.
d. An object which has yet to be discovered.
e. An object that has been rediscovered.
Q:
The evolution of lactase persistence in Africa and Europe was the result of
a. convergent adaptation.
b. drift acting on isolated populations.
c. gene flow between Africans and Europeans.
d. the retention of an ancestral trait.
Q:
All of the following are adaptive aspects of a Karen house except:
a. It is made of bamboo.
b. It is raised about 6 feet off the ground.
c. It has a peaked roof.
d. It does not contain a kitchen.
e. It has a place for water containment on the verandah.
Q:
Karen houses are generally:
a. Built by men but owned by women.
b. Built with adobe brick.
c. Built without windows.
d. Built with their main living floor two or three feet below ground level.
e. Built in the shade under trees.
Q:
Where Plasmodium falciparum malaria is present, AS infants are about ________ more likely to reach adulthood than AA infants.a. 100% b. 50% c. 35%d. 15%
Q:
The ability of humans to change their behavior in response to environmental demands is called:
a. Adaptation.
b. Plasticity.
c. Productivity.
d. Mimicry
e. Environmental determinism
Q:
Tay-Sachs disease may give partial resistance to tuberculosis
a. in heterozygous individuals.
b. and may be an example of a balanced polymorphism.
c. and occurs at a higher rate in Western European Jewish populations than in other Jewish populations.
d. both a and b.
Q:
The normal version of the FOXP2 gene spread throughout human populations less thana. 10,000 years ago. b. 500,000 years ago. c. 200,000 years ago.d. 75,000 years ago.
Q:
Cultural adaptation differs from biological adaptation in that the former:
a. Allows humans to respond to problems on a relatively immediate basis.
b. Has no relationship to the demands of the natural environment.
c. Plays only a small role in human behavioral change.
d. Has no connection with human biological differences.
e. Does not help human populations reproduce and expand their numbers.
Q:
The FOXP2 gene
a. causes a heritable disease called PKU.
b. changed in humans because of directional selection.
c. is an example of environmental variation.
d. is expressed in the tongue.
Q:
The change in the biological structure or lifeway of an individual that allows for better survival is called:
a. Adaptation.
b. Environmental determinism.
c. Biological manipulation.
d. Natural selection.
e. Plasticity.
Q:
Norms and values are both:
a. Controlled entirely by the dominant culture.
b. Timeless and unchanging because they are encoded in law and government.
c. Constantly changing and open to re-negotiation.
d. The result of substantial agreement between members of the dominant culture and members of sub-cultures.
e. Timeless and unchanging because they are encoded in religion and mythology.
Q:
According to the hypothesis the specific language impairment (SLI) can be caused by a dominant gene at a single locus, what is the probability that an individual who has SLI and an individual without it will have a child with SLI?a. 0% b. 75% c. 50%d. 100%
Q:
Evidence or proof that a trait is caused by a single gene includes
a. inheritance of Tay-Sachs disease in certain Jewish populations.
b. Hardy"Weinberg equilibrium.
c. observing a pattern of inheritance of dominant genes.
d. observing Mendelian inheritance patterns.
Q:
When we compare dominant and sub-cultures within a society, it is clear that:
a. Dominant cultures are more powerful than sub-cultures.
b. Dominant cultures are inferior to sub-cultures.
c. Most members of sub-cultures are between the ages of 15 and 25.
d. Members of sub-cultures come closer to achieving their ideal pattern than do members of the dominant culture.
e. While members of the dominant culture usually control the government, members of sub-cultures usually control the media.
Q:
Research on the degree to which people within a single culture share knowledge has shown that:
a. Within a single culture, most people agree on most things most of the time.
b. Large, hierarchical cultures have much disagreement, but small cultures have little.
c. Small cultures have much disagreement, but large, hierarchical cultures have little.
d. Cultures show increasing amounts of disagreement after they reach their culture climax.
e. Substantial amounts of disagreement are present in all cultures.
Q:
Sickle-cell anemia
a. is caused by a lack of protein.
b. is caused by a lack of iron.
c. causes unusually shaped red blood cells.
d. causes unusually shaped blood vessels.
Q:
Norms are best described as:
a. Symbolic meanings about values and beliefs.
b. Values held only by older members of a society.
c. Ideas people in a society share about the way things ought to be done.
d. Behaviors present in large hierarchical societies but absent in small egalitarian societies.
e. The same as laws in most societies.
Q:
Environmental variation includes factors such asa. differences in height. b. differences in weight. c. differences in genes.d. differences in climate.
Q:
If parents and offspring resemble each other, similarities are likely due to
a. shared genes.
b. shared genes and environments.
c. shared environment and culture.
d. shared genes, environments, and culture.
Q:
Which of the following theoretical perspectives most takes account of issues of conflict and struggle within cultures?
a. Functionalism.
b. Structuralism.
c. Neo-Marxism.
d. Ecological functionalism
e. Symbolic anthropology.
Q:
Which of the following is (are) example(s) of variation among groups?
a. The distribution of Tay-Sachs among Jewish populations.
b. Differences in body weight between parents and their offspring.
c. Variation in height for college basketball players.
d. Variation in height and weight for jockeys.
Q:
From the perspective of ecological functionalism, the Hindu taboo on eating beef is:
a. Irrational.
b. Symbolic of other types of relationships in society.
c. Adaptive to the long-run conditions of drought and crop shortages in India.
d. Based on a conscious understanding of ecological anthropology by Indians.
e. Maladaptive in India, considering the large numbers of people who do not have enough to eat.
Q:
Physical traits such as weight
a. are determined by genes more than by environment.
b. cannot be influenced by cultural practices.
c. can be influenced by genes, environment, and culture.
d. both a and b.
Q:
Conflict is likely to be found:
a. Only in large scale industrialized societies.
b. Only in societies that have capitalist economic systems.
c. Only in societies that have a social hierarchy and separation into classes or castes.
d. Only in societies that claim to have principles of equality but do not follow them.
e. In all sorts of societies.
Q:
Comparing culture to a system implies that:
a. A change in one part of culture will result in changes in other parts of culture.
b. Culture is a means to an end.
c. Each cultural pattern has the same meaning for every individual.
d. A culture has no immediate relationship to its natural environment.
e. No part of culture can work unless every part of culture works.
Q:
Physical traits such as weight are
a. more determined by genes than by the environment.
b. determined by an interaction between genes and environment.
c. determined more by the environment than by genes.
d. strictly genetic.
Q:
The Ju"hoansi people of Nambia are an example of how the spread of AIDS is influenced by:
a. Environmental conditions.
b. Government prevention programs.
c. Economic conditions.
d. An increase in sex work.
e. Religious extremism.
Q:
Human groups from different regions around the world
a. do not vary in terms of genetic diseases.
b. all have much the same genetic diseases.
c. vary in terms of genetic diseases.
d. both a and b.
Q:
Genetic variation refers toa. differences between individuals caused by the genes they inherit.b. traits that are caused by the environment, not by genes.c. traits that are caused by genes, not by the environment.d. both a and c.
Q:
Ethnographic research on the spread of HIV/AIDS has shown that:
a. Ideas about disease transmission are not affected by cultural views.
b. NGOs have no interest in understanding how the cultural sphere interacts with human health and economic systems.
c. Governments are providing information on disease prevention that is non-biased and unaffected by cultural practices.
d. Behavior does not play a role in disease transmission.
e. Cultural systems and values can impact efforts to improve human health.